University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, yemwenso imafupikitsidwa monga ONSE (ndi zilembo zoyambirira za matendawa), ndipo nthawi zina mumatha kupeza dzina la pachimake lymphocytic leukemia - matenda oopsa a hematopoietic system. Matendawa amayambira m'mongo. Mafuta athu akumafupa ndi fakitale yamagazi osiyana. Mafuta a m'mafupa akadwala, ndiye kuti fakitoli, m'malo mwa athanzi (madokotala amalankhula za maselo okhwima), imayamba kupanga maselo oyera amisempha yambiri.Munthu akadwala, ndiye kuti maselo onse am'magazi amakula ndikusinthidwa bwino, zonse zimachitika mosamala. Maselo a m'magazi amakula pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kusinthaku kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Koma litimwana amadwala ndi pachimake lymphoblastic leukemia, i.e. ZONSE, njira yokhwima imasinthiratu.Maselo oyera, ndiye kuti leukocytes, mwadzidzidzi amasiya kukhwima kwathunthu ndipo sakhala ndi magulu onse ogwira ntchito. M'malo mwake, amayamba kugawana mwachangu komanso mosalamulirika. Ntchito ya hematopoietic dongosolo ikusokonekera bwino: maselo odwala amatenga maselo athanzi ndikukhala mulufupa. Mwana wodwala amakhala wopanda maselo oyera am'magazi, maselo ofiira a m'magazi (maselo ofiira), kapena mapulateleti am magazi.Ichi ndichifukwa chake ana amatha kukhala ndi magazi m'thupi (anemia), matenda osiyanasiyana opatsirana (matenda), komanso magazi pafupipafupi. Ndipo iziAwo ndi zizindikiro zoyambirira zomwe zimatha kulankhula za khansa ya m'mimba mwa mwana. Koma nthendayo yokha, ZONSE, kuyambira pa chiyambi siziri m'chigawo chilichonse cha thupi. Kuchokera m'mphepete mwa mafupa, imalowa m'magazi, kulowa m'matumbo a lymphatid ndi ziwalo zina zonse. Ntchito yamakina onse a ziwalo, ndiye kuti, ziwalo zonse, zimayamba kusokonekera. Ndiye chifukwa chake ONSE, monga mitundu ina yonse ya khansa, amatchedwa matenda oopsa, ndiye kuti, matendawa amawononga thupi lonse ngati dongosolo.ZONSE zimafalikira m'thupi lonse mwachangu. Popanda chithandizo, maselo a leukemia amasowa kulikonse, ayizopinga misonkhano. Ziwalo komwe adasiya kugwira ntchito moyenera ndipo nthenda zazikulu zatsopano zimayamba mwa iwo. Ngati khansa ya m'magazi singalandire, ndiye kuti imfa imachitika m'miyezi ingapo.Siyani pulogalamu yaulere patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi mlandu wanu. Njira zochizira matendawa zimatengera zaka komanso momwe wodwalayo alili, mtundu ndi gawo la kukula kwa matendawa, ndipo nthawi zonse amawerengedwa payekhapayekha payekhapayekha.Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu yamankhwala othandizira khansa ya m'mimba - chemotherapy ndi chithandizo cha opaleshoni - kuphatikizira kwa m'mafupa.Chemotherapy amapangidwa ndinjira ziwiri zotsatizana:• Cholinga cha gawo loyamba ndikupereka chikhululukiro. Ndi chemotherapy, oncologists amakwaniritsa kuchepa kwamitundu yama cell a blast• Kuphatikiza kofunikira kuti muwononge maselo otsala a khansaKubwezeretsanso, monga lamulo, kubwereza kwathunthu chiwembu (mankhwala, ma dosages, pafupipafupi oyang'anira) oyambira• Kuphatikiza pa mankhwala a chemotherapeutic, cytostatics amakhalapo pamalamulo azonse othandizira.Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kutalika konse kwa mankhwala a chemotherapy a leukemia pachimake ndi pafupifupi zaka ziwiri.Chemotherapy yophatikizidwa ndi cytostatics ndinjira yankhanza yowonetsera, kuyambitsa zotsatira zingapo zoyipa (nseru, kusanza, kudwala, kusowa tsitsi, ndi zina zambiri). Pofuna kuchepetsa vuto la wodwalayo, chithandizo chogwirizana chimayikidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, kutengera ndi momwe zinthu zilili, maantibayotiki, othandizira ma detoxization, maselo ophatikizika ndi erythrocyte, ndikuwonjezereka magazi.Kufupika kwa mafupaKuphatikizika kwa mafupa kumapereka wodwalayo maselo abwino olimbitsa, omwe pambuyo pake amakhala makolo a maselo abwinobwino a magazi.Chofunika kwambiri pakuzika ndikuchotsa kwathunthu matendawa. Ndikofunikira kuti marongo oyeretsedwa kuchokera ku maselo a kuphulika amadzazidwanso ndi maselo athanzi.Pofuna kukonzekeretsa wodwalayo opaleshoni,mankhwala apadera a immunosuppressive amachitika. Izi ndizofunikira kuwononga maselo a leukemia ndikupondera chitetezo cha mthupi kuti muchepetse chiopsezo chokana kupatsirana.Contraindication kuti kufalikira kwa mafupa:• Kuphwanya kachitidwe ka ziwalo zamkati• Matenda opatsirana pachimake• Kubwezeretsanso kwamatenda a leukemia, osamasulira ngati chikhululukiro• ukalambaSiyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Chinthu choyamba chomwe odwala ndi mayi aliyense ayenera kudziwa pokhudzana ndi khansa ya m'mawere (monga, momwe ziliri ndi mtundu uliwonse wa khansa): lero lino si chiganizo, gawo loyambirira la matendawa, limwopseza mwayi wogonjetsa khansa kwathunthu. Ngakhale m'magawo apambuyo pake, pali mipata yambiri komanso yambiri yolimbana ndi matendawa chifukwa cha njira zamakono zosinthira chithandizo (onani pansipa).Ndani ali pachiwopsezo? Khansa ya m'mawere ndi vuto loipitsitsa lomwe limapezeka pafupifupi mwa akazi khumi. Khansa ya m'mawere imatha kupezeka ali ndi zaka zilizonse, koma zikafika zaka 65, ndiye kuti chiwopsezochochotupa mapangidwe ndi 6 kuchulukirapo kuposa kale. Ofufuzawo anazindikira izi zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa:1) cholowa cholemetsa: ngati achibale, makamaka akakhala ndi amayi, apezeka ndi khansa ya m'mawere, ziwalo zoberekera za amayi, komanso matenda ena a oncological, ndiye kuti chiopsezo chokhala ndi khansa ya m'mawere chikuwonjezeka;2) kumayambiriro kwa kusamba (mpaka zaka 12) komanso kutha kwa msambo (pambuyo pa zaka 55);3) osabereka, nthawi yoyamba kubadwa (pambuyo pa zaka 30), kuchepa kwa mkaka kapena nthawi yochepa yoyamwitsa, pambuyo pake;4) moyo wosagonana wogonana;5) kuvulala kwa gland;6) matenda a "dishormonalmammary gland hyperplasia ”;7) kunenepa kwambiri;8) kukanika kwa chithokomiro;9) kusintha kwa mahomoni.Zizindikiro za Khansa ya M'mawere Muzochitika zachipatala, chotupa mu chithokomiro cha mammary nthawi zambiri chimapezeka ndi mzimayi kapena mkazi, zomwe zimachitikanso. Chotupa chija chitha kuwoneka pakufufuzidwa ndi a mammologist, gynecologist, opaleshoni, kapena kungakhale mwangozi pofufuza mayeso.Zizindikiro ziti    kuphatikiza pakumvetsetsa kwamaphunziro m'mawere, mayi amatha kuwona kusintha kwa nsonga zake: zilonda zam'mimba, kuzimiririka, kuwona kuchokera ku nsonga zamabele. Uwu ndi nthawi yolankhula ndi dokotala nthawi yomweyo!     pambuyo pake magawo angapokufooka okulira, kuwonongeka kwa thanzi, kutsokomola, kupuma movutikira, kupweteka kwa mafupa kumatha kuchitika.Chithandizo cha Khansa ya M'mawere Chithandizo cha khansa ya m'mawere chimachitika m'magawo angapo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. Njira zitatu zazikulu zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano:Mankhwala antitumor mankhwala.Pali mitundu ingapo ya mankhwalawa, yomwe ndi:* chemotherapy: Pankhaniyi, mankhwala omwe cholinga chake ndi kuwononga maselo a chotupa amagwiritsidwa ntchito;* mankhwala a mahomoni, ndiye kuti, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amachitika mu chotupa ndi m'thupi;* Chithandizo cholunjika ndi njira yatsopano, njira yomwe mankhwala "amawongolera" pazomwe zimapangitsa maselo a chotupa ndikuchita mosamalitsa wathanziminofu yaumunthu;* Immunotherapy ndiye njira yatsopano kwambiri, yomwe masiku ano pamakamponi apadziko lonse a oncologists amatchedwa imodzi mwanjira zapamwamba komanso zolimbikitsira zolimbana ndi khansa zamitundu mitundu. Chinsinsi cha immunotherapy ndichopangira mwapadera maselo chitetezo cha wodwalayo. Chifukwa cha ukadaulo wawo wapadera, amasintha kukhala chida champhamvu chomwe chimatha kuzindikira ndikuwonongeratu maselo a khansa.Pozindikira khansa ya m'mawere, chithandizo chamankhwala othandizira ndi chithandizo cha radiation imagwiritsidwanso ntchito.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Khansa ya chikhodzodzo ndi khansa yachinayi yofala pakati pa amuna; mwa amayi, ndizochepa. Monga lamulo, chotupa cha chikhodzodzo chimayamba pang'onopang'ono, ndipo chimatha kuthandizidwa popanda opaleshoni yayikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri khansa ya chikhodzodzo, chiopsezo chokhala ndi chotupa chowopsa m'moyo ndichochepa kwambiri. Kuzindikira koyambirira komanso kuyeserera pafupipafupi ndizofunikira pakuyenda bwino kwa chithandizo chamankhwala.Zizindikiro za khansa ya chikhodzodzoChizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha khansa ya chikhodzodzo ndikuwonekera kwa magazi mkodzo. Nthawi zina amatha kuwoneka ndi maliseche, koma kupezeka kwa maselo amwazi kumatha kuwonekera nthawi yayikuluurinalysis. Maonekedwe a magazi mumkodzo amatha kutsagana ndi zosakomera pazakumwa (zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa "kuwotcha"). Kuphatikiza apo, kukodza kungakhale kambiri komanso kofulumira kuposa masiku onse. Poyambirira matendawa, zizindikiro zina sizikupezeka. Chifukwa chake, ngati magazi ali mkodzo kapena ngati mukusokoneza kukodza, kuyesedwa kuyenera kuchitika nthawi yomweyo. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti zizindikirazi sizikuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa chotupa - zimathanso kuphatikizidwa ndi miyala, kutupa kwa urethra, Prostate kukulitsidwa, ndi zina zambiri. Mulimonsemo, zomwe zimayambitsa zizindikirozi ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndendende.Zingatheke bwanjiakupezeka ndi khansa ya chikhodzodzo?Ngati magazi apezeka mumkodzo, kuyezetsa zingapo kuyenera kuchitidwa kupatula chotupa cha chikhodzodzo. Matendawa ndi udindo wa urology, ngakhale mutakhala kuti mwapita kwa dotolo wabanja, muyenera kupita ku dokotala. Pambuyo pofotokoza mbiri yakale yakuchipatala ndi kuyezetsa thupi, muyenera kupita kukadutsamo zingapo, kawirikawiri osafunikira kuchipatala.Pa cystoscopy, endoscope yopyapyala imayikidwa kudzera mu urethra (urethra) mu chikhodzodzo. Ndi iyo, mutha kupenda mosamala malo amkati mwa chikhodzodzo ndikuwona ngati zotupa kapena matenda ena. Muthanso kutenga zitsanzo kukhoma.chikhodzodzo (biopsy). Kuunikiridwa kumachitika kugona, pansi pa opaleshoni yakumaso, ndipo sikufuna kuchipatala. Pambuyo pa cystoscopy, kumverera pang'ono pang'ono mukamakodza ndikotheka, komwe kudzadutsa patatha tsiku limodzi kapena awiri. Kumwa zamadzi zambiri masiku ano kumalimbikitsidwa.CT urography ndimakina ojambula omwe amathandizira kuti thupi lisagwirizane ndi jakisoni wa m'thupi ndipo limayandikira mwachangu mu urethra. Pambuyo pa izi, kulinganiza kwa tomography kumawonetsa mkhalidwe wa impso, ureters ndi chikhodzodzo. Wodwala akayamba kudwala mphumu kapena amagwala mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena ayodini, mankhwala ena apadera ayenera kumwedwa musanayambe njirayo kuti muchepetse matendawa. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ultrasound ndi complication tomographyImpso sizokwanira kufotokoza momveka bwino komanso mochititsa manyazi zomwe zimayambitsa magazi mkodzo.Chithandizo cha khansa ya chikhodzodzoGawo loyamba ndikuchotsa chotupa. Tinthu timene timachotsa timatumizidwa ku labotale kuti tidziwe mtundu wa chotupacho ndikuzama kwa kulowa kwake khoma la chikhodzodzo. Kuchotsa chotupa (kapena kutulutsa kwake) kumachitika nthawi zambiri kuchipatala. Kuyambiranso kumachitika pansi pa mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito ngati cystoscope ngati zida zomwe zimayikidwa kudzera mu urethra (urethra), osagundika kapena kutsegula m'mimba. Nthawi zambiri, chotupa chikapezeka, wodwalayo amapemphedwa kuti akachitidwe opaleshoni. Komabe, m'malo omwe chotupacho chimatsogolerakutuluka magazi pafupipafupi, kuchitidwa opaleshoni yofunikira ndikofunikira. Monga lamulo, chotupa chotengera chimayambitsa kuyimitsidwa kwa magazi. Nthawi zina kuchotsa kwathunthu kwa chotupa sikungatheke chifukwa cha kukula kwake kapena kuya kwa kulowa mkati mwa khoma la chikhodzodzo. Zikatero, kuyesa kwa biopsy kumapangidwira kuti awone mtundu wa chotupacho ndikuzama kwa kulowa kwake, pambuyo pake njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pambuyo pakuchita opaleshoni, catheter imasiyidwa mu chikhodzodzo kudzera mu urethra kwa masiku angapo kuti bala lakuchita opaleshoni lizitha. M'masiku oyamba atachitidwa opaleshoni, amatha kutuluka magazi pang'ono kuchokera ku chikhodzodzo, komwe kuyenera kusiya. Pambuyo kuchotsedwa kwa catheterkumva mwachangu ndi kutentha, kapena kupweteka pokodza. Nthawi zambiri, kusokoneza kumeneku ndikosakhalitsa. Nthawi zambiri, wodwalayo amatha kubwerera kunyumba moyenera patatha masiku 2-3 atamuchita opaleshoni. Chisankho chofuna kupitiliza chithandizo chimadalira zotsatira zakuwunika kwa histological (chotupa chamtundu ndi kuzama kolowera).Gawo lachiwiri la chithandizo likuphatikiza njira zitatu.    Chotupa chapamwamba, chosalowa kwambiri kuposa epithelium yosinthika. Pankhaniyi, kupitiriza chithandizo sikufunika. Ngakhale izi, zotupa zotere nthawi zambiri zimachitikanso, makamaka zaka zoyambirira atachitidwa opareshoni. Pazifukwa izi, makamakaNdikofunikira kuunikidwa pafupipafupi kuchipatala cha urological.     Chotupacho chidalowa kupyola kosinthika epithelium, koma sichinalowe mu minofu. Pankhaniyi, tikulankhulanso zotupa zapamwamba, koma chithandizo chofunikira chikufunika. Monga lamulo, mankhwala apadera amalowetsedwa mu chikhodzodzo. Chithandizo chodziwika bwino komanso chogwira mtima chimatchedwa BCG. Cholinga chake ndikupititsa patsogolo chitetezo chamthupi. Mankhwala a Cytotoxic omwe amapha ma cell a khansa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Cholinga cha BCG ndi mankhwala ena ndikuletsa chotupa kuti chiberekenso. Mankhwalawa amalimbikitsidwanso milandu ngati kukhalapo kwa zotupa zingapo.kapena kuyambiranso mwachangu chotupa miyezi ingapo mutachitidwa opaleshoni. Mankhwalawa amaperekedwa kamodzi pa sabata kwa milungu pafupifupi isanu ndi umodzi, kuchipatala cha urological, pogwiritsa ntchito catheter woonda yemwe adayikidwa mu chikhodzodzo. Pambuyo popereka mankhwalawa, wodwalayo amapemphedwa kukodza pokonzekera maola awiri. Wodwalayo amatha kumva kutentha pakamakodza komanso kukhumudwitsa m'mimba, komabe, amapita mwachangu.     Chotupacho chidalowa m'matumbo, mkati mwa chikhodzodzo. Pankhaniyi, mayikidwe a chotupa kudzera mu urethra sikokwanira. Nthawi zambiri, muyenera kuchotsa chikhodzodzo chonse chisanachitikekutsegula m'mimba. Cholinga chofuna kuyambiranso chikhodzodzo ndikuchotsa maselo a khansa mthupi kuti achire.     Pambuyo pakuyambiranso chikhodzodzo, kulowererapo kuyenera kupangidwa kuti kumulola kukodza. Pali njira zingapo zosintha izi:    Mkodzo umalowa mwachindunji m'thumba lomwe limamangidwa kukhoma pamimba.     Kupanga thumba lina mu mkodzo wamkati (kumafunikira kuyambitsa catheter kangapo patsiku kuti mutulutse mkodzo wa mkodzo).     Thumba lina la mkodzo mkati mwa thupi lomwe limalola kukoka mwachizolowezi kudzera mu urethra.MwinaKodi pali kuchira kwathunthu?Yankho ndilosamveka: inde. Zotupa zambiri mu chikhodzodzo ndi zotupa zapamwamba. Kuchotsa chotupacho kudzera mu urethra (nthawi zina kuphatikiza ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa BCG mu chikhodzodzo) kumabweretsa kutha kwake kwathunthu. Nthawi zambiri, pakapita nthawi, chotupacho chimabweranso, koma mwa kupenda pafupipafupi, mutha kuchipeza koyambirira ndikulimbana nacho bwino. Kuunika kwamankhwala kumaphatikizapo urinalysis, cystoscopy ndi complication tomography ya urethra. Papita nthawi yochulukirapo kuchokera pomwe chithandizo chomaliza chatha, ndiye kuti mumafunikira kuyezedwa kawirikawiri. Ndikofunika kuti muzikumbukira kuti kusuta kumawonjezera chiopsezo chanu.kuyambiranso kwa chotupa cha chikhodzodzo; chifukwa chake, ngati mumasuta, muyenera kusiya chizolowezi choyipachi.Ma tumende omwe amalowera mkati mwa khoma la chikhodzodzo amathanso kuchiritsidwa kwathunthu mothandizidwa ndi mawonekedwe ake. Nthawi zambiri, ndikotheka kupanga chikhodzodzo china chomwe chimalola kukoka kwofananira kudzera mu urethra. Chifukwa cha izi, wodwalayo sangathe kungochira kwathunthu, komanso kubwereranso ku magwiridwe antchito omwe amadziwika nawo.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Pafupifupi, kusintha kwa precancer kukhala chotupa cha khansa kumatenga zaka ziwiri mpaka 15. Kusintha kwotsatira kuyambira gawo loyambirira la khansa kupita komaliza kumatha zaka 1-2.Khansa ya khomo lachiberekero ndi chotupa chowopsa, chomwe malinga ndi ziwerengero zamankhwala pakati pa matenda a oncological omwe amapezeka pakati pa kugonana koyenera, chimatenga malo achinayi (pambuyo pa khansa yam'mimba, khungu ndi ma gonia a mammary).Gwero la khansa ya khomo pachibelekeropo ndi maselo abwinobwino omwe amaphimba khomo pachibelekeropo. Zoposa 600,000 zotupa izi zimapezeka pachaka.odwala. Ngakhale khansa yamchiberekero imakonda kupezeka pakati pa zaka 40-60, koma, mwatsoka, posachedwa idakula kwambiri.Chithandizo cha khansa ya khomo lachiberekero chimaphatikizidwa ndikuphatikiza opaleshoni, chemotherapy ndi radiation. Munthawi zonsezi, chithandizo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito payekhapayekha, zimatengera gawo la matendawa, matenda oyanjana, momwe khomo lachiberekero limakhalira, komanso kukhalapo kwa matenda opatsirana pakalipano.Pakupanga opaleshoni, chotupa chimatha kuchotsedwa ndi mbali ina ya khomo pachibelekeropo, kuchotsa chotupa chijakhomo pachibelekeropo, ndipo nthawi zina ndi chiberekero lokha. Nthawi zambiri, opareshoni imathandizidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa ma lymph node a pelvis (ngati maselo a khansa atha kuzolowera). Nkhani yakuchotsa kwamchiberekero nthawi zambiri imasankhidwa payekhapayekha (kumayambiriro kwa khansa m'mayi achichepere, thumba losunga mazira limatha kusungidwa).Pambuyo pa opaleshoni, ngati kuli kotheka, odwala amapatsidwa mankhwala a radiation. Kuchiza ndi ionizing radiation kumatha kuphatikiza chithandizo cha opaleshoni, ndipo amatha kuperekedwa padera. Pochiza khansa ya khomo lachiberekero, chemotherapy, mankhwala apadera omwe amaletsa kukula angagwiritsidwe ntchito.ndi khansa kugawanika. Tsoka ilo, kuthekera kwa chemotherapy kwa matendawa ndizochepa.Kupambana kwamankhwala othandizira khansa ya khomo pachifuwa kumadalira msinkhu wa wodwalayo, kulondola kwa kusankha kwa mankhwalawo, ndipo koposa zonse, pakudziwitsa matendawo. Khansa ya khomo lachiberekero ikapezeka kumayambiriro kwake, matendawa ndi abwino kwambiri ndipo matendawa amatha kuchiritsidwa ndi njira zopangira opaleshoni yokha.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Chemotherapy ndiwothandiza kuchiritsa khansa yokhala ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Chemotherapy imatha kukhala imodzi mwazinthu zophatikizira mankhwala ndipo imatha kuphatikizidwa ndi radiation therapy kapena kuchotsa chotupa. Cholinga cha chemotherapy chimatha kukhala kuwonongeratu kwa chotupa cha khansa komanso kuchepa kwa kukula ndi kubereka kwa maselo a khansa. Kuchepetsa kukula ndi kubalanso kwa maselo kumabweretsa kutsika kwa chotupa ndikuwongolera kwa moyo wa wodwalayo ndipo, nthawi zina, kumawonjezera mwayi wopeza chotupa chonse.Yalangizidwa    Chithandizo cha khansa     Moyo wa Khansa

Chithandizo cha matenda a leukemia osachiritsika cholinga chake ndikuchepetsa zizindikiro za matendawa. Leukemia ndi mtundu wa khansa yomwe imakhudza maselo amwazi mthupi. Matendawa amakula m'mphepete mwa mafupa, pomwe pamakhala kusalinganika kwamisempha yoyera ya magazi. Nthawi zambiri, maselo am'magazi amapanga, amakula, ndikufa kuti apange malo a maselo atsopano, ndipo khansa ya m'magazi imasokoneza njirayi.Matenda a leukemia amayamba pang'onopang'ono ndipo magawo oyamba, omwe amatha zaka zambiri, safuna kulandira chithandizo. Ndikosatheka kuchiritsa matenda a leukemia kwathunthu, koma ndizotheka kuchepetsa zizindikiritso ndikuthandizira chikhululukiro mothandizidwa ndi chemo- ndi radiotherapy, mankhwala, mankhwala othandizira kapena kupatsirana kwa mafupa. Pozindikira kuti muli ndi leukemia, mankhwalawa azitsamba kapena zowonjezera pazakudya sizikhala ndi zotsatira zochizira.

Njira zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa ya rectum kapena matumbo aang'ono, omwe amatchedwanso khansa ya colorectal, kutengera ndi komwe chotupa ndi gawo la matendawa. Khansa imachitika pakamwa mowoneka bwino m'maselo maselo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maselo ayambe kugawikana ndikufalikira mwachangu, m'malo momwalira ndikupanga malo a maselo atsopano.Chemotherapy, kapena systemicapy, imachitika kwa miyezi ingapo. Mankhwala ena amatha kuchepetsa kapena kusokoneza kukula kwa maselo a khansa. Nthawi zopereka mankhwala a chemotherapy (maphunziro),m'malo mwa kupuma kwa milungu ingapo kuti abwezeretse thupi.Kufanana ndi chemotherapy, chithandizo chotsimikizika chitha kuchitika, chomwe chimalola kuti mankhwala agwire chotupa maselo mwanjira yake, mwakutero amapereka mphamvu zoyipa mthupi la wodwalayo.Radiotherapy imakupatsani mwayi kuti muwononge maselo a khansa pogwiritsa ntchito chowerengera cha dosed and radiation.Dongosolo ndi nthawi ya chithandizo chake zimatengera kukula kwa khansa komanso thanzi la wodwalayo.Yalangizidwa    Khansa ya Colon     Khansa ya Colorectal     Khansa ya Colorectal

nullmankhwala ndi mankhwala a radiation chikugwirizana ndi opareshoni. Kusankha kwa chitsogozo chotsogola kumayendetsedwa ndi kukula ndi komwe chotupacho, mkhalidwe wa wodwalayo komanso matenda oyanjana nawo.Ndi chotupa chochepa kwambiri chomwe sichimamera mucosa, ndiye kuti mucosa yokhayo yomwe imapangidwa ndi gastroscope, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala bwino.Pa siteji I - II ya khansa, gawo lina lam'mphepete limachotsedwa, chilema chimadzaza gawo lamatumbo kapena chubu chimapangidwa kuchokera m'mimba. Masiku ano ndizotheka kugwiritsa ntchito zida za endoscopic pantchito izi.Ndi kufalikira kwa chotupacho m'matumbo a minofu ndikuwonjezerapo, opareshoni imachitidwanso, koma izinullNthawi zina chemoradiotherapy amachitika ndi osakwanira opaleshoni. Chemotherapy ikhoza kuchitika ngati opaleshoni singatheke, pamene chotupa ndi chachikulu kwambiri, kapena ndi chotupa chochepa, koma ndi contraindication wamba opaleshoni. Munjira yosasamala iyi, kupulumuka kumafanana ndi chithandizo cha opaleshoni. Pamaso pa fistulas, chemoradiotherapy siyotheka. Chemotherapy ikhoza kukhala yovuta chifukwa cha kutupa kwamphamvu kwa mucous membrane wa esophagus, komwe kumafunikira chakudya kudzera ndi dontho.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Ma neoplasms oyipa a ndulu. Matendawa ndi a matenda osowa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri azimayi azaka zopitilira 50 ndi kupitilira.Zizindikiro za chikhodzodzoZizindikiro zazikulu zodziwikiratu zimaphatikizapo kusanza komanso kusanza, jaundice, kupweteka kumtunda kwachitatu kwam'mimba, kutentha thupi, kutentha thupi, kuchepa thupi, kuchepa kwa chakudya, kutulutsa, ndi kukula kwa zotupa pamimba. Monga lamulo, kumayambiriro kwa matenda, wodwalayo samakhala ndi vuto lililonse, lomwe limachepetsa mwayi wodwalayokuchira.Kuzindikira khansa ya nduluKafukufuku wambiri wowerengeka ndi wothandizira amachitika: kuyezetsa magazi ambiri, kuphunzira zamankhwala am'mwazi, x-ray yam'mimba, kupenya kwamatumbo, ziwonetsero zam'mimba, kupindika kwa gallbladder kopitilizabe kufufuza kwa zitsanzo za zitsanzo za zimakhala.Chithandizo cha Khansa ya GallbladderKuchiza matendawa, monga ma neoplasms oopsa kwambiri, kumaphatikizapo kuchotsa opaleshoni ndi chotupa. Njira yayikulu yothandizira ndi kuchitidwa opaleshoni, cholecystectomy yodziwika bwino. Masiku ano, ikugwiridwa m'njira yofatsa kwambiri.- laparoscopic njira. Pa chithandizo chovuta, ma radiation therapy ndi chemotherapy amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo odwala amapatsidwanso mankhwala okonza ma radiosensitizer omwe amakhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa chidwi cha maselo a atypical kupita ku mitundu ina ya ma radiation.Kuteteza Khansa ya GallbladderPalibe njira zenizeni zopewera matenda awa. Malangizo ambiri akuphatikiza: kuphatikiza zizindikiro za kulemera, zakudya zoyenera, kuchepa kwa chakudya cha nyama komanso kuchuluka kwa masamba ndi zipatso. Ndikulimbikitsidwanso kuti musiye zizolowezi zoyipa, muzichita masewera olimbitsa thupi pafupipafupi, komanso muzilimbitsa thupi.

nullzotupa zonse za impso zimapezeka mwachisawawa, ndikumakonzedwa ndi ultrasound popanda kupezeka kwathunthu kwa zizindikiro zilizonse.Zizindikiro za matendawa tsopano sizachilendo.    1. Mwazi mu mkodzo (hematuria). Maonekedwe ake atha kukhala odabwisa.     2. Kupweteka kumbuyo ndi kutsika mmbuyo: izi zodandaula zimayenderana ndi kuphuka kwa chotupa m'mimba yoyandikana kapena kufalikira kwa ureter.     3. Kuphwanya m'mimba (palpation palpates chotupa).     4. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi (chomaliza chitha chifukwa cha kupindika kwa mitsempha kapena kupanga chotupa cha renin).5. Varicocele.     6. Kuchepetsa thupi, kufooka wamba, kuchepa magazi, thukuta la usiku, komanso kutopa kwambiri.Tsoka ilo, nthawi zambiri zizindikiro za khansa ya impso sizimawonekera nthawi yomweyo, matendawa amapitilira mawonekedwe a asymptomatic kwa nthawi yayitali. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuyesedwa pafupipafupi, pindani ndi kuyezetsa magazi ndi mkodzo.Kuzindikira khansa ya impsoKuzindikira khansa ya impso kumaphatikizanso mitundu yambiri yamankhwala osiyanasiyana, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wodziwa matenda moyenera.   1. Njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri yodziwitsira matenda ndi ultrasound.    2. Muyezo wagolide wofufuzira wa zotupa za impso ndi kompyutakuyerekeza mosiyanako. Computer tomography imapereka chithunzi chonse cha chotupacho, kukula kwake, gawo lazachipatala komanso kukula kwa chotupa mu ziwalo zapafupi.   3.Kuwonetsa mkodzo kumawonetsa kukhalapo kwa magazi mu mkodzo.   4. Kuyesedwa kwa magazi kumakupatsani mwayi kuti musazindikire zodutsa matendawa: kuchepa magazi, kuchuluka kwa zamchere phosphatase, urea m'magazi, ndi zina zambiri.   5. MRI yofufuza zotupa za impso imagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi kuposa CT, chizindikiro chachikulu chakuchita MRI ndi kuphwanya malamulo pakuchita CT.   6. A biopsy ya zotupa za impso imagwiridwa kuti itsimikizire kuti matenda ake ndi ati.ndi kudziwa njira zina zochizira. Tsoka ilo, nthawi zina, kuyesa kwa chotupa cha impso sikowononga chilengedwe, pachifukwa ichi kafukufukuyu sachitidwa kawirikawiri.  7. Kudziwa metastase m'mapapu ndi mafupa a mafupa, pachifuwa x-ray ndi osteoscintigraphy amagwiritsidwa ntchito.  8. Renal angiography - kuyesa kwa X-ray ndi wothandizira wosiyana.Kutengera ndi zomwe zikuwonetsa khansa ya impso, mkhalidwe wa wodwalayo komanso zotsatira zoyesedwa koyambirira, dokotala amasankha njira zina zodziwira khansa ya impso kuti apange chithunzi chofunikira kwambiri.Magawo a khansa ya impsoPali magawo anayi a khansa ya impso yodziwika ndi osiyanasiyananullkapena chotupa chafalikira kumtsempha wa impso / vena cava.     4. Kalasi ya khansa ya impso. Chotupa chimaphukira kapisozi.Chithandizo cha khansa ya impsoChithandizo cha khansa ya impso zimakhazikitsidwa ndi njira zingapo zovomerezeka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito payekha kapena mokwanira. Dokotala wopezekapo, kutengera mtundu wa chotupa, gawo lazachipatala la odwala komanso thanzi, zotsutsana zomwe zilipo ndi zina, atha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zochizira. Njira yothandiza kwambiri yothanirana ndi khansa ya impso ndikuchotsa chotupa. Radical nephrectomy ndikuchotsa kwathunthu impso zomwe zimakhudzidwa, nthawi zambiri pamodzi ndi minyewa yozungulira, ma lymph node, ndipo nthawi zinachamba cha adrenal. Ngati kukula kwa chotupa sikupitirira 7 cm, kachigawo kakang'ono ka impso kamachitika. Pamodzi ndi njira yachikhalidwe, momwe amachotsera impso kapena kuyimitsidwa kwina kudzera pakuwoneka kwakukulu, pali laparoscopic imodzi. Pankhaniyi, chotupacho chimachotsedwa kapena kupangidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera zomwe zimayikidwa pamimba pamatumbo kudzera pazinthu zazing'ono (masentimita awiri). Kuphatikiza apo, kukonza odwala kumathamanga. Njira ina yothandizira zotupa za impso ndi cryoablation. Chinsinsi cha njirayo ndikuwumitsa chotupacho mothandizidwa ndi kiyopidwe kenakake kamene kamayikidwa mu chotupa. Tumoramathandizanso kuziziritsa ndi kuzizira, komwe kumapeto kwake kumapangitsa kufa kwa maselo a khansa. Njira iyi ndiyopweteka kwambiri kwa wodwala ndipo akuwonetsedwa ngati pakuchita opaleshoni sizingatheke, zotupa za impso zonse ndi chotupa cha impso imodzi. Chithandizo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo (chemotherapy, hormone therapy kapena immunotherapy) chimadziwika ngati khansa ya impso yapezeka kale (gawo 4), pomwe opaleshoni siyotheka.Kuteteza Khansa ya ImpsoPofuna kupewa khansa ya impso, ndikofunikira kusiya kusuta, kuwongolera kunenepa komanso kudya zakudya zopatsa thanzi (wokhala ndi zipatso ndi masamba ambiri). Chifukwa chake, kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi ndi njira yayikulu yopewa matendawa.

nullkuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa larynx. Kukhazikika kwa mawu ndi chizindikiro choyambirira pamene carcinoma ili pamakutu amawu, koma imawoneka m'magawo apambuyo pomwe itapezekedwa mu zigawo za supraclad ndi subclad. Odwala omwe ali ndi khansa yocheperako nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kutsekeka kwa mpweya ndipo chizindikirocho ndi chizindikiro chofutukuka pambuyo pake. Odwala omwe ali ndi khansa yodwala kwambiri amakhala ndi dysphagia; Zizindikiro zina za matendawa ndi kutsekeka kwa mpweya, otalgia, kukula kwa chotupa m'khosi, mawu osokonekera. Odwala omwe ali ndi zizindikirozi ayenera kutumizidwa mwachindunji kwa laryngoscopy.ZizindikiroLaryngoscopyOpaleshoni endoscopy ndinullnullEndoscopic laser resection ndi radiation chithandizo, monga lamulo, amakulolani kupulumutsa mawu a odwala. Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa khansa ya laryngeal koyambirira kwa maopaleshoni kapena chithandizo chamankhwala a radiation, monga lamulo, zimatengera zomwe madokotala akuchipatala akuchiritsa ndi wodwalayo.Mu magawo apambuyo a mawu apakhomo carcinoma, amasunthika kapena kugwira nawo ntchito ya lilime; odwala akuwonetsedwa chemotherapy kapena radiation chithandizo. Ngati chotupa cha wodwalayo chafalikira kupitilira larynx kapena chalowa mu cartilage, laryngectomy imapereka zotsatira zabwino kwambiri za oncological; laryngectomy nthawi zambiri imakhala yowonjezera, koma nthawi zinaendoscopic laser resection of the chotupa kapena laryngectomy lotseguka lingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Laryngectomy yowonjezera imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri m'malo ovuta kupulumutsa wodwala; komabe, nthawi zina pamachitika izi, endoscopic resection kapena laryngectomy lotseguka lingagwiritsidwe ntchito.Mu magawo oyambilira a carcinoma a supraclavicular larynx, radiation mankhwala kapena pang'ono mbali ya larynx ndi othandiza. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa laser resection koyambirira kwa squamous cell carcinoma kwawonetsa zotsatira zabwino. Ngati carcinoma ikupitilirabe, koma osakhudza zingwe zolankhula zenizeni, ndiye kuti laryngectomy yam'kamwa imatha kuchitika kuti isunge mawu komansosphincter wa glottis. Ngati wodwalayo alinso ndi zingwe za mawu, laryngectomy pa cricoid cartilage kapena laryngectomy yonse yofunikira, ngati akuganiza kuti achite opareshoni. Monga momwe zilili ndi laryngocarcinoma, ambiri mwa magawo omwe amapita patsogolo pa khansa yayikulu amathandizidwa ndi chemotherapy ndi radiation therapy. Dera la ligamentous lili ndi olemera a lymphatic network, chifukwa chake, chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa kwa madera a khosi odwala onse omwe ali ndi khansa ya ligamentous.Ndi carcinoma ya m'munsi pharynx, mankhwalawa ndi ofanana ndi khansa ya m'mimba. Mu magawo oyambilira, zowonongeka zimathandizidwa ndi kokhamankhwala a radiation, kapena endoscopic resection ngati njira ina. Komabe, mwa odwala ambiri omwe ali ndi khansa ya m'matumbo aang'ono, kupita patsogolo kumalumikizidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha asymptomatic matendawa komanso kufalikira pafupipafupi kudzera pamitsempha yam'mimba; odwala oterewa amathandizidwa makamaka ndi chemotherapy ndi radiation chithandizo, ndipo mwachangu - malinga ndi zofunikira zikuwonetsa.KukonzansoKukonzanso kungafunike pambuyo pa mtundu uliwonse wa chithandizo. Nthawi zambiri, mavuto akulu amakumana ndi njira yomeza chakudya pambuyo pa chemotherapy kapena poizoniyu mankhwala, omwe angafunike kuchepa kwa magazi, makamaka, pulasitiki ya pharynx kapena kugwiritsa ntchito gastrostomy. Pa opaleshonikulowererako kungasokonezenso njira yomeza, ndipo chithandizo chitha kuphatikizidwa, kuphatikiza kukulira kwa njira zokumeza.Komanso, opaleshoni imakhudza kulankhula kwambiri. Pambuyo pa laryngectomy yathunthu, wodwala ayenera kupanga mawu atsopano ndi:    Liwu la esophageal    Esophageal tracheal punations    Khosi (electropharynx)Ndi njira zonse zitatuzi, malankhulidwe amapangidwa limodzi ndi pharynx, kamkamwa kofewa, lilime, mano ndi milomo.Maziko omwe amapanga "esophageal Voice" (pseudo-Voice) ndi kulenga kwa pseudo-Voice gap mu esophagus ndi chitukukokutsekeka mwanjira.Ndi tracheoesophageal fistula, valavu imayikidwa pakati pa trachea ndi esophagus kuti athandizire phonation. Valavu imathandizira kuponya mpweya mu esophagus panthawi ya kudzoza. Odwala amapita kukonzanso thupi, maphunziro panjira yolankhulira, amaphunzitsidwa malamulo othandizira fistula, ndipo odwala onse amachenjezedwa za chiwopsezo cha kufunafuna chakudya ndi madzi.Larynx yamagetsi ndi chipangizo choyendetsera batire chomwe chili pamphumi pakhosi. Ngakhale chisangalalo chopangidwa ndi kusalidwa kwamtundu wa anthu chikavalidwa odwala ambiri, ndizosavuta kuthana nawo ndipo sifunikira maphunziro apadera.

Khansa ya chiwindi ndi matenda oopsa okhala ndi anthu ambiri omwalira. Pambuyo pakuwoneka ngati neoplasm, zotsatira zakupha zitha kupezeka patatha miyezi yochepa. Oncology imatha kuchitika mu lobes a chiwindi kapena bile ducts. Chotupacho chimadziwika chifukwa chachulukidwe komanso mapangidwe a metastase, komanso chidziwitso chochepa chamankhwala. Mukamazindikira, gawo la matendawa limakhazikika. Pali zinayi kwathunthu, gululi limatengera mawonekedwe a morphological, chotupa malo ndi kuwonongeka kwake:Woyamba (I). Chotupacho chimatha kukhala chamitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma mkati mwa thupi, mulibe kumera m'matumbo, ma lymph node ndiziwalo zina. Ntchito imagwira ntchito mokwanira. Kumayambiriro, zizindikiro zoyambirira za khansa ya chiwindi ndi kutopa, kufooka, kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito komanso kusapeza bwino kumtunda kwa dzanja lamanja. Pakupita milungu ingapo, pamakhala kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa chiwindi.Wachiwiri (II). Mapangidwewo amawonjezeka mpaka masentimita 5, pomwe kumverera kwa kulemera ndi kuwawa kapena kupweteka m'mimba kumawonjezeredwa ndi zomwe zilipo. Poyamba, zopweteka zimawoneka modabwitsa panthawi yolimbitsa thupi, kenako zimakhala zowonjezereka komanso zosalekeza. Mu gawo lachiwiri, pali zizindikiro za kugaya chakudya, monga kutaya mtima, kugona, nseru,kusanza, kutsegula m'mimba. Wodwalayo amayamba kuchepa thupi msanga.Chachitatu (III). Kukula koipa kumakula, zina zofunika kuzimitsa maselo a m'matumbo zimawonekera. Khansa imadziwika kwambiri pamenepa chifukwa izi zikuwonekera.Pali magawo atatu a matendawa:    IIIa. Chotupacho chimafalikira m'mphepete mwa chiwindi ndipo chimakula kwambiri. Kumera kumachitika m'mitsempha yayikulu, koma palibe kufalikira kwa ziwalo zakutali ndi ma lymph node.    IIIb. Kuphatikizika kwa maselo owopsa ndi ziwalo zam'mimba zomwe zimayang'aniridwa komanso mawonekedwe amkati a chiwindi amawonedwa. Musati ayichikhodzodzo.    IIIc. Chiwindi chimakhudzidwa kwambiri, ndikufalikira kwa ma lymph node. Ntchito ya chiwalo imalephera, yomwe imakhudza mkhalidwe wa thupi. Wodwalayo amakula edema, kachulukidwe kamvekedwe ka khungu, mitsempha ya kangaude, ascites, ndikumverera kwadzaza m'mimba. Ntchito ya endocrine glands imasokonekera ndipo kutentha kwa thupi kumakwera. Kuchepetsa thupi kumakhudzanso kuwongola nkhope komanso kuchepa kwa khungu. Ululu umakhala wolimba komanso wosalekeza. Pakadali pano, nthawi zambiri mumatuluka magazi amphuno komanso amkati.    Wachinayi (IV). Gawo 4 khansa ya chiwindi imaganiziridwaNjira yosasinthika. Ma metastases okhala ndi lymph komanso magazi amayenda mthupi lonse, zomwe zimasokoneza ntchito za ziwalo ndi machitidwe. Pali magawo awiri a khansa ya chiwindi madigiri 4:    IVA Kuwonongeka kwa chiwalo chonse kumadziwika, chotupacho chimakula ndikupanga ziwalo ndi ziwalo zozungulira. Mu ziwalo zakutali, metastases siipezeka.     IVB. Ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe zimakhudzidwa ndi maselo owopsa. Pali ma neoplasms angapo osiyanasiyana. Khansa ya chiwindi 4 ya khansa yokhala ndi metastases imayendera limodzi ndi kuchepa kwamitsempha m'matumbo, kudzimbidwa, kupweteka kwambiri, kusakhazikika m'maganizo, kusintha kwadzidzidzi, kuwonongeka kwakukulu.kulemera, kuchuluka kwamimba pamimba. Ngati mungayang'ane zithunzi za odwala omwe ali ndi khansa ya chiwindi 4Oncology imadzichiritsa bwino pazamankhwala oyamba, ndiye kuti sizothekanso kuchiritsa. Oncologists amatha kuperekera chithandizo chamankhwala kuti muchepetse vutoli komanso kuthetsa kupweteka kwambiri.Atafunsidwa kuti amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji ndi khansa ya chiwindi 4, palibe yankho limodzi. Chilichonse chimadalira kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka ndi momwe wodwalayo amathandizira pochira.ChithandizoWodwala ndi malo omwe amakhala nawo nthawi zonse amakhalankhawa ngati khansa ya chiwindi ikuchiritsidwa kapena ayi? Funso limatha kuyankhidwa ndi adokotala omwe amapezeka, omwe ali ndi chidziwitso pazotsatira za mayeso ndi kufufuza mayeso. Mukamasankha njira yothandizira khansa ya chiwindi, muyenera:   - kukula kwa chotupa;    - chitukuko cha maphunziro;    - kuchuluka kwa zowonongeka;    - chotupa ntchito;    - kukhalapo kwa metastases;    - zomwe zimachitika wodwalayo.Njira zotsatirazi zochiritsira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muchepetse kukula kwa chotupa, kuyambiranso kwake ndikuwonjezera chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo mu chiwindi cha oncology:    Mankhwala.Kwa wodwalaNexavar ndi Sorafenib ndi mankhwala, omwe amagwira ntchito omwe amakhala ndi poizoni m'maselo omwe akhudzidwa. Chifukwa cha zotsatira zoyang'ana pamaphunziro, zimakhala bwino kuti ziwonongeke bwino. Chemotherapy yachikhalidwe pafupifupi siyithandiza khansa ya chiwindi.Chithandizo cha poizoniyu.Kugwiritsa ntchito ma x-ray mu milingo yayikulu kumathandizira kuti chotupacho chichepetse, kuchepetsa ululu komanso kusamutsa matendawo kuti akhululukidwe. Yoyenera kuthandizira pa oncology nthawi iliyonse.    KuchotsaNjira iyi ndikuwonongeka kwa neoplasm pobweretsa ethanol mu chotupa, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma radiation a microwave, mafunde amphamvu a radio, ndi cryodestruction. Chithandizo popanda opaleshonipa chiwindi ndi oncology imapereka zotsatira zabwino ngati chotupa chili ndi awiri osakwana 3 cm.    Kutupa kwa mtima.Chifukwa cha kuyambitsidwa kwa mankhwala apadera m'mitsempha ya chiwindi, mwayi wofika magazi ku neoplasm umatsekedwa, potero umapangitsa kuchepa kwake. Njirayi imathandizira zotupa zomwe zimakhala ndi mulifupi mwake mpaka masentimita 5. Nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi ablation, chemotherapy ndi radiation therapy.Kodi khansa ya chiwindi ingachiritsidwe pochita opaleshoni? Nthawi zambiri, chithandizo cha opaleshoni chimakulolani kuyang'ana mtsogolo molimba mtima. Kuchotsa kwa tumor kapena kufalikira kwa chiwindi kumachulukitsa mwayi wa wodwalayokukhululuka kwanthawi yayitali. Momwe ma opaleshoni othandizira amathandizira ndi chotupa chogwira ntchito, ma metastase amodzi amodzi komanso kusapezeka kwa zotupa za oncological kunja kwa chiwindi. Momwe mungachiritsire khansa ya chiwindi ngati chotupa sichikugwira ntchito? Pankhaniyi, kuyambitsa kwa cytostatics mwachindunji m'matumbo akuluakulu a chiwindi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowononga zomwe tafotokozazi.Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti palibe zozizwitsa zochizira khansa ya chiwindi, koma nthawi zonse muyenera kukhulupirira kuchira. Atafunsidwa ngati khansa ya chiwindi imachiritsidwa, nthawi zambiri, oncenc amayankha bwino. Mu chipatala chathu, gulu la madokotala ochezeka omwe ali ndi magulu azachipatala apamwamba kwambiri komanso maudindo asayansi amathandizira kupeza thanzi.

Khansa ya lung lero ndi imodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino kwambiri za neoplasms. Pa avareji, pali anthu 40 odwala matenda a khansa m'mapapo anthu 100,000 padziko lonse lapansi, kuposa apo, amuna amapezeka ndi matendawa maulendo 10 kuposa azimayi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa okhala m'mizinda nthawi zonse kumakhala kochulukirapo kuposa kuchuluka kwa anthu akumudzi. Komabe, mankhwala amakono ali ndi zida zamphamvu zochizira matenda a oncology awa: kugwiritsa ntchito panthawi yake thandizo, ndizotheka kuti sikuti kungoletsa chitukuko, komanso kuiwalako za nthawi yonseyi.Khansamapapu: Mbiri ya matenda ndi kudalirika kwa machiritsoPafupifupi anthu 5 miliyoni amafa ndi khansa ya m'mapapo chaka chilichonse padziko lapansi. Matenda a mtunduwu amatchedwanso bronchogenic carcinoma, kapena khansa ya bronchogenic. Chotupacho chimayamba kuchokera ku epithelium ya mucous ya bronchi, alveoli ndi epithelium ya bronchial gland. Ngakhale kuti etiology yamatendawa sichikudziwikabe, zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimachitikira zimaphatikizapo: kusuta; kukhudzana ndi radon ndi ma carcinogens ena (mchere wa asbestos ndiowopsa kwambiri pamapapu); mitundu ina ya ma virus; kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa fumbi mlengalenga. Pathogenesis wa khansa ya m'mapaponullnullmapapu.Khansa ya m'mapapo 1 ya 1 imadziwika ndi chotupa mpaka kukula kwakukulu kwa 3 cm, komwe sikunachitikebe. Neoplasm imakhala mu gawo limodzi la mapapu kapena mkati mwa bronchus.Gawo lachiwiri - chotupa mpaka 6 cm chimakhala gawo limodzi la mapapu kapena mkati mwa bronchus. Metastases amodzi mu pulmonary ndi bronchopulmonary lymph node amawonedwa.Gawo lachitatu - chotupa chachikulu kuposa 6 cm chomwe chimasandulika kukhala pafupi ndi mapapo kapena kumera kwa bronchus yoyandikira kapena bronchus. Ma metastases amapezeka mu bifurcation, tracheobronchial, paratracheal lymph node.4gawo la khansa ya m'mapapo limadziwika ndi metastases m'magulu akutali ndi ziwalo, pleurisy ndi / kapena pericarditis imagwira. Kugawikaku kumagwira ntchito pokhapokha patakhala cell carcinoma. Pankhani ya khansa yaying'ono yamaselo, yomwe imayamba msanga, magawo awiri okha ndiomwe amadziwika. Yoyamba - gawo lochepera - imayendera limodzi ndi kufalikira kwa maselo amtundu umodzi m'mapapu amodzi ndi pafupi. Mu gawo lachiwiri, chotupacho chimakumana ndi gawo lakunja kwa mapapu komanso ziwalo zakutali.Mankhwala othandizira khansaKudziwitsa bwino matenda a pulmonary oncology ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa kusankha njira zoyenera zamankhwala kumadalira. Njira zazikulu ndiopaleshoni othandizira, chemo ndi radiation chithandizo. Chifukwa cha kukula kwatsopano kwaukadaulo wazachipatala, njira izi zikuyamba kukhala zotetezeka komanso zothandiza.1. Mankhwala othandizira opaleshoni amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati squamous cell carcinoma. Pa opaleshoni, chotupa chonse cha khansa kapena gawo lake limachotsedwa. Kuchuluka kwa minofu yomwe imachotsedwa kumadalira mtundu wa chotupacho ndi malo ake. Zochitika pakalipano pochiza khansa yamapapu ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zowononga zachilengedwe, zomwe zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kamera ya kanema yaying'ono. Njirayi imatchedwa Video-Anathandiza Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS). Kuchita koteroko kumayendetsedwa ndi ululu wocheperako, ndipo njira yokonzanso pambuyo pawo imatha mofulumira.2. Chemotherapy- Chithandizo chachikulu cha odwala ambiri omwe ali ndi khansa ya m'mapapo. Chinsinsi chake chagona pa kumwa mankhwala omwe amawononga ma cell a khansa.3. Chithandizo (chotsimikizika) cha khansa yam'mapapo. Mankhwalawa amazindikira maselo owopsa ndi machitidwe awo ndikuwawononga, amakhudza ntchito zofunika (kukula, kugawa). Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwalawa amasokoneza magazi m'magazi. Chithandizo chowongoleredwa (cholozera) chitha kutumikiridwa monga njira yodziyimira payokha kapena kuphatikiza ndi chemotherapy kuti uthandize kuwonjezera chithandizo.4. Katemera wa immunological pothana ndi khansa yamapapu ndi njira yatsopano komanso yolimbikitsa kwambirioncology yolimbikitsa. Chithandizo choterechi chimakupatsani mwayi wokhazikitsa maselo a chitetezo chathu mthupi kuphatikiza ma cell a khansa ndipo "chandamale" chimakhudza maselo a chotupa.5. Radiotherapy. Kuwotcha kwa chotupacho ndi mtanda wokulirapo wa ma gamma misewu, chifukwa chomwe maselo a khansa amwalira (amaletsa kukula ndi kubereka). Kuchitika ndi njira yakutali kapena yayikulu. Ndi chithandizo chowopsa cha radiation, chotupa chokha komanso zigawo za metastasis yam'madera zimayatsidwa ndi radiation. Radiation therapy imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati khansa yaing'ono ya cell.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Wodwala akapezeka ndi chotupa cha khansa ndipo amupeza, amamuthandizira. Uku ndikukambirana ndi dotolo pomwe njira yakukambirana ikukambidwa.Wodwala akapezeka ndi chotupa cha khansa ndipo amupeza, amamuthandizira. Uku ndikukambirana ndi dotolo pomwe njira yakukambirana ikukambidwa. Katswiri wa oncologist azichita. Adzakuwuzani zonse zomwe muyenera kudziwa zokhudza matenda anu komanso chithandizo chake. Kutalika, zotsatira zoyipa, zotsatira zomwe akuyembekeza, komanso chiyembekezo chanu. Mwachilengedwe, mutha kufunsa wophunzirawo mafunso anu onse.Nthawi yamankhwalaYalangizidwa    Khansa

nulladziwonetsere ku magawo oyamba a matenda (kupatula kumavuto).Zoyambitsa ngozi zikuluzikulu ndi izi:     ukalamba - monga lamulo, matendawa amakula mwa azimayi atasiya kusamba, wazaka 50 mpaka 60 (zaka 8 mwa 10);      azimayi oyamba kusamba (mpaka zaka 12) ndi mochedwa kusamba (atatha zaka 52);      kusuta      kunenepa      kumwa mankhwala osabereka;      polycystic;      endometriosis (kuchuluka kwachulukidwe kamkati ka chiberekero);cholowa (chibadwa) - kukhalapo kwa abale apamtima a ovarian, chifuwa, kapena khansa ya m'matumbo.Amayi omwe alibe ana ndipo sanakhalepo akuyamwitsa amakhalanso pachiwopsezo.Magawo ndi mitundu ya khansa yamchiberekeroPali magawo anayi:    Pa siteji yoyamba, chotupa chimapezeka m'mimba imodzi kapena ziwiri. Matendawa amatsimikiza, mankhwalawa ndi abwino, odwala ambiri amapita kuchikhululukiro popanda kubweza matendawo.    Pa siteji yachiwiri, chikondwererocho chimafalikira kumadera ena. Ponseponse, ndipo panthawiyi, zonenedweratu ndi zabwino, malingana ndi ziwerengero pazaka zisanunullmalingana ndi kuchuluka kwa zipsera:    kalasi A (chotupa chochepa) - chotupa chomwe chikukula pang'onopang'ono, maselo okhala ndi zosankha zazing'ono (zosiyanitsidwa kwambiri);     kalasi B (kuvulaza pakati) - kutanthauzira kochulukira kwa maselo otupa poyerekeza ndi kusiyanasiyana;     kalasi C (chotupa chachikulu) - chotupa chikukula msanga, maselo otsika kwambiri.Ovarian Khansa MankhwalaKuphatikiza mankhwala nthawi zambiri kumaphatikiza njira zopangira opaleshoni (opareshoni) ndi chemotherapy.OpaleshoniMonga lamulo, pochita opaleshoni ya khansa yamchiberekero, ziwalo zonse zophatikizika, machubu a fallopian ndi chiberekero, ma lymph node oyandikira ndi mapangidwe a minofu ya adipose pamimba yam'mimba imachotsedwa,komwe khansa idafalikira.Ngati mayi wachichepere amatha kudziwa matendawa kumayambiriro kwake (pagawo 1), nthawi zina kuchitira opaleshoni modekha kumachitika ndikuchotsa chubu chamchiberekero ndi mbali imodzi. Kuphatikiza pa chakuti kudalirika kwa machiritso mu nkhaniyi ndi kwabwino, izi zimakupatsani chiyembekezo chokhala ndi pakati.Kuti muchepetse kuvutika mtima komanso chiwopsezo cha zovuta, komanso zolinga zodzikongoletsa, opaleshoni ya khansa yamchiberekero imatha kuchitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Robot da Vinci yanzeru.ChemotherapyChemotherapy yokhala ndi khansa yamchiberekedwe nthawi zambiri imayikidwa pambuyo pa opaleshoni ngati gawo la zovuta. Mankhwala nthawi zambiri amaperekedwamu mtsempha kapena molunjika m'mimba, kuphatikiza njira izi kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito.M'magawo apambuyo, chemotherapy ikhoza kusankhidwa ngati njira yayikulu yothandizira.Chithandizo cha poizoniyuNthawi zina (kupweteka kwambiri, magazi ochokera ku chotupa), ma radiation yakunja kapena brachytherapy (radiation yokhudzana ndi mankhwalawa) imaphatikizidwa mu njira yochizira khansa yamchiberekero.Kubwezeretsa pambuyo chithandizoNdi njira yokhazikika yochiritsira, kuchira kwathunthu pambuyo pochizira khansa yamchiberekero mwa amayi kumatenga milungu isanu ndi umodzi. Ngati chiberekero chachotsedwa, mkati mwa masabata 3-4 ndikofunikira kusiya kugonana. Nthawi zina, dokotala angakulembeni mahomoni ndi vitamini D.

Khansa ya Prostate ndiyo khansa yachitatu kwambiri pakati pa amuna ku Russia pambuyo pa khansa yam'mapapu komanso khansa yam'mimba. Amapezeka m'modzi mwa amuna khumi ndi asanu opitilira zaka 40. Chaka chilichonse padziko lapansi, zotupa zoyipa za prostate zimapezeka mwa anthu miliyoni, ndipo pafupifupi mmodzi mwa atatuwo amafa chifukwa cha matenda amtunduwu.Kodi khansa ya prostate imayamba bwanji?Amadziwika kuti izi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa mahomoni, kuzungulira kwa majini, kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi komanso kutengera kwa zina, gawo lomwe silinakhazikitsidwe kwathunthu. Kuyambira pomwe khansa yoyambamaselo musanayambike zizindikiro zomwe zimatsogolera bambo kukakumana ndi dokotala nthawi zambiri zimatenga zaka zingapo. Pazifukwa izi, nthawi zambiri wodwala amawonedwa ndi oncologist yemwe ali ndi chotupa chosasiyidwa, chambiri chomwe chimakhala chovuta kuchiritsa. Pazonse, ndi chizolowezi kusiyanitsa magawo anayi a kansa ya prostate:Gawo 1 limadziwika ndi kukula kochepa kwa chotupacho, kusakhudzidwa kwa ma lymph node mu pathological process (maselo a khansa amatha kufika kumeneko ndi zotumphukira za m'mimba) komanso thanzi la wodwalayo. Monga lamulo, pakadali pano, khansa ya prostate imapezeka mwamwayi - panthawi yochizira matenda ena a gland. Matenda a wodwalayo ndi abwino,nullnullpindulani ndi chithandizo chamankhwala chofatsa chomwe chidzakulitsa moyo ndikuchepetsa zovuta za wodwalayo, ngakhale sizithandiza kuthana ndi khansa.Prostate Khansa MankhwalaMomwe mankhwala a khansa ya prostate amayendera samangotengera gawo la matendawo. Mtundu wa chotupa ndi wofunikira - umatsimikiziridwa ndi biopsy, kutenga zitsanzo zingapo za minofu ndikuwunika pansi pa maikulosikopu. Mitundu ina ya khansa - mwachitsanzo polymorphic cell carcinoma ya prostate gland - imakonda kukula mwachangu, kukula kwa ena kumayendetsedwa ndi mahomoni. Dokotala wodziwitsa bwino za oncologist amaganizira zochitika zonsezi, komanso malingaliro a wodwalayo, asanatengelingaliro pazamankhwala azachipatala.Udindo wofunikira umaseweredwa ndi zida zam'chipatala. Si chinsinsi kuti matekinoloje ambiri amakono ndi mankhwala sizikupezeka m'malo operekera khansa zapakhomo kapena ali pachiwonetsero. Ndipo njira zapamwamba monga kuchitira opaleshoni ya prostate zimatha kusiyanasiyana, zomwe zimakhudza osati chithandizo chamankhwala, komanso moyo wa wodwalayo.Mankhwala othandiziraTizilombo ta Prostate ndi chinthu chofunikira, koma champhongo chachikulire chimatha kukhala popanda icho. Chifukwa chake, ngati khansa sinafalikire kwa ziwalo komanso minofu yoyandikana, ndipo mkhalidwe wa wodwalayo umalolaopaleshoni, oncologist angavomereze kuti prostatectomy yoopsa kwa mwamunayo - kuchotsa kwa prostate. M'magawo oyamba a matendawa, njirayi imakuthandizani kuti muchira nthawi yayitali (kukhalabe kuchipatala kumatenga pafupifupi masiku 7).Pakadali pano, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti tikulankhula zakusokonekera kwakukulu ndi thupi, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi chiwopsezo cha moyo, komanso zimabweretsa zotsatirapo zosasangalatsa. Chifukwa chake, odwala nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mavuto pokodza kwa miyezi yambiri atachitidwa opaleshoni, amuna opitilira theka amadandaula kuti kutayika kwa erection.Njira yofatsa yochizira khansa ya Prostate ndiyo opaleshoni ya laparoscopic, yomweProstate imachotsedwa pang'onopang'ono - mamilimita ochepa kutalika. Zotsatira zake, chiopsezo cha zovuta za postoperative chimachepetsedwa, ndipo njirayo imaloledwa ndi wodwalayo mosavuta.KhalidNjira ina yothandizira pakuchita opaleshoni yachikhalidwe imatha kukhala prostate chotupa cryosurgery. Njira imeneyi imagwira ntchito poyambira matenda, khansa ikadapitirira ziwalo. Pakudzinyenga, singano zapadera zimayikidwa mu Prostate kudzera mwa wodwalayo, momwe maArmonon kapena nitrogen amalowa. Kutentha kochepa kumawononga minyewa ya ndulu, ndipo adotolo, pogwiritsa ntchito ultrasound, amawongolera kuti zotsatira zake sizikuwononga ziwalo zoyandikana. Zotsatira zake, chitsulosayenera kufufutidwa (ngakhale ntchito zake zikuphwanyidwa mosagwirizana). M'zaka zaposachedwa, cryosurgery yakhala ikuperekedwa monga chithandizo chachikulu cha khansa ya Prostate, yomwe ili yoyenera kwa azaka zonse.MawailesiChimodzi mwamagawo odziwika bwino a chithandizo cha khansa ya Prostate. Zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito kachitidwe ka cyber-Knife. Njirayi imakhazikitsidwa ndi mtengo wozungulira wa chotupa, chomwe chimatsogolera kuchiwonongeko chake komweko ndikusunga umphumphu wa zimakhala zoyandikana. Ubwino wofunikira wa njirayi ndi kupweteka kotheratu komanso kuvulala: Potsatira njirayi, wodwala amatha kupita kuchipatala.RadiotherapyNgati chotupa chija ndi chaukali kapena chakula kuposa Prostate,komanso ngati wodwalayo ali wofooka kwambiri kuti achite opareshoni, zida zogwiritsira ntchito poizoniyu zimatha kukhala njira ina m'malo mwake. Choyamba, ma X-ray amapha maselo ogawanika mwachangu - ndipo maselo a khansa amakonda kukula kosalamulirika. Chifukwa chake, munthawi yama radiotherapy, chotupa chimachepa, ndipo minyewa yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi maselo opweteketsa "imatsukidwa".Radiation chithandizo imatchulidwa ngati njira ina yoperekera chithandizo, komanso ngati chowonjezera pakugwira ntchito: isanayambe kapena itatha kulowererapo. Titha kulankhula za radiotherapy yakunja (wodwalayo atagona pansi pa emitter) ndi chithandizo cha radiation chamkati, litizida zapadera zama radio zimayambitsidwa m'thupi la wodwalayo.Chithandizo cha radiation yakunja ilinso ndi mitundu yake. Oncologists amafuna kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa ma radiation pazizimba zathupi, motero amayesa kuwongolera kuwala kwa chotupa mu chotupa moyenera momwe angathere. Amathandizidwa ndi njira monga 3D chinsinsi cha radiation therapy, modated mwamphamvu radiation therapy (IMRT), stereotoxic radiation tiba (SBRT), ndi proton radiation therapy. Iliyonse mwanjirazi ili ndi zabwino komanso zoyipa. Radiotherapy nthawi zambiri imayambitsa kusokonezeka pokodza pokodza komanso kusokonekera kwa erectile.Therapy ya radiation yamkati (brachytherapy) imachulukitsa kwambiri mphamvu ya poizoniyu pochepetsamtunda kuchokera kumagwero ake kupita ku maselo a khansa. Ma grayle oopsa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira njirayi amakhala ndi ayodini wa radioactive, palladium ndi mankhwala ena omwe amatha kugwira ntchito pazinthu zazitali kwa nthawi yayitali. Kutengera ndi njirayi, ma granles amenewa amatha kukhala m'thupi kwa miyezi yambiri (brachytherapy mosalekeza) kapena pokhapokha pakumwa mankhwala (osakhalitsa a brachytherapy).ChemotherapyChemotherapy imagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga lamulo, pamavuto omwe khansa imafalikira m'thupi lonse, motero muyenera kuthana ndi matendawa padziko lonse lapansi. Mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza zotupa za prostate yoyipa amalembedwera maphunziro, kutsatira zotsatira za mankhwala ndi kukulitsa mavuto.Othandizira a chemotherapeutic samakhala ndi vuto osati khansa yokha, komanso zimakhala ndi thanzi. Chifukwa chake, odwala omwe amachitidwapo chithandizo chotere nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi vuto logaya chakudya m'thupi, kufooka, kuchepera tsitsi komanso matenda opatsirana.Mankhwala olimbitsa thupiChithandizo chamtunduwu ndicholinga chothandiza chitetezo cha wodwalayo. Maselo a khansa ndi achilendo kwa thupi lathu, koma chifukwa cha zida zapadera zogwiritsira ntchito, amatha kuthana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi.Kukonzekera chitetezo chamthupi kumapangidwa payekhapayekha - mu labotale, m'magazi a wodwalayo "amaphunzitsidwa" kuti azindikire chotupa, kenaka katemera woperekedwayo amayambitsidwa m'thupi. Tsoka ilo, oncologists sanathebe kukwaniritsa zapamwambaKugwiritsa ntchito njirayi, nthawi zambiri, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira, komanso kumapeto kwa matendawo.Hormone chithandizo cha khansa ya ProstatePopeza kukula kwa chotupa nthawi zambiri kumayambitsidwa ndi zochitika za mahomoni ogonana amuna, mu magawo apamwamba a khansa ya Prostate, madokotala amatha kukupatsirani mankhwala omwe amateteza kaphatikizidwe ka zinthuzi. Nthawi zambiri timalankhula za kuyang'anira kwazamankhwala nthawi zonse. Chithandizo choterechi chimatanthawuza kuperekera kuchipatala: Kugonana kumagwiranso ntchito komwe kunachokera. Kuphatikiza ndi njira zina - mwachitsanzo, radiotherapy - kutenga mahomoni kungapangitse kuchira kwathunthu kwa odwala omwe akuphatikizidwa mu Prostatomyomy yokhazikika. Nthawi yomweyokuponyedwa kuchipatala ndikusintha - mankhwala atasiya.Njira zakuchizira khansa ya Prostate ndizosiyanasiyana, ndipo chaka chilichonse pamakhala chidziwitso panjira zatsopano. Mwanjira ina, palibe milandu yopanda chiyembekezo pamene mankhwala alibe mphamvu zothandizira wodwala. Ndikofunikira kupeza dokotala yemwe amasankha njira yothandizirana mozama. Osataya mtima - kupambana kwa khansa kuli kwambiri kwa inu.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Khansa yapakhungu ndi vuto lofala kwambiri. Padziko lonse lapansi, Australia, New Zealand ndi USA akutsogolera pakuwonjezeka kwa milandu ya melanoma yatsopano pachaka. Ku Russia, monga kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi, ziwerengero zakukula zikukula.Malinga ndi World Health Organisation, milandu yatsopano 132,000 ya melanoma imadziwika pachaka padziko lapansi. Odwala ambiri ndi okalamba, pambuyo pa zaka 50 kuchuluka kwa amuna odwala kumakhala kochulukirapo kawiri kuposa azimayi. Koma mwa anyamata ndi atsikana, khansa yapakhungu imakula nthawi zambiri. Malinga ndi akatswiri amatsenga, iziKhansa ku Russia ndi yachiwiri kokha ku khansa ya m'mapapo, khansa ya m'mawere ndi khansa ya Prostate. Mwanjira ina, izi sizikunena za matenda ena achilendo, koma za chiwopsezo chenicheni cha thanzi.Mitundu ya oncology yapakhunguKhansa wamba yapakhungu imaphatikizapo:Basal cell carcinoma - chotupa ichi chimapezeka mu milandu 7 ya khansa yapakhungu pa 10. Basalioma imawoneka ngati nodule kapena bala la ofiira kapena lofiirira, lomwe limakonda kuwoneka pa nkhope. Mitsempha imatha kuluma, kupweteka kapena kutulutsa - imayamba kukula pang'ono,popanda kuchititsa munthu kufotokozera, ndiye chifukwa chake kuchedwa kwa dokotala kungachedwe. Mwamwayi, chotupachi sichimafalikira thupi lonse (chimapereka ma metastases), chifukwa chake, kudalirika kwa odwala nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwabwino.Squcinous cell carcinoma ya khungu (squamous cell carcinoma) nthawi zambiri amafanana ndi bowa mawonekedwe: thupi lozungulira ndi mwendo woonda. Chotupa ichi ndi chofanana ndi nyongolotsi: nthawi zambiri imapezeka pamwamba pa nkhope, mdera la mlomo wapansi. Mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya cell carcinoma, ma neoplasm amatha kuzindikirika pokhapokha pakusintha khungu: pakhunguAmawoneka wotumbululuka kapena wowonda. Mu magawo apambuyo, carcinoma imatsogolera pakupanga metastases ndipo nthawi zina singathe kuchiritsidwa.Melanoma ndi mtundu wowopsa wa chotupa womwe umayambitsa kufa ambiri khansa yapakhungu. Amayamba kupezeka pafupipafupi - ma cell a pigment, melanocyte, koma osati kokha: melanoma amathanso kukhudza retina, mucous nembanemba (m'kamwa patsekeke, maliseche, rectum). Neoplasm iyi imadziwika ndi kukula mwachangu ndipo imakonda kupangidwa ndi metastases yambiri yakutali - m'mafupa, ubongo, mapapu, chiwindi. Ngakhalendi chithandizo cha panthawi yake, odwala khansa ya pakhungu nthawi zambiri amakhalanso ndi zotupa - kubwereza chotupa pambuyo zaka zingapo.Pali njira zingapo zoyenera zolimbana ndi khansa yapakhungu.Opaleshoni ndiyo njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri yochotsera chotupa. Kuchita bwino kwambiri kwa opareshoni kumadziwika m'magawo oyambilira, pamene mitsempha ya m'mimba siyikhudze ma lymph node ndi ziwalo zina ndi minyewa. Pambuyo pochotsa chotupacho, dokotalayo amachita cauterization (electrocoagulation) ndikuwachiritsa (curettage) wa bala kuti awononge maselo otsala a khansa. Popeza khansa yapakhungu imakonda kumera pamaso, pamakhala kuchitapo kanthu modekha.zomwe zimachepetsa zolakwika. Izi zimaphatikizapo cryodestruction, momwe chotupa chija chimazunguliridwa ndi nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi ndikuchotsa popanda kuvulala kwambiri kwa minofu. Komabe, tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti ngati pali mitundu ya khansa yomwe imakhala yolusa - squamous cell carcinoma ndi melanoma - ndizosatheka kupanga chisankho m'malo ochepera opaleshoni. Kuchita opaleshoni ya Micrographic, malinga ndi njira ya MOHS (Mohsa), amadziwika kuti ndi njira yotetezeka kwambiri yodalirika yodutsira khansa yapakhungu. Nayo, khungu lomwe lili ndi zotupa limachotsedwa m'magulu, moyang'aniridwa ndi ma microscope, ndipo chilichonsepa opareshoni amatumizidwa kukapimidwa ku labotore. Dokotalayo amaletsa kulowererapo pokhapokha akatswiri atazindikira kuti bala silikhala ndi maselo owopsa.Radiotherapy imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholumikizira njira ya opareshoni. Magetsi amawonongeka maselo omwe amakonda kuwonjezeka mwachangu, chifukwa chake, magonedwe opendekera a ionizing radiation amatha kuchepetsa kukula kwa chotupa, komanso kuwononga maselo owopsa omwe adatsalira atachitidwa opaleshoni. Kutalika kwa magawo a radiotherapy ndi mlingo wa radiation ndi payekha pa wodwala aliyense.Chemotherapy ndiwachilengedwe komanso wamba. Ndi poika njirayi, cytotoxic (kuvulazamaselo) mankhwala amaphatikizidwa kudzera m'mitsempha kapena amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji chotupa. Njira yotereyi ndiyofunika kwambiri kuzindikiritsa metastases pomwe chidwi cha khansa chili kunja kwa opanga maopaleshoni.Chithandizo cha Photodynamic chimaphatikizapo kuwonongedwa kwa chotupa ndi mtanda wa laser pambuyo poyambira photosensitization (kukulitsa chidwi cha maselo kuti kuwala). Njirayi ndiyatsopano, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito popanda kuchitidwa opaleshoni kumakambirana. Komabe, kukulitsa kwaukadaulo kumapangitsa kuti pang'onopang'ono njira zamtundu wa Photodynamic zikulowetsedwe m'chipatala.Chithandizo chakuwonongeka kwachangu komanso kwachikale - njira zamakono komanso zodalirika zomwe zikuphatikiza chandamale chomwe mukufuna.zotupa pakulimbikitsa chitetezo cha mthupi, kapena kuyambitsa mankhwala omwe amapangidwira makamaka mtundu wina wa khansa potengera mawonekedwe amtundu wa wodwalayo. Akatswiri ena akutsimikiza kuti popita nthawi m'derali mu oncology mudzatenga njira zina zochizira, koma pakadali pano, chithandizo chamankhwala chogwiritsidwa ntchito mothandizidwa ndi zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi njira zina - - kupewa kubwereza.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Chikhazikitso cha mano ndi lingaliro laling'ono lomwe limapangidwa pachibwano la nsagwada kuti lilowe m'malo mwa dzino lachilengedwe. Imagwira ngati mizu ya dzino ndipo pamapeto pake imatsatira mwamphamvu fupa lachilengedwe.Nthawi zambiri, amadzalamo fupa la nsagwada ndipo mkati mwa miyezi 1.5-6 mumamera mizu mkati mwake, nkumasakaniza. Chifukwa chake, amachiritsa osakakamizidwa chifukwa cha kutafuna, komwe kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha kuchira osachiritsidwa. Pambuyo poti ziziwalirazo, dotolo wam mano amapanga chithunzi kuti apange korona, yemwe adzaikapo pamwambakulowetsa ndi kutulutsa (cholumikizira).Kutengera ndi kupindika kwa fupa la nsagwada ndi zina, nthawi yomwe ikulowetsedwa ndikukhazikika kwa chikhazikitso chokhazikika imakhala yosiyana pa milandu iliyonse. Madokotala ena amati masabata 6 ndi okwanira, mwa ena amawaika mano tsiku lililonse tsiku lililonse pogwiritsa ntchito malowedwe ofanana ndi Straumann.Chowalitsira mano chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa dzino limodzi kapena ngati chinthu chothandizira kukhazikitsa mano. Pankhani ya ma prostate athunthu amadzala a 4 ndi milatho ina ndipomano opeka onyenga ozikidwa pamalowo amagwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi mtundu wina wa ma prostate omwe amathandizira gawo lonse la mano (mpaka mano 10 kapena 12).Zilowetso zamano zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa odwala omwe amaphonya mano ndikufufuza njira yokhazikika, yomwe imawalola kuti azikhala olimba mtima ndi mawonekedwe awo, komanso mphamvu yodya komanso kuyankhula bwino.Nthawi zambiri, amadzalamo amaikidwa m'nsagwada kenako nkuchiritsidwa (ndikusokonekera kwambiri) pakati pa masabata 6 mpaka 6 miyezi.Izi zimathandizira wofunikayo kuchira popanda kukakamizidwa ndi kutafuna komanso kumachepetsa chiopsezo chakulephera kulowa. Kapangidweko kukakhala kotetezeka, dokotala wamano amatenga lingaliro pakamwa kuti apange korona kuti akhale pamwamba pamalowo ndi cholumikizira (cholumikizira, pakati pa awiri).Nthawi yofunikira pakati pa kuyikidwa kwa chikhazikitso ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chidziwitso chomaliza cha mankhwalawa imatha kusiyanasiyana, kutengera kutsekeka kwa chibwano ndi zina. Madokotala ena amati masabata 6 ndiokwanira, ndipo zipatala zina zimapereka mano atsopano patsiku pogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe mongaInstantum Straumann Katundu wam'mano.Chingwe chama mano chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchirikiza dzino limodzi, komanso chitha kukhala gawo la kubwezeretsa pakamwa konse. Zosankha monga All-4 ndi ena Kukwaniritsa-Kothandizidwa ndi Miyezo Yamalowedwe Opangira Ma mano Dongosolo limagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ingapo ya mano kuti ithandizire kuyimitsa mutu wonse (mpaka mano 10 kapena 12).YalangizidwaZilowetso zamano zimalimbikitsidwa ngati mano atayika, ngati njira yokhazikika yokhazikika yomwe ingapatse wodwalayo chidaliro chawo, imawalola kudya ndi kuyankhula popanda zopinga.

Chingwe cha mafupa kapena chiwopsezo cha mafupa chingafunike kwa odwala omwe ali ndi mafupa a nsagwada otayirira kapena osaluka omwe atsala pang'ono kumalizidwa. Kuwopsa kwa nsagwada kumakhala kofala kwambiri. Zomwe zimachitika ndizosiyana: kuthira mano, periodontitis kapena zotupa. Njira yosinthira mafupa imakhudzanso kukula kwa minofu yamafupa pogwiritsa ntchito cholowa m'mafupa, minofu yafupa ya wopereka kapena kutengedwa kuchokera kudera lina la wodwala.Kutayika kwa nsagwada kumakhala kofala kwambiri, ndipo kumachitika pazifukwa zambiri, kuphatikizapo kuphipha mano, matenda a chingamu, kapena kutupa.Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizira mafupa, fupa limapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafupa osinthira fupa, fupa kuchokera kwa woperekayo, kapena fupa lochotsedwa kwina m'thupi la wodwalayo.Izi nthawi zambiri zimafunidwa ndi odwala omwe amalandila mano, ndipo ndizofunikira kwambiri ngati wodwalayo wakhala wopanda mano kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo chibwano cha chibwano chachitika chifukwa chonyowa.YalangizidwaKulumikizidwa kwa mafupa kungafunike musanayikiridwe kwa kumilirira mano. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika pomwe wodwalayo wakhala akusowa mano kwakanthawi kochepa ndipo chifukwa cha izi kufuma kwa mafupa kwachitika.

Kayezetsa kachirombo ka HIV nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa kuyesa kapena kukayezetsa, kuchokera ku Chingerezi kukayezetsa, mayeso aumoyo wa wodwalayo. Kayezetsa kuchipatala kumatha kuthandizanso kuzindikira mavuto anu kuyambira pachiyambire, ngakhale isanayambike zizindikiro, komanso kungalimbikitse odwala omwe ali ndi nkhawa chifukwa cha thanzi lawo kapena ali ndi zizindikiro zokayikitsa.Kuyesedwa kwakanthawi kachipatala (kuyendera) ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti kuchitike zaka zingapo zilizonse. Makamaka kwa odwala omwe ali ndi zochulukirapokulemera, zizolowezi zoipa, kapena mbiri ya banja yakudwala monga matenda a mtima, khansa, kapena matenda ashuga. Kupimidwa kungathandize kuzindikira mavuto monga kuthamanga kwa magazi kapena matenda a mtima oyamba. Odwala azitha kusintha momwe amakhalira ndi moyo wawo, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, ayambe kumwa mankhwala, kupewa matenda opitilira muyeso.Pali mayeso osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana komanso mayeso omwe angaphatikizidwe kokayezetsa kuchipatala, kuphatikizakuyezetsa magazi, kulingalira za matenda, kufufuza mtima ndi ena ambiri. Kufufuzako kungaphatikizeponso kuyesa kwa magazi kwa zotupa zomwe zimazindikira ma cell a khansa mthupi.Kuyendera ndikulimbikitsidwa kwa aliyense amene amakayikira za thanzi lawo kapena amene ali ndi zizindikilo zomwe zimafuna kuwunikidwa nthawi zonse.YalangizidwaKuyesedwa kwachipatala kwakanthawi zonse kumalimbikitsidwa kwa odwala onse, makamaka iwo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga matenda ena.

Matenda ofalaKhunyu, yomwe imakhudza anthu opitilira 50 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi, imayambitsa gawo lalikulu la matenda padziko lonse lapansi. Akuyerekeza kuti gawo la anthu onse okhala ndi khunyu (ndiye kuti, pogwirira ntchito mosalekeza kapena kufunika kwa chithandizo) munthawi yochokera ndikuchokera kwa 4 mpaka 10 pa anthu 1000. Komabe, zotsatira za kafukufuku wina m'maiko otsika ndi ochepa amapeza kuti kuchuluka kumeneku ndikwambiri - kuchokera pa 7 mpaka 15 pa anthu 1000.Akuti padziko lonse lapansi, khunyu umapezeka chaka chilichonseAnthu 2.4 miliyoni. M'mayiko omwe amalandila ndalama zambiri, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amadwala chaka ndi chaka pamatenda opezeka pakati pa 30 ndi 50 pa 100,000. M'mayiko omwe amalandila ndalama zochepa komanso apakati, chiwerengerochi chingakhale chokwera kawiri.Mitengo okwera kwambiri m'maiko otsika ndi apakati imatha kuphatikizidwa ndi chiwopsezo cha matenda opezeka ndi malungo ndi neurocysticercosis; kuchuluka kwa ngozi zapamsewu; kuvulala kwa kubala, komanso kusiyana pakumanga kwachipatala, kupezeka kwa mapulogalamu othandizira kupewa komanso kulandira chithandizo chamankhwala chodalirika.nullnullnullnullmankhwala, opaleshoni ingathandize.KupewaIdiopathic khunyu sitingapewere. Komabe, pazifukwa zodziwika za khunyu yachiwiri, njira zoteteza zingathe kuchitidwa.    Kupewa kuvulala kumutu ndiye njira yothandiza kwambiri yopewa matenda amkati.     Kusamalira moyenera kumathandizira kuchepetsa zovuta za khunyu zatsopano chifukwa chovulala pakubadwa.     Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso njira zina zochepetsera kutentha kwa thupi kwa ana omwe ali ndi malungo kumachepetsa mwayi wolandidwa.     Matenda amitsempha chapakati ndiomwe amachititsa kwambiri matenda a khunyu m'malo otentha kumenepali mayiko ambiri akutukuka. Kuwonongeka kwa majeremusi pansi pa mikhalidwe iyi ndi ntchito yophunzitsira yokhudza kupewa matenda ndi njira zabwino zochepetsera kulemera kwa khunyu padziko lonse lapansi, mwachitsanzo, khunyu chifukwa cha neurocysticercosis.Allhospital akufuna kuvomereza Profesa Antonio Russi (Teknon Kiron Clinic, Barcelona), m'modzi mwa akatswiri othandiza kwambiri matenda akhunyu ku Europe. Malinga ndi Pulofesa Russi, odwala 95 mwa 100 aliwonse amatha kuthetseratu matendawa atalandira chithandizo choyenera.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Ndemanga:Kuthandizira kwa bongo Kutalika kwakukulu kukakhala kunja: milunguNthawi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchipatala imatengera mtundu wa aneurysm. Ndi aneurysm wosakhazikika, nthawi yochira pambuyo poti chithandizo imakhala yofupikirapo kuposa kupukuta.

Ndemanga:Opaleshoni yochotsa chotupa muubongo imachitidwa ndi katswiri wa neurosurgeon kuti amuchotse pang'ono kapena kuti athetse chotupacho. Kutalika kwakukulu kukakhala kunja: 6 mpaka 8 milunguZimatengera mtundu wa opaleshoni, pakufunika kwake komanso nthawi yayitali komanso momwe wodwalayo akuchira.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, yemwenso imafupikitsidwa monga ONSE (ndi zilembo zoyambirira za matendawa), ndipo nthawi zina mumatha kupeza dzina la pachimake lymphocytic leukemia - matenda oopsa a hematopoietic system. Matendawa amayambira m'mongo. Mafuta athu akumafupa ndi fakitale yamagazi osiyana. Mafuta a m'mafupa akadwala, ndiye kuti fakitoli, m'malo mwa athanzi (madokotala amalankhula za maselo okhwima), imayamba kupanga maselo oyera amisempha yambiri.Munthu akadwala, ndiye kuti maselo onse am'magazi amakula ndikusinthidwa bwino, zonse zimachitika mosamala. Maselo a m'magazi amakula pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kusinthaku kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Koma litimwana amadwala ndi pachimake lymphoblastic leukemia, i.e. ZONSE, njira yokhwima imasinthiratu.Maselo oyera, ndiye kuti leukocytes, mwadzidzidzi amasiya kukhwima kwathunthu ndipo sakhala ndi magulu onse ogwira ntchito. M'malo mwake, amayamba kugawana mwachangu komanso mosalamulirika. Ntchito ya hematopoietic dongosolo ikusokonekera bwino: maselo odwala amatenga maselo athanzi ndikukhala mulufupa. Mwana wodwala amakhala wopanda maselo oyera am'magazi, maselo ofiira a m'magazi (maselo ofiira), kapena mapulateleti am magazi.Ichi ndichifukwa chake ana amatha kukhala ndi magazi m'thupi (anemia), matenda osiyanasiyana opatsirana (matenda), komanso magazi pafupipafupi. Ndipo iziAwo ndi zizindikiro zoyambirira zomwe zimatha kulankhula za khansa ya m'mimba mwa mwana. Koma nthendayo yokha, ZONSE, kuyambira pa chiyambi siziri m'chigawo chilichonse cha thupi. Kuchokera m'mphepete mwa mafupa, imalowa m'magazi, kulowa m'matumbo a lymphatid ndi ziwalo zina zonse. Ntchito yamakina onse a ziwalo, ndiye kuti, ziwalo zonse, zimayamba kusokonekera. Ndiye chifukwa chake ONSE, monga mitundu ina yonse ya khansa, amatchedwa matenda oopsa, ndiye kuti, matendawa amawononga thupi lonse ngati dongosolo.ZONSE zimafalikira m'thupi lonse mwachangu. Popanda chithandizo, maselo a leukemia amasowa kulikonse, ayizopinga misonkhano. Ziwalo komwe adasiya kugwira ntchito moyenera ndipo nthenda zazikulu zatsopano zimayamba mwa iwo. Ngati khansa ya m'magazi singalandire, ndiye kuti imfa imachitika m'miyezi ingapo.Siyani pulogalamu yaulere patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi mlandu wanu. Njira zochizira matendawa zimatengera zaka komanso momwe wodwalayo alili, mtundu ndi gawo la kukula kwa matendawa, ndipo nthawi zonse amawerengedwa payekhapayekha payekhapayekha.Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu yamankhwala othandizira khansa ya m'mimba - chemotherapy ndi chithandizo cha opaleshoni - kuphatikizira kwa m'mafupa.Chemotherapy amapangidwa ndinjira ziwiri zotsatizana:• Cholinga cha gawo loyamba ndikupereka chikhululukiro. Ndi chemotherapy, oncologists amakwaniritsa kuchepa kwamitundu yama cell a blast• Kuphatikiza kofunikira kuti muwononge maselo otsala a khansaKubwezeretsanso, monga lamulo, kubwereza kwathunthu chiwembu (mankhwala, ma dosages, pafupipafupi oyang'anira) oyambira• Kuphatikiza pa mankhwala a chemotherapeutic, cytostatics amakhalapo pamalamulo azonse othandizira.Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kutalika konse kwa mankhwala a chemotherapy a leukemia pachimake ndi pafupifupi zaka ziwiri.Chemotherapy yophatikizidwa ndi cytostatics ndinjira yankhanza yowonetsera, kuyambitsa zotsatira zingapo zoyipa (nseru, kusanza, kudwala, kusowa tsitsi, ndi zina zambiri). Pofuna kuchepetsa vuto la wodwalayo, chithandizo chogwirizana chimayikidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, kutengera ndi momwe zinthu zilili, maantibayotiki, othandizira ma detoxization, maselo ophatikizika ndi erythrocyte, ndikuwonjezereka magazi.Kufupika kwa mafupaKuphatikizika kwa mafupa kumapereka wodwalayo maselo abwino olimbitsa, omwe pambuyo pake amakhala makolo a maselo abwinobwino a magazi.Chofunika kwambiri pakuzika ndikuchotsa kwathunthu matendawa. Ndikofunikira kuti marongo oyeretsedwa kuchokera ku maselo a kuphulika amadzazidwanso ndi maselo athanzi.Pofuna kukonzekeretsa wodwalayo opaleshoni,mankhwala apadera a immunosuppressive amachitika. Izi ndizofunikira kuwononga maselo a leukemia ndikupondera chitetezo cha mthupi kuti muchepetse chiopsezo chokana kupatsirana.Contraindication kuti kufalikira kwa mafupa:• Kuphwanya kachitidwe ka ziwalo zamkati• Matenda opatsirana pachimake• Kubwezeretsanso kwamatenda a leukemia, osamasulira ngati chikhululukiro• ukalambaSiyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Chinthu choyamba chomwe odwala ndi mayi aliyense ayenera kudziwa pokhudzana ndi khansa ya m'mawere (monga, momwe ziliri ndi mtundu uliwonse wa khansa): lero lino si chiganizo, gawo loyambirira la matendawa, limwopseza mwayi wogonjetsa khansa kwathunthu. Ngakhale m'magawo apambuyo pake, pali mipata yambiri komanso yambiri yolimbana ndi matendawa chifukwa cha njira zamakono zosinthira chithandizo (onani pansipa).Ndani ali pachiwopsezo? Khansa ya m'mawere ndi vuto loipitsitsa lomwe limapezeka pafupifupi mwa akazi khumi. Khansa ya m'mawere imatha kupezeka ali ndi zaka zilizonse, koma zikafika zaka 65, ndiye kuti chiwopsezochochotupa mapangidwe ndi 6 kuchulukirapo kuposa kale. Ofufuzawo anazindikira izi zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa:1) cholowa cholemetsa: ngati achibale, makamaka akakhala ndi amayi, apezeka ndi khansa ya m'mawere, ziwalo zoberekera za amayi, komanso matenda ena a oncological, ndiye kuti chiopsezo chokhala ndi khansa ya m'mawere chikuwonjezeka;2) kumayambiriro kwa kusamba (mpaka zaka 12) komanso kutha kwa msambo (pambuyo pa zaka 55);3) osabereka, nthawi yoyamba kubadwa (pambuyo pa zaka 30), kuchepa kwa mkaka kapena nthawi yochepa yoyamwitsa, pambuyo pake;4) moyo wosagonana wogonana;5) kuvulala kwa gland;6) matenda a "dishormonalmammary gland hyperplasia ”;7) kunenepa kwambiri;8) kukanika kwa chithokomiro;9) kusintha kwa mahomoni.Zizindikiro za Khansa ya M'mawere Muzochitika zachipatala, chotupa mu chithokomiro cha mammary nthawi zambiri chimapezeka ndi mzimayi kapena mkazi, zomwe zimachitikanso. Chotupa chija chitha kuwoneka pakufufuzidwa ndi a mammologist, gynecologist, opaleshoni, kapena kungakhale mwangozi pofufuza mayeso.Zizindikiro ziti    kuphatikiza pakumvetsetsa kwamaphunziro m'mawere, mayi amatha kuwona kusintha kwa nsonga zake: zilonda zam'mimba, kuzimiririka, kuwona kuchokera ku nsonga zamabele. Uwu ndi nthawi yolankhula ndi dokotala nthawi yomweyo!     pambuyo pake magawo angapokufooka okulira, kuwonongeka kwa thanzi, kutsokomola, kupuma movutikira, kupweteka kwa mafupa kumatha kuchitika.Chithandizo cha Khansa ya M'mawere Chithandizo cha khansa ya m'mawere chimachitika m'magawo angapo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. Njira zitatu zazikulu zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano:Mankhwala antitumor mankhwala.Pali mitundu ingapo ya mankhwalawa, yomwe ndi:* chemotherapy: Pankhaniyi, mankhwala omwe cholinga chake ndi kuwononga maselo a chotupa amagwiritsidwa ntchito;* mankhwala a mahomoni, ndiye kuti, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amachitika mu chotupa ndi m'thupi;* Chithandizo cholunjika ndi njira yatsopano, njira yomwe mankhwala "amawongolera" pazomwe zimapangitsa maselo a chotupa ndikuchita mosamalitsa wathanziminofu yaumunthu;* Immunotherapy ndiye njira yatsopano kwambiri, yomwe masiku ano pamakamponi apadziko lonse a oncologists amatchedwa imodzi mwanjira zapamwamba komanso zolimbikitsira zolimbana ndi khansa zamitundu mitundu. Chinsinsi cha immunotherapy ndichopangira mwapadera maselo chitetezo cha wodwalayo. Chifukwa cha ukadaulo wawo wapadera, amasintha kukhala chida champhamvu chomwe chimatha kuzindikira ndikuwonongeratu maselo a khansa.Pozindikira khansa ya m'mawere, chithandizo chamankhwala othandizira ndi chithandizo cha radiation imagwiritsidwanso ntchito.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Khansa ya chikhodzodzo ndi khansa yachinayi yofala pakati pa amuna; mwa amayi, ndizochepa. Monga lamulo, chotupa cha chikhodzodzo chimayamba pang'onopang'ono, ndipo chimatha kuthandizidwa popanda opaleshoni yayikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri khansa ya chikhodzodzo, chiopsezo chokhala ndi chotupa chowopsa m'moyo ndichochepa kwambiri. Kuzindikira koyambirira komanso kuyeserera pafupipafupi ndizofunikira pakuyenda bwino kwa chithandizo chamankhwala.Zizindikiro za khansa ya chikhodzodzoChizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha khansa ya chikhodzodzo ndikuwonekera kwa magazi mkodzo. Nthawi zina amatha kuwoneka ndi maliseche, koma kupezeka kwa maselo amwazi kumatha kuwonekera nthawi yayikuluurinalysis. Maonekedwe a magazi mumkodzo amatha kutsagana ndi zosakomera pazakumwa (zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa "kuwotcha"). Kuphatikiza apo, kukodza kungakhale kambiri komanso kofulumira kuposa masiku onse. Poyambirira matendawa, zizindikiro zina sizikupezeka. Chifukwa chake, ngati magazi ali mkodzo kapena ngati mukusokoneza kukodza, kuyesedwa kuyenera kuchitika nthawi yomweyo. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti zizindikirazi sizikuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa chotupa - zimathanso kuphatikizidwa ndi miyala, kutupa kwa urethra, Prostate kukulitsidwa, ndi zina zambiri. Mulimonsemo, zomwe zimayambitsa zizindikirozi ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndendende.Zingatheke bwanjiakupezeka ndi khansa ya chikhodzodzo?Ngati magazi apezeka mumkodzo, kuyezetsa zingapo kuyenera kuchitidwa kupatula chotupa cha chikhodzodzo. Matendawa ndi udindo wa urology, ngakhale mutakhala kuti mwapita kwa dotolo wabanja, muyenera kupita ku dokotala. Pambuyo pofotokoza mbiri yakale yakuchipatala ndi kuyezetsa thupi, muyenera kupita kukadutsamo zingapo, kawirikawiri osafunikira kuchipatala.Pa cystoscopy, endoscope yopyapyala imayikidwa kudzera mu urethra (urethra) mu chikhodzodzo. Ndi iyo, mutha kupenda mosamala malo amkati mwa chikhodzodzo ndikuwona ngati zotupa kapena matenda ena. Muthanso kutenga zitsanzo kukhoma.chikhodzodzo (biopsy). Kuunikiridwa kumachitika kugona, pansi pa opaleshoni yakumaso, ndipo sikufuna kuchipatala. Pambuyo pa cystoscopy, kumverera pang'ono pang'ono mukamakodza ndikotheka, komwe kudzadutsa patatha tsiku limodzi kapena awiri. Kumwa zamadzi zambiri masiku ano kumalimbikitsidwa.CT urography ndimakina ojambula omwe amathandizira kuti thupi lisagwirizane ndi jakisoni wa m'thupi ndipo limayandikira mwachangu mu urethra. Pambuyo pa izi, kulinganiza kwa tomography kumawonetsa mkhalidwe wa impso, ureters ndi chikhodzodzo. Wodwala akayamba kudwala mphumu kapena amagwala mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena ayodini, mankhwala ena apadera ayenera kumwedwa musanayambe njirayo kuti muchepetse matendawa. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ultrasound ndi complication tomographyImpso sizokwanira kufotokoza momveka bwino komanso mochititsa manyazi zomwe zimayambitsa magazi mkodzo.Chithandizo cha khansa ya chikhodzodzoGawo loyamba ndikuchotsa chotupa. Tinthu timene timachotsa timatumizidwa ku labotale kuti tidziwe mtundu wa chotupacho ndikuzama kwa kulowa kwake khoma la chikhodzodzo. Kuchotsa chotupa (kapena kutulutsa kwake) kumachitika nthawi zambiri kuchipatala. Kuyambiranso kumachitika pansi pa mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito ngati cystoscope ngati zida zomwe zimayikidwa kudzera mu urethra (urethra), osagundika kapena kutsegula m'mimba. Nthawi zambiri, chotupa chikapezeka, wodwalayo amapemphedwa kuti akachitidwe opaleshoni. Komabe, m'malo omwe chotupacho chimatsogolerakutuluka magazi pafupipafupi, kuchitidwa opaleshoni yofunikira ndikofunikira. Monga lamulo, chotupa chotengera chimayambitsa kuyimitsidwa kwa magazi. Nthawi zina kuchotsa kwathunthu kwa chotupa sikungatheke chifukwa cha kukula kwake kapena kuya kwa kulowa mkati mwa khoma la chikhodzodzo. Zikatero, kuyesa kwa biopsy kumapangidwira kuti awone mtundu wa chotupacho ndikuzama kwa kulowa kwake, pambuyo pake njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pambuyo pakuchita opaleshoni, catheter imasiyidwa mu chikhodzodzo kudzera mu urethra kwa masiku angapo kuti bala lakuchita opaleshoni lizitha. M'masiku oyamba atachitidwa opaleshoni, amatha kutuluka magazi pang'ono kuchokera ku chikhodzodzo, komwe kuyenera kusiya. Pambuyo kuchotsedwa kwa catheterkumva mwachangu ndi kutentha, kapena kupweteka pokodza. Nthawi zambiri, kusokoneza kumeneku ndikosakhalitsa. Nthawi zambiri, wodwalayo amatha kubwerera kunyumba moyenera patatha masiku 2-3 atamuchita opaleshoni. Chisankho chofuna kupitiliza chithandizo chimadalira zotsatira zakuwunika kwa histological (chotupa chamtundu ndi kuzama kolowera).Gawo lachiwiri la chithandizo likuphatikiza njira zitatu.    Chotupa chapamwamba, chosalowa kwambiri kuposa epithelium yosinthika. Pankhaniyi, kupitiriza chithandizo sikufunika. Ngakhale izi, zotupa zotere nthawi zambiri zimachitikanso, makamaka zaka zoyambirira atachitidwa opareshoni. Pazifukwa izi, makamakaNdikofunikira kuunikidwa pafupipafupi kuchipatala cha urological.     Chotupacho chidalowa kupyola kosinthika epithelium, koma sichinalowe mu minofu. Pankhaniyi, tikulankhulanso zotupa zapamwamba, koma chithandizo chofunikira chikufunika. Monga lamulo, mankhwala apadera amalowetsedwa mu chikhodzodzo. Chithandizo chodziwika bwino komanso chogwira mtima chimatchedwa BCG. Cholinga chake ndikupititsa patsogolo chitetezo chamthupi. Mankhwala a Cytotoxic omwe amapha ma cell a khansa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Cholinga cha BCG ndi mankhwala ena ndikuletsa chotupa kuti chiberekenso. Mankhwalawa amalimbikitsidwanso milandu ngati kukhalapo kwa zotupa zingapo.kapena kuyambiranso mwachangu chotupa miyezi ingapo mutachitidwa opaleshoni. Mankhwalawa amaperekedwa kamodzi pa sabata kwa milungu pafupifupi isanu ndi umodzi, kuchipatala cha urological, pogwiritsa ntchito catheter woonda yemwe adayikidwa mu chikhodzodzo. Pambuyo popereka mankhwalawa, wodwalayo amapemphedwa kukodza pokonzekera maola awiri. Wodwalayo amatha kumva kutentha pakamakodza komanso kukhumudwitsa m'mimba, komabe, amapita mwachangu.     Chotupacho chidalowa m'matumbo, mkati mwa chikhodzodzo. Pankhaniyi, mayikidwe a chotupa kudzera mu urethra sikokwanira. Nthawi zambiri, muyenera kuchotsa chikhodzodzo chonse chisanachitikekutsegula m'mimba. Cholinga chofuna kuyambiranso chikhodzodzo ndikuchotsa maselo a khansa mthupi kuti achire.     Pambuyo pakuyambiranso chikhodzodzo, kulowererapo kuyenera kupangidwa kuti kumulola kukodza. Pali njira zingapo zosintha izi:    Mkodzo umalowa mwachindunji m'thumba lomwe limamangidwa kukhoma pamimba.     Kupanga thumba lina mu mkodzo wamkati (kumafunikira kuyambitsa catheter kangapo patsiku kuti mutulutse mkodzo wa mkodzo).     Thumba lina la mkodzo mkati mwa thupi lomwe limalola kukoka mwachizolowezi kudzera mu urethra.MwinaKodi pali kuchira kwathunthu?Yankho ndilosamveka: inde. Zotupa zambiri mu chikhodzodzo ndi zotupa zapamwamba. Kuchotsa chotupacho kudzera mu urethra (nthawi zina kuphatikiza ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa BCG mu chikhodzodzo) kumabweretsa kutha kwake kwathunthu. Nthawi zambiri, pakapita nthawi, chotupacho chimabweranso, koma mwa kupenda pafupipafupi, mutha kuchipeza koyambirira ndikulimbana nacho bwino. Kuunika kwamankhwala kumaphatikizapo urinalysis, cystoscopy ndi complication tomography ya urethra. Papita nthawi yochulukirapo kuchokera pomwe chithandizo chomaliza chatha, ndiye kuti mumafunikira kuyezedwa kawirikawiri. Ndikofunika kuti muzikumbukira kuti kusuta kumawonjezera chiopsezo chanu.kuyambiranso kwa chotupa cha chikhodzodzo; chifukwa chake, ngati mumasuta, muyenera kusiya chizolowezi choyipachi.Ma tumende omwe amalowera mkati mwa khoma la chikhodzodzo amathanso kuchiritsidwa kwathunthu mothandizidwa ndi mawonekedwe ake. Nthawi zambiri, ndikotheka kupanga chikhodzodzo china chomwe chimalola kukoka kwofananira kudzera mu urethra. Chifukwa cha izi, wodwalayo sangathe kungochira kwathunthu, komanso kubwereranso ku magwiridwe antchito omwe amadziwika nawo.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Pafupifupi, kusintha kwa precancer kukhala chotupa cha khansa kumatenga zaka ziwiri mpaka 15. Kusintha kwotsatira kuyambira gawo loyambirira la khansa kupita komaliza kumatha zaka 1-2.Khansa ya khomo lachiberekero ndi chotupa chowopsa, chomwe malinga ndi ziwerengero zamankhwala pakati pa matenda a oncological omwe amapezeka pakati pa kugonana koyenera, chimatenga malo achinayi (pambuyo pa khansa yam'mimba, khungu ndi ma gonia a mammary).Gwero la khansa ya khomo pachibelekeropo ndi maselo abwinobwino omwe amaphimba khomo pachibelekeropo. Zoposa 600,000 zotupa izi zimapezeka pachaka.odwala. Ngakhale khansa yamchiberekero imakonda kupezeka pakati pa zaka 40-60, koma, mwatsoka, posachedwa idakula kwambiri.Chithandizo cha khansa ya khomo lachiberekero chimaphatikizidwa ndikuphatikiza opaleshoni, chemotherapy ndi radiation. Munthawi zonsezi, chithandizo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito payekhapayekha, zimatengera gawo la matendawa, matenda oyanjana, momwe khomo lachiberekero limakhalira, komanso kukhalapo kwa matenda opatsirana pakalipano.Pakupanga opaleshoni, chotupa chimatha kuchotsedwa ndi mbali ina ya khomo pachibelekeropo, kuchotsa chotupa chijakhomo pachibelekeropo, ndipo nthawi zina ndi chiberekero lokha. Nthawi zambiri, opareshoni imathandizidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa ma lymph node a pelvis (ngati maselo a khansa atha kuzolowera). Nkhani yakuchotsa kwamchiberekero nthawi zambiri imasankhidwa payekhapayekha (kumayambiriro kwa khansa m'mayi achichepere, thumba losunga mazira limatha kusungidwa).Pambuyo pa opaleshoni, ngati kuli kotheka, odwala amapatsidwa mankhwala a radiation. Kuchiza ndi ionizing radiation kumatha kuphatikiza chithandizo cha opaleshoni, ndipo amatha kuperekedwa padera. Pochiza khansa ya khomo lachiberekero, chemotherapy, mankhwala apadera omwe amaletsa kukula angagwiritsidwe ntchito.ndi khansa kugawanika. Tsoka ilo, kuthekera kwa chemotherapy kwa matendawa ndizochepa.Kupambana kwamankhwala othandizira khansa ya khomo pachifuwa kumadalira msinkhu wa wodwalayo, kulondola kwa kusankha kwa mankhwalawo, ndipo koposa zonse, pakudziwitsa matendawo. Khansa ya khomo lachiberekero ikapezeka kumayambiriro kwake, matendawa ndi abwino kwambiri ndipo matendawa amatha kuchiritsidwa ndi njira zopangira opaleshoni yokha.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Chemotherapy ndiwothandiza kuchiritsa khansa yokhala ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Chemotherapy imatha kukhala imodzi mwazinthu zophatikizira mankhwala ndipo imatha kuphatikizidwa ndi radiation therapy kapena kuchotsa chotupa. Cholinga cha chemotherapy chimatha kukhala kuwonongeratu kwa chotupa cha khansa komanso kuchepa kwa kukula ndi kubereka kwa maselo a khansa. Kuchepetsa kukula ndi kubalanso kwa maselo kumabweretsa kutsika kwa chotupa ndikuwongolera kwa moyo wa wodwalayo ndipo, nthawi zina, kumawonjezera mwayi wopeza chotupa chonse.Yalangizidwa    Chithandizo cha khansa     Moyo wa Khansa

Chithandizo cha matenda a leukemia osachiritsika cholinga chake ndikuchepetsa zizindikiro za matendawa. Leukemia ndi mtundu wa khansa yomwe imakhudza maselo amwazi mthupi. Matendawa amakula m'mphepete mwa mafupa, pomwe pamakhala kusalinganika kwamisempha yoyera ya magazi. Nthawi zambiri, maselo am'magazi amapanga, amakula, ndikufa kuti apange malo a maselo atsopano, ndipo khansa ya m'magazi imasokoneza njirayi.Matenda a leukemia amayamba pang'onopang'ono ndipo magawo oyamba, omwe amatha zaka zambiri, safuna kulandira chithandizo. Ndikosatheka kuchiritsa matenda a leukemia kwathunthu, koma ndizotheka kuchepetsa zizindikiritso ndikuthandizira chikhululukiro mothandizidwa ndi chemo- ndi radiotherapy, mankhwala, mankhwala othandizira kapena kupatsirana kwa mafupa. Pozindikira kuti muli ndi leukemia, mankhwalawa azitsamba kapena zowonjezera pazakudya sizikhala ndi zotsatira zochizira.

Njira zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa ya rectum kapena matumbo aang'ono, omwe amatchedwanso khansa ya colorectal, kutengera ndi komwe chotupa ndi gawo la matendawa. Khansa imachitika pakamwa mowoneka bwino m'maselo maselo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maselo ayambe kugawikana ndikufalikira mwachangu, m'malo momwalira ndikupanga malo a maselo atsopano.Chemotherapy, kapena systemicapy, imachitika kwa miyezi ingapo. Mankhwala ena amatha kuchepetsa kapena kusokoneza kukula kwa maselo a khansa. Nthawi zopereka mankhwala a chemotherapy (maphunziro),m'malo mwa kupuma kwa milungu ingapo kuti abwezeretse thupi.Kufanana ndi chemotherapy, chithandizo chotsimikizika chitha kuchitika, chomwe chimalola kuti mankhwala agwire chotupa maselo mwanjira yake, mwakutero amapereka mphamvu zoyipa mthupi la wodwalayo.Radiotherapy imakupatsani mwayi kuti muwononge maselo a khansa pogwiritsa ntchito chowerengera cha dosed and radiation.Dongosolo ndi nthawi ya chithandizo chake zimatengera kukula kwa khansa komanso thanzi la wodwalayo.Yalangizidwa    Khansa ya Colon     Khansa ya Colorectal     Khansa ya Colorectal

nullmankhwala ndi mankhwala a radiation chikugwirizana ndi opareshoni. Kusankha kwa chitsogozo chotsogola kumayendetsedwa ndi kukula ndi komwe chotupacho, mkhalidwe wa wodwalayo komanso matenda oyanjana nawo.Ndi chotupa chochepa kwambiri chomwe sichimamera mucosa, ndiye kuti mucosa yokhayo yomwe imapangidwa ndi gastroscope, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala bwino.Pa siteji I - II ya khansa, gawo lina lam'mphepete limachotsedwa, chilema chimadzaza gawo lamatumbo kapena chubu chimapangidwa kuchokera m'mimba. Masiku ano ndizotheka kugwiritsa ntchito zida za endoscopic pantchito izi.Ndi kufalikira kwa chotupacho m'matumbo a minofu ndikuwonjezerapo, opareshoni imachitidwanso, koma izinullNthawi zina chemoradiotherapy amachitika ndi osakwanira opaleshoni. Chemotherapy ikhoza kuchitika ngati opaleshoni singatheke, pamene chotupa ndi chachikulu kwambiri, kapena ndi chotupa chochepa, koma ndi contraindication wamba opaleshoni. Munjira yosasamala iyi, kupulumuka kumafanana ndi chithandizo cha opaleshoni. Pamaso pa fistulas, chemoradiotherapy siyotheka. Chemotherapy ikhoza kukhala yovuta chifukwa cha kutupa kwamphamvu kwa mucous membrane wa esophagus, komwe kumafunikira chakudya kudzera ndi dontho.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Ma neoplasms oyipa a ndulu. Matendawa ndi a matenda osowa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri azimayi azaka zopitilira 50 ndi kupitilira.Zizindikiro za chikhodzodzoZizindikiro zazikulu zodziwikiratu zimaphatikizapo kusanza komanso kusanza, jaundice, kupweteka kumtunda kwachitatu kwam'mimba, kutentha thupi, kutentha thupi, kuchepa thupi, kuchepa kwa chakudya, kutulutsa, ndi kukula kwa zotupa pamimba. Monga lamulo, kumayambiriro kwa matenda, wodwalayo samakhala ndi vuto lililonse, lomwe limachepetsa mwayi wodwalayokuchira.Kuzindikira khansa ya nduluKafukufuku wambiri wowerengeka ndi wothandizira amachitika: kuyezetsa magazi ambiri, kuphunzira zamankhwala am'mwazi, x-ray yam'mimba, kupenya kwamatumbo, ziwonetsero zam'mimba, kupindika kwa gallbladder kopitilizabe kufufuza kwa zitsanzo za zitsanzo za zimakhala.Chithandizo cha Khansa ya GallbladderKuchiza matendawa, monga ma neoplasms oopsa kwambiri, kumaphatikizapo kuchotsa opaleshoni ndi chotupa. Njira yayikulu yothandizira ndi kuchitidwa opaleshoni, cholecystectomy yodziwika bwino. Masiku ano, ikugwiridwa m'njira yofatsa kwambiri.- laparoscopic njira. Pa chithandizo chovuta, ma radiation therapy ndi chemotherapy amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo odwala amapatsidwanso mankhwala okonza ma radiosensitizer omwe amakhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa chidwi cha maselo a atypical kupita ku mitundu ina ya ma radiation.Kuteteza Khansa ya GallbladderPalibe njira zenizeni zopewera matenda awa. Malangizo ambiri akuphatikiza: kuphatikiza zizindikiro za kulemera, zakudya zoyenera, kuchepa kwa chakudya cha nyama komanso kuchuluka kwa masamba ndi zipatso. Ndikulimbikitsidwanso kuti musiye zizolowezi zoyipa, muzichita masewera olimbitsa thupi pafupipafupi, komanso muzilimbitsa thupi.

nullzotupa zonse za impso zimapezeka mwachisawawa, ndikumakonzedwa ndi ultrasound popanda kupezeka kwathunthu kwa zizindikiro zilizonse.Zizindikiro za matendawa tsopano sizachilendo.    1. Mwazi mu mkodzo (hematuria). Maonekedwe ake atha kukhala odabwisa.     2. Kupweteka kumbuyo ndi kutsika mmbuyo: izi zodandaula zimayenderana ndi kuphuka kwa chotupa m'mimba yoyandikana kapena kufalikira kwa ureter.     3. Kuphwanya m'mimba (palpation palpates chotupa).     4. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi (chomaliza chitha chifukwa cha kupindika kwa mitsempha kapena kupanga chotupa cha renin).5. Varicocele.     6. Kuchepetsa thupi, kufooka wamba, kuchepa magazi, thukuta la usiku, komanso kutopa kwambiri.Tsoka ilo, nthawi zambiri zizindikiro za khansa ya impso sizimawonekera nthawi yomweyo, matendawa amapitilira mawonekedwe a asymptomatic kwa nthawi yayitali. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuyesedwa pafupipafupi, pindani ndi kuyezetsa magazi ndi mkodzo.Kuzindikira khansa ya impsoKuzindikira khansa ya impso kumaphatikizanso mitundu yambiri yamankhwala osiyanasiyana, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wodziwa matenda moyenera.   1. Njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri yodziwitsira matenda ndi ultrasound.    2. Muyezo wagolide wofufuzira wa zotupa za impso ndi kompyutakuyerekeza mosiyanako. Computer tomography imapereka chithunzi chonse cha chotupacho, kukula kwake, gawo lazachipatala komanso kukula kwa chotupa mu ziwalo zapafupi.   3.Kuwonetsa mkodzo kumawonetsa kukhalapo kwa magazi mu mkodzo.   4. Kuyesedwa kwa magazi kumakupatsani mwayi kuti musazindikire zodutsa matendawa: kuchepa magazi, kuchuluka kwa zamchere phosphatase, urea m'magazi, ndi zina zambiri.   5. MRI yofufuza zotupa za impso imagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi kuposa CT, chizindikiro chachikulu chakuchita MRI ndi kuphwanya malamulo pakuchita CT.   6. A biopsy ya zotupa za impso imagwiridwa kuti itsimikizire kuti matenda ake ndi ati.ndi kudziwa njira zina zochizira. Tsoka ilo, nthawi zina, kuyesa kwa chotupa cha impso sikowononga chilengedwe, pachifukwa ichi kafukufukuyu sachitidwa kawirikawiri.  7. Kudziwa metastase m'mapapu ndi mafupa a mafupa, pachifuwa x-ray ndi osteoscintigraphy amagwiritsidwa ntchito.  8. Renal angiography - kuyesa kwa X-ray ndi wothandizira wosiyana.Kutengera ndi zomwe zikuwonetsa khansa ya impso, mkhalidwe wa wodwalayo komanso zotsatira zoyesedwa koyambirira, dokotala amasankha njira zina zodziwira khansa ya impso kuti apange chithunzi chofunikira kwambiri.Magawo a khansa ya impsoPali magawo anayi a khansa ya impso yodziwika ndi osiyanasiyananullkapena chotupa chafalikira kumtsempha wa impso / vena cava.     4. Kalasi ya khansa ya impso. Chotupa chimaphukira kapisozi.Chithandizo cha khansa ya impsoChithandizo cha khansa ya impso zimakhazikitsidwa ndi njira zingapo zovomerezeka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito payekha kapena mokwanira. Dokotala wopezekapo, kutengera mtundu wa chotupa, gawo lazachipatala la odwala komanso thanzi, zotsutsana zomwe zilipo ndi zina, atha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zochizira. Njira yothandiza kwambiri yothanirana ndi khansa ya impso ndikuchotsa chotupa. Radical nephrectomy ndikuchotsa kwathunthu impso zomwe zimakhudzidwa, nthawi zambiri pamodzi ndi minyewa yozungulira, ma lymph node, ndipo nthawi zinachamba cha adrenal. Ngati kukula kwa chotupa sikupitirira 7 cm, kachigawo kakang'ono ka impso kamachitika. Pamodzi ndi njira yachikhalidwe, momwe amachotsera impso kapena kuyimitsidwa kwina kudzera pakuwoneka kwakukulu, pali laparoscopic imodzi. Pankhaniyi, chotupacho chimachotsedwa kapena kupangidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera zomwe zimayikidwa pamimba pamatumbo kudzera pazinthu zazing'ono (masentimita awiri). Kuphatikiza apo, kukonza odwala kumathamanga. Njira ina yothandizira zotupa za impso ndi cryoablation. Chinsinsi cha njirayo ndikuwumitsa chotupacho mothandizidwa ndi kiyopidwe kenakake kamene kamayikidwa mu chotupa. Tumoramathandizanso kuziziritsa ndi kuzizira, komwe kumapeto kwake kumapangitsa kufa kwa maselo a khansa. Njira iyi ndiyopweteka kwambiri kwa wodwala ndipo akuwonetsedwa ngati pakuchita opaleshoni sizingatheke, zotupa za impso zonse ndi chotupa cha impso imodzi. Chithandizo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo (chemotherapy, hormone therapy kapena immunotherapy) chimadziwika ngati khansa ya impso yapezeka kale (gawo 4), pomwe opaleshoni siyotheka.Kuteteza Khansa ya ImpsoPofuna kupewa khansa ya impso, ndikofunikira kusiya kusuta, kuwongolera kunenepa komanso kudya zakudya zopatsa thanzi (wokhala ndi zipatso ndi masamba ambiri). Chifukwa chake, kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi ndi njira yayikulu yopewa matendawa.

nullkuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa larynx. Kukhazikika kwa mawu ndi chizindikiro choyambirira pamene carcinoma ili pamakutu amawu, koma imawoneka m'magawo apambuyo pomwe itapezekedwa mu zigawo za supraclad ndi subclad. Odwala omwe ali ndi khansa yocheperako nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kutsekeka kwa mpweya ndipo chizindikirocho ndi chizindikiro chofutukuka pambuyo pake. Odwala omwe ali ndi khansa yodwala kwambiri amakhala ndi dysphagia; Zizindikiro zina za matendawa ndi kutsekeka kwa mpweya, otalgia, kukula kwa chotupa m'khosi, mawu osokonekera. Odwala omwe ali ndi zizindikirozi ayenera kutumizidwa mwachindunji kwa laryngoscopy.ZizindikiroLaryngoscopyOpaleshoni endoscopy ndinullnullEndoscopic laser resection ndi radiation chithandizo, monga lamulo, amakulolani kupulumutsa mawu a odwala. Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa khansa ya laryngeal koyambirira kwa maopaleshoni kapena chithandizo chamankhwala a radiation, monga lamulo, zimatengera zomwe madokotala akuchipatala akuchiritsa ndi wodwalayo.Mu magawo apambuyo a mawu apakhomo carcinoma, amasunthika kapena kugwira nawo ntchito ya lilime; odwala akuwonetsedwa chemotherapy kapena radiation chithandizo. Ngati chotupa cha wodwalayo chafalikira kupitilira larynx kapena chalowa mu cartilage, laryngectomy imapereka zotsatira zabwino kwambiri za oncological; laryngectomy nthawi zambiri imakhala yowonjezera, koma nthawi zinaendoscopic laser resection of the chotupa kapena laryngectomy lotseguka lingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Laryngectomy yowonjezera imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri m'malo ovuta kupulumutsa wodwala; komabe, nthawi zina pamachitika izi, endoscopic resection kapena laryngectomy lotseguka lingagwiritsidwe ntchito.Mu magawo oyambilira a carcinoma a supraclavicular larynx, radiation mankhwala kapena pang'ono mbali ya larynx ndi othandiza. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa laser resection koyambirira kwa squamous cell carcinoma kwawonetsa zotsatira zabwino. Ngati carcinoma ikupitilirabe, koma osakhudza zingwe zolankhula zenizeni, ndiye kuti laryngectomy yam'kamwa imatha kuchitika kuti isunge mawu komansosphincter wa glottis. Ngati wodwalayo alinso ndi zingwe za mawu, laryngectomy pa cricoid cartilage kapena laryngectomy yonse yofunikira, ngati akuganiza kuti achite opareshoni. Monga momwe zilili ndi laryngocarcinoma, ambiri mwa magawo omwe amapita patsogolo pa khansa yayikulu amathandizidwa ndi chemotherapy ndi radiation therapy. Dera la ligamentous lili ndi olemera a lymphatic network, chifukwa chake, chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa kwa madera a khosi odwala onse omwe ali ndi khansa ya ligamentous.Ndi carcinoma ya m'munsi pharynx, mankhwalawa ndi ofanana ndi khansa ya m'mimba. Mu magawo oyambilira, zowonongeka zimathandizidwa ndi kokhamankhwala a radiation, kapena endoscopic resection ngati njira ina. Komabe, mwa odwala ambiri omwe ali ndi khansa ya m'matumbo aang'ono, kupita patsogolo kumalumikizidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha asymptomatic matendawa komanso kufalikira pafupipafupi kudzera pamitsempha yam'mimba; odwala oterewa amathandizidwa makamaka ndi chemotherapy ndi radiation chithandizo, ndipo mwachangu - malinga ndi zofunikira zikuwonetsa.KukonzansoKukonzanso kungafunike pambuyo pa mtundu uliwonse wa chithandizo. Nthawi zambiri, mavuto akulu amakumana ndi njira yomeza chakudya pambuyo pa chemotherapy kapena poizoniyu mankhwala, omwe angafunike kuchepa kwa magazi, makamaka, pulasitiki ya pharynx kapena kugwiritsa ntchito gastrostomy. Pa opaleshonikulowererako kungasokonezenso njira yomeza, ndipo chithandizo chitha kuphatikizidwa, kuphatikiza kukulira kwa njira zokumeza.Komanso, opaleshoni imakhudza kulankhula kwambiri. Pambuyo pa laryngectomy yathunthu, wodwala ayenera kupanga mawu atsopano ndi:    Liwu la esophageal    Esophageal tracheal punations    Khosi (electropharynx)Ndi njira zonse zitatuzi, malankhulidwe amapangidwa limodzi ndi pharynx, kamkamwa kofewa, lilime, mano ndi milomo.Maziko omwe amapanga "esophageal Voice" (pseudo-Voice) ndi kulenga kwa pseudo-Voice gap mu esophagus ndi chitukukokutsekeka mwanjira.Ndi tracheoesophageal fistula, valavu imayikidwa pakati pa trachea ndi esophagus kuti athandizire phonation. Valavu imathandizira kuponya mpweya mu esophagus panthawi ya kudzoza. Odwala amapita kukonzanso thupi, maphunziro panjira yolankhulira, amaphunzitsidwa malamulo othandizira fistula, ndipo odwala onse amachenjezedwa za chiwopsezo cha kufunafuna chakudya ndi madzi.Larynx yamagetsi ndi chipangizo choyendetsera batire chomwe chili pamphumi pakhosi. Ngakhale chisangalalo chopangidwa ndi kusalidwa kwamtundu wa anthu chikavalidwa odwala ambiri, ndizosavuta kuthana nawo ndipo sifunikira maphunziro apadera.

Khansa ya chiwindi ndi matenda oopsa okhala ndi anthu ambiri omwalira. Pambuyo pakuwoneka ngati neoplasm, zotsatira zakupha zitha kupezeka patatha miyezi yochepa. Oncology imatha kuchitika mu lobes a chiwindi kapena bile ducts. Chotupacho chimadziwika chifukwa chachulukidwe komanso mapangidwe a metastase, komanso chidziwitso chochepa chamankhwala. Mukamazindikira, gawo la matendawa limakhazikika. Pali zinayi kwathunthu, gululi limatengera mawonekedwe a morphological, chotupa malo ndi kuwonongeka kwake:Woyamba (I). Chotupacho chimatha kukhala chamitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma mkati mwa thupi, mulibe kumera m'matumbo, ma lymph node ndiziwalo zina. Ntchito imagwira ntchito mokwanira. Kumayambiriro, zizindikiro zoyambirira za khansa ya chiwindi ndi kutopa, kufooka, kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito komanso kusapeza bwino kumtunda kwa dzanja lamanja. Pakupita milungu ingapo, pamakhala kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa chiwindi.Wachiwiri (II). Mapangidwewo amawonjezeka mpaka masentimita 5, pomwe kumverera kwa kulemera ndi kuwawa kapena kupweteka m'mimba kumawonjezeredwa ndi zomwe zilipo. Poyamba, zopweteka zimawoneka modabwitsa panthawi yolimbitsa thupi, kenako zimakhala zowonjezereka komanso zosalekeza. Mu gawo lachiwiri, pali zizindikiro za kugaya chakudya, monga kutaya mtima, kugona, nseru,kusanza, kutsegula m'mimba. Wodwalayo amayamba kuchepa thupi msanga.Chachitatu (III). Kukula koipa kumakula, zina zofunika kuzimitsa maselo a m'matumbo zimawonekera. Khansa imadziwika kwambiri pamenepa chifukwa izi zikuwonekera.Pali magawo atatu a matendawa:    IIIa. Chotupacho chimafalikira m'mphepete mwa chiwindi ndipo chimakula kwambiri. Kumera kumachitika m'mitsempha yayikulu, koma palibe kufalikira kwa ziwalo zakutali ndi ma lymph node.    IIIb. Kuphatikizika kwa maselo owopsa ndi ziwalo zam'mimba zomwe zimayang'aniridwa komanso mawonekedwe amkati a chiwindi amawonedwa. Musati ayichikhodzodzo.    IIIc. Chiwindi chimakhudzidwa kwambiri, ndikufalikira kwa ma lymph node. Ntchito ya chiwalo imalephera, yomwe imakhudza mkhalidwe wa thupi. Wodwalayo amakula edema, kachulukidwe kamvekedwe ka khungu, mitsempha ya kangaude, ascites, ndikumverera kwadzaza m'mimba. Ntchito ya endocrine glands imasokonekera ndipo kutentha kwa thupi kumakwera. Kuchepetsa thupi kumakhudzanso kuwongola nkhope komanso kuchepa kwa khungu. Ululu umakhala wolimba komanso wosalekeza. Pakadali pano, nthawi zambiri mumatuluka magazi amphuno komanso amkati.    Wachinayi (IV). Gawo 4 khansa ya chiwindi imaganiziridwaNjira yosasinthika. Ma metastases okhala ndi lymph komanso magazi amayenda mthupi lonse, zomwe zimasokoneza ntchito za ziwalo ndi machitidwe. Pali magawo awiri a khansa ya chiwindi madigiri 4:    IVA Kuwonongeka kwa chiwalo chonse kumadziwika, chotupacho chimakula ndikupanga ziwalo ndi ziwalo zozungulira. Mu ziwalo zakutali, metastases siipezeka.     IVB. Ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe zimakhudzidwa ndi maselo owopsa. Pali ma neoplasms angapo osiyanasiyana. Khansa ya chiwindi 4 ya khansa yokhala ndi metastases imayendera limodzi ndi kuchepa kwamitsempha m'matumbo, kudzimbidwa, kupweteka kwambiri, kusakhazikika m'maganizo, kusintha kwadzidzidzi, kuwonongeka kwakukulu.kulemera, kuchuluka kwamimba pamimba. Ngati mungayang'ane zithunzi za odwala omwe ali ndi khansa ya chiwindi 4Oncology imadzichiritsa bwino pazamankhwala oyamba, ndiye kuti sizothekanso kuchiritsa. Oncologists amatha kuperekera chithandizo chamankhwala kuti muchepetse vutoli komanso kuthetsa kupweteka kwambiri.Atafunsidwa kuti amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji ndi khansa ya chiwindi 4, palibe yankho limodzi. Chilichonse chimadalira kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka ndi momwe wodwalayo amathandizira pochira.ChithandizoWodwala ndi malo omwe amakhala nawo nthawi zonse amakhalankhawa ngati khansa ya chiwindi ikuchiritsidwa kapena ayi? Funso limatha kuyankhidwa ndi adokotala omwe amapezeka, omwe ali ndi chidziwitso pazotsatira za mayeso ndi kufufuza mayeso. Mukamasankha njira yothandizira khansa ya chiwindi, muyenera:   - kukula kwa chotupa;    - chitukuko cha maphunziro;    - kuchuluka kwa zowonongeka;    - chotupa ntchito;    - kukhalapo kwa metastases;    - zomwe zimachitika wodwalayo.Njira zotsatirazi zochiritsira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muchepetse kukula kwa chotupa, kuyambiranso kwake ndikuwonjezera chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo mu chiwindi cha oncology:    Mankhwala.Kwa wodwalaNexavar ndi Sorafenib ndi mankhwala, omwe amagwira ntchito omwe amakhala ndi poizoni m'maselo omwe akhudzidwa. Chifukwa cha zotsatira zoyang'ana pamaphunziro, zimakhala bwino kuti ziwonongeke bwino. Chemotherapy yachikhalidwe pafupifupi siyithandiza khansa ya chiwindi.Chithandizo cha poizoniyu.Kugwiritsa ntchito ma x-ray mu milingo yayikulu kumathandizira kuti chotupacho chichepetse, kuchepetsa ululu komanso kusamutsa matendawo kuti akhululukidwe. Yoyenera kuthandizira pa oncology nthawi iliyonse.    KuchotsaNjira iyi ndikuwonongeka kwa neoplasm pobweretsa ethanol mu chotupa, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma radiation a microwave, mafunde amphamvu a radio, ndi cryodestruction. Chithandizo popanda opaleshonipa chiwindi ndi oncology imapereka zotsatira zabwino ngati chotupa chili ndi awiri osakwana 3 cm.    Kutupa kwa mtima.Chifukwa cha kuyambitsidwa kwa mankhwala apadera m'mitsempha ya chiwindi, mwayi wofika magazi ku neoplasm umatsekedwa, potero umapangitsa kuchepa kwake. Njirayi imathandizira zotupa zomwe zimakhala ndi mulifupi mwake mpaka masentimita 5. Nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi ablation, chemotherapy ndi radiation therapy.Kodi khansa ya chiwindi ingachiritsidwe pochita opaleshoni? Nthawi zambiri, chithandizo cha opaleshoni chimakulolani kuyang'ana mtsogolo molimba mtima. Kuchotsa kwa tumor kapena kufalikira kwa chiwindi kumachulukitsa mwayi wa wodwalayokukhululuka kwanthawi yayitali. Momwe ma opaleshoni othandizira amathandizira ndi chotupa chogwira ntchito, ma metastase amodzi amodzi komanso kusapezeka kwa zotupa za oncological kunja kwa chiwindi. Momwe mungachiritsire khansa ya chiwindi ngati chotupa sichikugwira ntchito? Pankhaniyi, kuyambitsa kwa cytostatics mwachindunji m'matumbo akuluakulu a chiwindi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowononga zomwe tafotokozazi.Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti palibe zozizwitsa zochizira khansa ya chiwindi, koma nthawi zonse muyenera kukhulupirira kuchira. Atafunsidwa ngati khansa ya chiwindi imachiritsidwa, nthawi zambiri, oncenc amayankha bwino. Mu chipatala chathu, gulu la madokotala ochezeka omwe ali ndi magulu azachipatala apamwamba kwambiri komanso maudindo asayansi amathandizira kupeza thanzi.

Khansa ya lung lero ndi imodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino kwambiri za neoplasms. Pa avareji, pali anthu 40 odwala matenda a khansa m'mapapo anthu 100,000 padziko lonse lapansi, kuposa apo, amuna amapezeka ndi matendawa maulendo 10 kuposa azimayi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa okhala m'mizinda nthawi zonse kumakhala kochulukirapo kuposa kuchuluka kwa anthu akumudzi. Komabe, mankhwala amakono ali ndi zida zamphamvu zochizira matenda a oncology awa: kugwiritsa ntchito panthawi yake thandizo, ndizotheka kuti sikuti kungoletsa chitukuko, komanso kuiwalako za nthawi yonseyi.Khansamapapu: Mbiri ya matenda ndi kudalirika kwa machiritsoPafupifupi anthu 5 miliyoni amafa ndi khansa ya m'mapapo chaka chilichonse padziko lapansi. Matenda a mtunduwu amatchedwanso bronchogenic carcinoma, kapena khansa ya bronchogenic. Chotupacho chimayamba kuchokera ku epithelium ya mucous ya bronchi, alveoli ndi epithelium ya bronchial gland. Ngakhale kuti etiology yamatendawa sichikudziwikabe, zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimachitikira zimaphatikizapo: kusuta; kukhudzana ndi radon ndi ma carcinogens ena (mchere wa asbestos ndiowopsa kwambiri pamapapu); mitundu ina ya ma virus; kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa fumbi mlengalenga. Pathogenesis wa khansa ya m'mapaponullnullmapapu.Khansa ya m'mapapo 1 ya 1 imadziwika ndi chotupa mpaka kukula kwakukulu kwa 3 cm, komwe sikunachitikebe. Neoplasm imakhala mu gawo limodzi la mapapu kapena mkati mwa bronchus.Gawo lachiwiri - chotupa mpaka 6 cm chimakhala gawo limodzi la mapapu kapena mkati mwa bronchus. Metastases amodzi mu pulmonary ndi bronchopulmonary lymph node amawonedwa.Gawo lachitatu - chotupa chachikulu kuposa 6 cm chomwe chimasandulika kukhala pafupi ndi mapapo kapena kumera kwa bronchus yoyandikira kapena bronchus. Ma metastases amapezeka mu bifurcation, tracheobronchial, paratracheal lymph node.4gawo la khansa ya m'mapapo limadziwika ndi metastases m'magulu akutali ndi ziwalo, pleurisy ndi / kapena pericarditis imagwira. Kugawikaku kumagwira ntchito pokhapokha patakhala cell carcinoma. Pankhani ya khansa yaying'ono yamaselo, yomwe imayamba msanga, magawo awiri okha ndiomwe amadziwika. Yoyamba - gawo lochepera - imayendera limodzi ndi kufalikira kwa maselo amtundu umodzi m'mapapu amodzi ndi pafupi. Mu gawo lachiwiri, chotupacho chimakumana ndi gawo lakunja kwa mapapu komanso ziwalo zakutali.Mankhwala othandizira khansaKudziwitsa bwino matenda a pulmonary oncology ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa kusankha njira zoyenera zamankhwala kumadalira. Njira zazikulu ndiopaleshoni othandizira, chemo ndi radiation chithandizo. Chifukwa cha kukula kwatsopano kwaukadaulo wazachipatala, njira izi zikuyamba kukhala zotetezeka komanso zothandiza.1. Mankhwala othandizira opaleshoni amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati squamous cell carcinoma. Pa opaleshoni, chotupa chonse cha khansa kapena gawo lake limachotsedwa. Kuchuluka kwa minofu yomwe imachotsedwa kumadalira mtundu wa chotupacho ndi malo ake. Zochitika pakalipano pochiza khansa yamapapu ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zowononga zachilengedwe, zomwe zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kamera ya kanema yaying'ono. Njirayi imatchedwa Video-Anathandiza Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS). Kuchita koteroko kumayendetsedwa ndi ululu wocheperako, ndipo njira yokonzanso pambuyo pawo imatha mofulumira.2. Chemotherapy- Chithandizo chachikulu cha odwala ambiri omwe ali ndi khansa ya m'mapapo. Chinsinsi chake chagona pa kumwa mankhwala omwe amawononga ma cell a khansa.3. Chithandizo (chotsimikizika) cha khansa yam'mapapo. Mankhwalawa amazindikira maselo owopsa ndi machitidwe awo ndikuwawononga, amakhudza ntchito zofunika (kukula, kugawa). Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwalawa amasokoneza magazi m'magazi. Chithandizo chowongoleredwa (cholozera) chitha kutumikiridwa monga njira yodziyimira payokha kapena kuphatikiza ndi chemotherapy kuti uthandize kuwonjezera chithandizo.4. Katemera wa immunological pothana ndi khansa yamapapu ndi njira yatsopano komanso yolimbikitsa kwambirioncology yolimbikitsa. Chithandizo choterechi chimakupatsani mwayi wokhazikitsa maselo a chitetezo chathu mthupi kuphatikiza ma cell a khansa ndipo "chandamale" chimakhudza maselo a chotupa.5. Radiotherapy. Kuwotcha kwa chotupacho ndi mtanda wokulirapo wa ma gamma misewu, chifukwa chomwe maselo a khansa amwalira (amaletsa kukula ndi kubereka). Kuchitika ndi njira yakutali kapena yayikulu. Ndi chithandizo chowopsa cha radiation, chotupa chokha komanso zigawo za metastasis yam'madera zimayatsidwa ndi radiation. Radiation therapy imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati khansa yaing'ono ya cell.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Wodwala akapezeka ndi chotupa cha khansa ndipo amupeza, amamuthandizira. Uku ndikukambirana ndi dotolo pomwe njira yakukambirana ikukambidwa.Wodwala akapezeka ndi chotupa cha khansa ndipo amupeza, amamuthandizira. Uku ndikukambirana ndi dotolo pomwe njira yakukambirana ikukambidwa. Katswiri wa oncologist azichita. Adzakuwuzani zonse zomwe muyenera kudziwa zokhudza matenda anu komanso chithandizo chake. Kutalika, zotsatira zoyipa, zotsatira zomwe akuyembekeza, komanso chiyembekezo chanu. Mwachilengedwe, mutha kufunsa wophunzirawo mafunso anu onse.Nthawi yamankhwalaYalangizidwa    Khansa

nulladziwonetsere ku magawo oyamba a matenda (kupatula kumavuto).Zoyambitsa ngozi zikuluzikulu ndi izi:     ukalamba - monga lamulo, matendawa amakula mwa azimayi atasiya kusamba, wazaka 50 mpaka 60 (zaka 8 mwa 10);      azimayi oyamba kusamba (mpaka zaka 12) ndi mochedwa kusamba (atatha zaka 52);      kusuta      kunenepa      kumwa mankhwala osabereka;      polycystic;      endometriosis (kuchuluka kwachulukidwe kamkati ka chiberekero);cholowa (chibadwa) - kukhalapo kwa abale apamtima a ovarian, chifuwa, kapena khansa ya m'matumbo.Amayi omwe alibe ana ndipo sanakhalepo akuyamwitsa amakhalanso pachiwopsezo.Magawo ndi mitundu ya khansa yamchiberekeroPali magawo anayi:    Pa siteji yoyamba, chotupa chimapezeka m'mimba imodzi kapena ziwiri. Matendawa amatsimikiza, mankhwalawa ndi abwino, odwala ambiri amapita kuchikhululukiro popanda kubweza matendawo.    Pa siteji yachiwiri, chikondwererocho chimafalikira kumadera ena. Ponseponse, ndipo panthawiyi, zonenedweratu ndi zabwino, malingana ndi ziwerengero pazaka zisanunullmalingana ndi kuchuluka kwa zipsera:    kalasi A (chotupa chochepa) - chotupa chomwe chikukula pang'onopang'ono, maselo okhala ndi zosankha zazing'ono (zosiyanitsidwa kwambiri);     kalasi B (kuvulaza pakati) - kutanthauzira kochulukira kwa maselo otupa poyerekeza ndi kusiyanasiyana;     kalasi C (chotupa chachikulu) - chotupa chikukula msanga, maselo otsika kwambiri.Ovarian Khansa MankhwalaKuphatikiza mankhwala nthawi zambiri kumaphatikiza njira zopangira opaleshoni (opareshoni) ndi chemotherapy.OpaleshoniMonga lamulo, pochita opaleshoni ya khansa yamchiberekero, ziwalo zonse zophatikizika, machubu a fallopian ndi chiberekero, ma lymph node oyandikira ndi mapangidwe a minofu ya adipose pamimba yam'mimba imachotsedwa,komwe khansa idafalikira.Ngati mayi wachichepere amatha kudziwa matendawa kumayambiriro kwake (pagawo 1), nthawi zina kuchitira opaleshoni modekha kumachitika ndikuchotsa chubu chamchiberekero ndi mbali imodzi. Kuphatikiza pa chakuti kudalirika kwa machiritso mu nkhaniyi ndi kwabwino, izi zimakupatsani chiyembekezo chokhala ndi pakati.Kuti muchepetse kuvutika mtima komanso chiwopsezo cha zovuta, komanso zolinga zodzikongoletsa, opaleshoni ya khansa yamchiberekero imatha kuchitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Robot da Vinci yanzeru.ChemotherapyChemotherapy yokhala ndi khansa yamchiberekedwe nthawi zambiri imayikidwa pambuyo pa opaleshoni ngati gawo la zovuta. Mankhwala nthawi zambiri amaperekedwamu mtsempha kapena molunjika m'mimba, kuphatikiza njira izi kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito.M'magawo apambuyo, chemotherapy ikhoza kusankhidwa ngati njira yayikulu yothandizira.Chithandizo cha poizoniyuNthawi zina (kupweteka kwambiri, magazi ochokera ku chotupa), ma radiation yakunja kapena brachytherapy (radiation yokhudzana ndi mankhwalawa) imaphatikizidwa mu njira yochizira khansa yamchiberekero.Kubwezeretsa pambuyo chithandizoNdi njira yokhazikika yochiritsira, kuchira kwathunthu pambuyo pochizira khansa yamchiberekero mwa amayi kumatenga milungu isanu ndi umodzi. Ngati chiberekero chachotsedwa, mkati mwa masabata 3-4 ndikofunikira kusiya kugonana. Nthawi zina, dokotala angakulembeni mahomoni ndi vitamini D.

Khansa ya Prostate ndiyo khansa yachitatu kwambiri pakati pa amuna ku Russia pambuyo pa khansa yam'mapapu komanso khansa yam'mimba. Amapezeka m'modzi mwa amuna khumi ndi asanu opitilira zaka 40. Chaka chilichonse padziko lapansi, zotupa zoyipa za prostate zimapezeka mwa anthu miliyoni, ndipo pafupifupi mmodzi mwa atatuwo amafa chifukwa cha matenda amtunduwu.Kodi khansa ya prostate imayamba bwanji?Amadziwika kuti izi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa mahomoni, kuzungulira kwa majini, kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi komanso kutengera kwa zina, gawo lomwe silinakhazikitsidwe kwathunthu. Kuyambira pomwe khansa yoyambamaselo musanayambike zizindikiro zomwe zimatsogolera bambo kukakumana ndi dokotala nthawi zambiri zimatenga zaka zingapo. Pazifukwa izi, nthawi zambiri wodwala amawonedwa ndi oncologist yemwe ali ndi chotupa chosasiyidwa, chambiri chomwe chimakhala chovuta kuchiritsa. Pazonse, ndi chizolowezi kusiyanitsa magawo anayi a kansa ya prostate:Gawo 1 limadziwika ndi kukula kochepa kwa chotupacho, kusakhudzidwa kwa ma lymph node mu pathological process (maselo a khansa amatha kufika kumeneko ndi zotumphukira za m'mimba) komanso thanzi la wodwalayo. Monga lamulo, pakadali pano, khansa ya prostate imapezeka mwamwayi - panthawi yochizira matenda ena a gland. Matenda a wodwalayo ndi abwino,nullnullpindulani ndi chithandizo chamankhwala chofatsa chomwe chidzakulitsa moyo ndikuchepetsa zovuta za wodwalayo, ngakhale sizithandiza kuthana ndi khansa.Prostate Khansa MankhwalaMomwe mankhwala a khansa ya prostate amayendera samangotengera gawo la matendawo. Mtundu wa chotupa ndi wofunikira - umatsimikiziridwa ndi biopsy, kutenga zitsanzo zingapo za minofu ndikuwunika pansi pa maikulosikopu. Mitundu ina ya khansa - mwachitsanzo polymorphic cell carcinoma ya prostate gland - imakonda kukula mwachangu, kukula kwa ena kumayendetsedwa ndi mahomoni. Dokotala wodziwitsa bwino za oncologist amaganizira zochitika zonsezi, komanso malingaliro a wodwalayo, asanatengelingaliro pazamankhwala azachipatala.Udindo wofunikira umaseweredwa ndi zida zam'chipatala. Si chinsinsi kuti matekinoloje ambiri amakono ndi mankhwala sizikupezeka m'malo operekera khansa zapakhomo kapena ali pachiwonetsero. Ndipo njira zapamwamba monga kuchitira opaleshoni ya prostate zimatha kusiyanasiyana, zomwe zimakhudza osati chithandizo chamankhwala, komanso moyo wa wodwalayo.Mankhwala othandiziraTizilombo ta Prostate ndi chinthu chofunikira, koma champhongo chachikulire chimatha kukhala popanda icho. Chifukwa chake, ngati khansa sinafalikire kwa ziwalo komanso minofu yoyandikana, ndipo mkhalidwe wa wodwalayo umalolaopaleshoni, oncologist angavomereze kuti prostatectomy yoopsa kwa mwamunayo - kuchotsa kwa prostate. M'magawo oyamba a matendawa, njirayi imakuthandizani kuti muchira nthawi yayitali (kukhalabe kuchipatala kumatenga pafupifupi masiku 7).Pakadali pano, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti tikulankhula zakusokonekera kwakukulu ndi thupi, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi chiwopsezo cha moyo, komanso zimabweretsa zotsatirapo zosasangalatsa. Chifukwa chake, odwala nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mavuto pokodza kwa miyezi yambiri atachitidwa opaleshoni, amuna opitilira theka amadandaula kuti kutayika kwa erection.Njira yofatsa yochizira khansa ya Prostate ndiyo opaleshoni ya laparoscopic, yomweProstate imachotsedwa pang'onopang'ono - mamilimita ochepa kutalika. Zotsatira zake, chiopsezo cha zovuta za postoperative chimachepetsedwa, ndipo njirayo imaloledwa ndi wodwalayo mosavuta.KhalidNjira ina yothandizira pakuchita opaleshoni yachikhalidwe imatha kukhala prostate chotupa cryosurgery. Njira imeneyi imagwira ntchito poyambira matenda, khansa ikadapitirira ziwalo. Pakudzinyenga, singano zapadera zimayikidwa mu Prostate kudzera mwa wodwalayo, momwe maArmonon kapena nitrogen amalowa. Kutentha kochepa kumawononga minyewa ya ndulu, ndipo adotolo, pogwiritsa ntchito ultrasound, amawongolera kuti zotsatira zake sizikuwononga ziwalo zoyandikana. Zotsatira zake, chitsulosayenera kufufutidwa (ngakhale ntchito zake zikuphwanyidwa mosagwirizana). M'zaka zaposachedwa, cryosurgery yakhala ikuperekedwa monga chithandizo chachikulu cha khansa ya Prostate, yomwe ili yoyenera kwa azaka zonse.MawailesiChimodzi mwamagawo odziwika bwino a chithandizo cha khansa ya Prostate. Zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito kachitidwe ka cyber-Knife. Njirayi imakhazikitsidwa ndi mtengo wozungulira wa chotupa, chomwe chimatsogolera kuchiwonongeko chake komweko ndikusunga umphumphu wa zimakhala zoyandikana. Ubwino wofunikira wa njirayi ndi kupweteka kotheratu komanso kuvulala: Potsatira njirayi, wodwala amatha kupita kuchipatala.RadiotherapyNgati chotupa chija ndi chaukali kapena chakula kuposa Prostate,komanso ngati wodwalayo ali wofooka kwambiri kuti achite opareshoni, zida zogwiritsira ntchito poizoniyu zimatha kukhala njira ina m'malo mwake. Choyamba, ma X-ray amapha maselo ogawanika mwachangu - ndipo maselo a khansa amakonda kukula kosalamulirika. Chifukwa chake, munthawi yama radiotherapy, chotupa chimachepa, ndipo minyewa yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi maselo opweteketsa "imatsukidwa".Radiation chithandizo imatchulidwa ngati njira ina yoperekera chithandizo, komanso ngati chowonjezera pakugwira ntchito: isanayambe kapena itatha kulowererapo. Titha kulankhula za radiotherapy yakunja (wodwalayo atagona pansi pa emitter) ndi chithandizo cha radiation chamkati, litizida zapadera zama radio zimayambitsidwa m'thupi la wodwalayo.Chithandizo cha radiation yakunja ilinso ndi mitundu yake. Oncologists amafuna kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa ma radiation pazizimba zathupi, motero amayesa kuwongolera kuwala kwa chotupa mu chotupa moyenera momwe angathere. Amathandizidwa ndi njira monga 3D chinsinsi cha radiation therapy, modated mwamphamvu radiation therapy (IMRT), stereotoxic radiation tiba (SBRT), ndi proton radiation therapy. Iliyonse mwanjirazi ili ndi zabwino komanso zoyipa. Radiotherapy nthawi zambiri imayambitsa kusokonezeka pokodza pokodza komanso kusokonekera kwa erectile.Therapy ya radiation yamkati (brachytherapy) imachulukitsa kwambiri mphamvu ya poizoniyu pochepetsamtunda kuchokera kumagwero ake kupita ku maselo a khansa. Ma grayle oopsa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira njirayi amakhala ndi ayodini wa radioactive, palladium ndi mankhwala ena omwe amatha kugwira ntchito pazinthu zazitali kwa nthawi yayitali. Kutengera ndi njirayi, ma granles amenewa amatha kukhala m'thupi kwa miyezi yambiri (brachytherapy mosalekeza) kapena pokhapokha pakumwa mankhwala (osakhalitsa a brachytherapy).ChemotherapyChemotherapy imagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga lamulo, pamavuto omwe khansa imafalikira m'thupi lonse, motero muyenera kuthana ndi matendawa padziko lonse lapansi. Mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza zotupa za prostate yoyipa amalembedwera maphunziro, kutsatira zotsatira za mankhwala ndi kukulitsa mavuto.Othandizira a chemotherapeutic samakhala ndi vuto osati khansa yokha, komanso zimakhala ndi thanzi. Chifukwa chake, odwala omwe amachitidwapo chithandizo chotere nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi vuto logaya chakudya m'thupi, kufooka, kuchepera tsitsi komanso matenda opatsirana.Mankhwala olimbitsa thupiChithandizo chamtunduwu ndicholinga chothandiza chitetezo cha wodwalayo. Maselo a khansa ndi achilendo kwa thupi lathu, koma chifukwa cha zida zapadera zogwiritsira ntchito, amatha kuthana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi.Kukonzekera chitetezo chamthupi kumapangidwa payekhapayekha - mu labotale, m'magazi a wodwalayo "amaphunzitsidwa" kuti azindikire chotupa, kenaka katemera woperekedwayo amayambitsidwa m'thupi. Tsoka ilo, oncologists sanathebe kukwaniritsa zapamwambaKugwiritsa ntchito njirayi, nthawi zambiri, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira, komanso kumapeto kwa matendawo.Hormone chithandizo cha khansa ya ProstatePopeza kukula kwa chotupa nthawi zambiri kumayambitsidwa ndi zochitika za mahomoni ogonana amuna, mu magawo apamwamba a khansa ya Prostate, madokotala amatha kukupatsirani mankhwala omwe amateteza kaphatikizidwe ka zinthuzi. Nthawi zambiri timalankhula za kuyang'anira kwazamankhwala nthawi zonse. Chithandizo choterechi chimatanthawuza kuperekera kuchipatala: Kugonana kumagwiranso ntchito komwe kunachokera. Kuphatikiza ndi njira zina - mwachitsanzo, radiotherapy - kutenga mahomoni kungapangitse kuchira kwathunthu kwa odwala omwe akuphatikizidwa mu Prostatomyomy yokhazikika. Nthawi yomweyokuponyedwa kuchipatala ndikusintha - mankhwala atasiya.Njira zakuchizira khansa ya Prostate ndizosiyanasiyana, ndipo chaka chilichonse pamakhala chidziwitso panjira zatsopano. Mwanjira ina, palibe milandu yopanda chiyembekezo pamene mankhwala alibe mphamvu zothandizira wodwala. Ndikofunikira kupeza dokotala yemwe amasankha njira yothandizirana mozama. Osataya mtima - kupambana kwa khansa kuli kwambiri kwa inu.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Khansa yapakhungu ndi vuto lofala kwambiri. Padziko lonse lapansi, Australia, New Zealand ndi USA akutsogolera pakuwonjezeka kwa milandu ya melanoma yatsopano pachaka. Ku Russia, monga kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi, ziwerengero zakukula zikukula.Malinga ndi World Health Organisation, milandu yatsopano 132,000 ya melanoma imadziwika pachaka padziko lapansi. Odwala ambiri ndi okalamba, pambuyo pa zaka 50 kuchuluka kwa amuna odwala kumakhala kochulukirapo kawiri kuposa azimayi. Koma mwa anyamata ndi atsikana, khansa yapakhungu imakula nthawi zambiri. Malinga ndi akatswiri amatsenga, iziKhansa ku Russia ndi yachiwiri kokha ku khansa ya m'mapapo, khansa ya m'mawere ndi khansa ya Prostate. Mwanjira ina, izi sizikunena za matenda ena achilendo, koma za chiwopsezo chenicheni cha thanzi.Mitundu ya oncology yapakhunguKhansa wamba yapakhungu imaphatikizapo:Basal cell carcinoma - chotupa ichi chimapezeka mu milandu 7 ya khansa yapakhungu pa 10. Basalioma imawoneka ngati nodule kapena bala la ofiira kapena lofiirira, lomwe limakonda kuwoneka pa nkhope. Mitsempha imatha kuluma, kupweteka kapena kutulutsa - imayamba kukula pang'ono,popanda kuchititsa munthu kufotokozera, ndiye chifukwa chake kuchedwa kwa dokotala kungachedwe. Mwamwayi, chotupachi sichimafalikira thupi lonse (chimapereka ma metastases), chifukwa chake, kudalirika kwa odwala nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwabwino.Squcinous cell carcinoma ya khungu (squamous cell carcinoma) nthawi zambiri amafanana ndi bowa mawonekedwe: thupi lozungulira ndi mwendo woonda. Chotupa ichi ndi chofanana ndi nyongolotsi: nthawi zambiri imapezeka pamwamba pa nkhope, mdera la mlomo wapansi. Mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya cell carcinoma, ma neoplasm amatha kuzindikirika pokhapokha pakusintha khungu: pakhunguAmawoneka wotumbululuka kapena wowonda. Mu magawo apambuyo, carcinoma imatsogolera pakupanga metastases ndipo nthawi zina singathe kuchiritsidwa.Melanoma ndi mtundu wowopsa wa chotupa womwe umayambitsa kufa ambiri khansa yapakhungu. Amayamba kupezeka pafupipafupi - ma cell a pigment, melanocyte, koma osati kokha: melanoma amathanso kukhudza retina, mucous nembanemba (m'kamwa patsekeke, maliseche, rectum). Neoplasm iyi imadziwika ndi kukula mwachangu ndipo imakonda kupangidwa ndi metastases yambiri yakutali - m'mafupa, ubongo, mapapu, chiwindi. Ngakhalendi chithandizo cha panthawi yake, odwala khansa ya pakhungu nthawi zambiri amakhalanso ndi zotupa - kubwereza chotupa pambuyo zaka zingapo.Pali njira zingapo zoyenera zolimbana ndi khansa yapakhungu.Opaleshoni ndiyo njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri yochotsera chotupa. Kuchita bwino kwambiri kwa opareshoni kumadziwika m'magawo oyambilira, pamene mitsempha ya m'mimba siyikhudze ma lymph node ndi ziwalo zina ndi minyewa. Pambuyo pochotsa chotupacho, dokotalayo amachita cauterization (electrocoagulation) ndikuwachiritsa (curettage) wa bala kuti awononge maselo otsala a khansa. Popeza khansa yapakhungu imakonda kumera pamaso, pamakhala kuchitapo kanthu modekha.zomwe zimachepetsa zolakwika. Izi zimaphatikizapo cryodestruction, momwe chotupa chija chimazunguliridwa ndi nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi ndikuchotsa popanda kuvulala kwambiri kwa minofu. Komabe, tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti ngati pali mitundu ya khansa yomwe imakhala yolusa - squamous cell carcinoma ndi melanoma - ndizosatheka kupanga chisankho m'malo ochepera opaleshoni. Kuchita opaleshoni ya Micrographic, malinga ndi njira ya MOHS (Mohsa), amadziwika kuti ndi njira yotetezeka kwambiri yodalirika yodutsira khansa yapakhungu. Nayo, khungu lomwe lili ndi zotupa limachotsedwa m'magulu, moyang'aniridwa ndi ma microscope, ndipo chilichonsepa opareshoni amatumizidwa kukapimidwa ku labotore. Dokotalayo amaletsa kulowererapo pokhapokha akatswiri atazindikira kuti bala silikhala ndi maselo owopsa.Radiotherapy imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholumikizira njira ya opareshoni. Magetsi amawonongeka maselo omwe amakonda kuwonjezeka mwachangu, chifukwa chake, magonedwe opendekera a ionizing radiation amatha kuchepetsa kukula kwa chotupa, komanso kuwononga maselo owopsa omwe adatsalira atachitidwa opaleshoni. Kutalika kwa magawo a radiotherapy ndi mlingo wa radiation ndi payekha pa wodwala aliyense.Chemotherapy ndiwachilengedwe komanso wamba. Ndi poika njirayi, cytotoxic (kuvulazamaselo) mankhwala amaphatikizidwa kudzera m'mitsempha kapena amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji chotupa. Njira yotereyi ndiyofunika kwambiri kuzindikiritsa metastases pomwe chidwi cha khansa chili kunja kwa opanga maopaleshoni.Chithandizo cha Photodynamic chimaphatikizapo kuwonongedwa kwa chotupa ndi mtanda wa laser pambuyo poyambira photosensitization (kukulitsa chidwi cha maselo kuti kuwala). Njirayi ndiyatsopano, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito popanda kuchitidwa opaleshoni kumakambirana. Komabe, kukulitsa kwaukadaulo kumapangitsa kuti pang'onopang'ono njira zamtundu wa Photodynamic zikulowetsedwe m'chipatala.Chithandizo chakuwonongeka kwachangu komanso kwachikale - njira zamakono komanso zodalirika zomwe zikuphatikiza chandamale chomwe mukufuna.zotupa pakulimbikitsa chitetezo cha mthupi, kapena kuyambitsa mankhwala omwe amapangidwira makamaka mtundu wina wa khansa potengera mawonekedwe amtundu wa wodwalayo. Akatswiri ena akutsimikiza kuti popita nthawi m'derali mu oncology mudzatenga njira zina zochizira, koma pakadali pano, chithandizo chamankhwala chogwiritsidwa ntchito mothandizidwa ndi zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi njira zina - - kupewa kubwereza.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Ndemanga:Kukweza ku Brazil ndi njira yomwe imaphatikizira kupaka mafuta a wodwala mu matako kuti awapatse mawonekedwe ozungulira ndikuwapangitsa kuti akhale odalirika. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ake wodwalayo kumachepetsa chiopsezo chokana. Kutalika kwakukulu kukakhala kunja: 2 - 3 milunguPambuyo pa opareshoni, simudzatha kukhala, chifukwa chake simudzatha kuchoka kunyumba nthawi yomweyo. Kuphatikiza apo, muyenera kukhala nawo pazokambirana za postoperative.

Ndemanga:Kukhazikika pakhungu m'manja, komwe kumatchedwanso brachioplasty, ndi njira ya opareshoni yosinthira mawonekedwe amanja ndikuwapatsa elasticity. Dokotalayo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito liposuction kuchotsa mafuta owonjezera ndi khungu, komanso kumangitsa khungu lonse.Ngakhale zipatala zambiri zimapereka njira yovulaza, pakuchita opaleshoni yamachikhalidwe, dokotalayo amapanga chibwibwi padzanja kuyambira pachiwuno mpaka kumunsi. Popeza pamenepa chilonda chimakhala mkati mwa mkono, nthawi zambiri sichioneka. Komabe, zabwino za ntchito yotereyi ziyenera kulemedwa poyerekeza ndi zotsatira zake, makamaka mabala. Kutalika kwakukulu kukakhala kunja: 1 milunguNthawi zina wodwala amafunika kukhala m'chipatala mpaka pomwe stit amachotsedwa. Funso liyenera kufotokozedwa bwino ndi dotolo wothandizira. Ulendo wopita kunyumba ndiwotheka m'masiku 7-10.

Ndemanga:Lift Thupi - kuphatikiza kwa maopaleshoni othandizira kukonza mawonekedwe onse a thupi la wodwalayo pochotsa kuchuluka ndi kusokonezeka kwa khungu lotsala. Izi zimachotsanso mafuta ochulukirapo pansi pa khungu ndipo, ngati pakufunika, cellulite.Nthawi zambiri, imalimbitsa thupi lam'munsi, kuphatikizapo abdominoplasty (tummy tuck), komanso m'chiuno ndi matako. Mukakweza thupi amathanso kuchitanso ntchito zina, monga kukweza chifuwa ndi khungu la manja. Kutalika kwakukulu kukakhala kunja: 1 - milungu iwiriAsanadutse kunyumba, dokotalayo ayenera kutsimikizira kuti izi zimalola mkhalidwe wa wodwalayo, komanso ayenera kuchita zonse zofunikira kuti apewe kufupa kwamitsempha yayikulu.

Ndemanga:Liposuction ndi njira yochitira opaleshoni yochotsa mafuta pansi pakhungu. Ndondomeko amachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito katswiri wopyapyala. Ultrasound imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphwanya mafuta pazida zina. Liposuction imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana za thupi, kuphatikiza pamimba, m'chiuno, mwendo wapansi, mikono, matako, kumbuyo, khosi ndi nkhope. Kutalika kwakukulu kukakhala kunja: 1 milunguKutengera ndi dera lomwe lakhudzidwalo komanso kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe achotsedwa, liposuction imatha kuonedwa ngati ntchito yofatsa kapena yamphamvu.

Zomwe muyenera kudziwa pokhudzana ndi njira yolimbitsira thupi ngati mukufuna kuchita IVF?Kwa mabanja ambiri, IVF ndiyo njira yokha yokhala ndi mwana yemwe akuyembekezeredwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Ndondomeko yamtundu wanji, ndiotetezeka, kukonzekera IVF kumayenda bwanji ndipo ndalama zingati?Chinsinsi cha njira ya IVFIVF ndi njira ya umuna kunja kwa thupi: mazira ndi umuna amachotsedwa m'thupi, umuna umachitika mu labotale. Kenako mazira okhathamirawa amaikidwa mu chofungatira kwa masiku 5-6 ndipo mothandizidwa ndi magawo obzalidwa chiberekero.Zizindikiro zakusankhidwaIVF ikuwonetsedwa mu zochitika zambiri za kusabereka: •pamwambapa, nthawi zambiri ndizopangidwa ndi ukadaulo wothandiza.ICSI - kuyambitsa umuna mu dzira pogwiritsa ntchito singano yopyapyala. Zachitika ngati •labotale zinthu. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kukondoweza kulephera. Amapewa kukondoweza kwa mahomoni.Kuthandizidwa kumalumikizidwa ndi ukadaulo womwe umathandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mluza kulowa m'chiberekero. Mluza umazunguliridwa ndi chipolopolo chocheperako, chomwe chimawonongedwa asanamilidwe.Kukonzekera IVF, kuchita ndendende ndikuwunikira pambuyo pa IVFKukonzekera IVF kumatenga pafupifupi milungu iwiri ndipo kumakhala ndi mayeso kwa okwatirana. Pulogalamu ya IVF nthawi zambiri imaphatikizapo: •nullNgati IVF sichikupereka zotsatira zoyenera, maanja ena amatembenukira ku ntchito za amayi omwe ali ndi mayi wongobwera kumene.M'mayiko ena, kuphatikiza maulamuliro ndi koletsedwa ndi malamulo, koma kuli mayiko omwe ma surrogacy amafunikira kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, ku Kazakhstan.Masiku ano ku Russia, Kazakhstan ndi maiko ena a CIS, ndizotheka kuchita IVF kwaulere ndi mtundu uliwonse wa kusabereka.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.