Zipatala za HM ku Madrid

Matenda ofalaKhunyu, yomwe imakhudza anthu opitilira 50 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi, imayambitsa gawo lalikulu la matenda padziko lonse lapansi. Akuyerekeza kuti gawo la anthu onse okhala ndi khunyu (ndiye kuti, pogwirira ntchito mosalekeza kapena kufunika kwa chithandizo) munthawi yochokera ndikuchokera kwa 4 mpaka 10 pa anthu 1000. Komabe, zotsatira za kafukufuku wina m'maiko otsika ndi ochepa amapeza kuti kuchuluka kumeneku ndikwambiri - kuchokera pa 7 mpaka 15 pa anthu 1000.Akuti padziko lonse lapansi, khunyu umapezeka chaka chilichonseAnthu 2.4 miliyoni. M'mayiko omwe amalandila ndalama zambiri, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amadwala chaka ndi chaka pamatenda opezeka pakati pa 30 ndi 50 pa 100,000. M'mayiko omwe amalandila ndalama zochepa komanso apakati, chiwerengerochi chingakhale chokwera kawiri.Mitengo okwera kwambiri m'maiko otsika ndi apakati imatha kuphatikizidwa ndi chiwopsezo cha matenda opezeka ndi malungo ndi neurocysticercosis; kuchuluka kwa ngozi zapamsewu; kuvulala kwa kubala, komanso kusiyana pakumanga kwachipatala, kupezeka kwa mapulogalamu othandizira kupewa komanso kulandira chithandizo chamankhwala chodalirika.nullnullnullnullmankhwala, opaleshoni ingathandize.KupewaIdiopathic khunyu sitingapewere. Komabe, pazifukwa zodziwika za khunyu yachiwiri, njira zoteteza zingathe kuchitidwa.    Kupewa kuvulala kumutu ndiye njira yothandiza kwambiri yopewa matenda amkati.     Kusamalira moyenera kumathandizira kuchepetsa zovuta za khunyu zatsopano chifukwa chovulala pakubadwa.     Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso njira zina zochepetsera kutentha kwa thupi kwa ana omwe ali ndi malungo kumachepetsa mwayi wolandidwa.     Matenda amitsempha chapakati ndiomwe amachititsa kwambiri matenda a khunyu m'malo otentha kumenepali mayiko ambiri akutukuka. Kuwonongeka kwa majeremusi pansi pa mikhalidwe iyi ndi ntchito yophunzitsira yokhudza kupewa matenda ndi njira zabwino zochepetsera kulemera kwa khunyu padziko lonse lapansi, mwachitsanzo, khunyu chifukwa cha neurocysticercosis.Allhospital akufuna kuvomereza Profesa Antonio Russi (Teknon Kiron Clinic, Barcelona), m'modzi mwa akatswiri othandiza kwambiri matenda akhunyu ku Europe. Malinga ndi Pulofesa Russi, odwala 95 mwa 100 aliwonse amatha kuthetseratu matendawa atalandira chithandizo choyenera.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Ndemanga:Opaleshoni yochotsa chotupa muubongo imachitidwa ndi katswiri wa neurosurgeon kuti amuchotse pang'ono kapena kuti athetse chotupacho. Kutalika kwakukulu kukakhala kunja: 6 mpaka 8 milunguZimatengera mtundu wa opaleshoni, pakufunika kwake komanso nthawi yayitali komanso momwe wodwalayo akuchira.

Kayezetsa kachirombo ka HIV nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa kuyesa kapena kukayezetsa, kuchokera ku Chingerezi kukayezetsa, mayeso aumoyo wa wodwalayo. Kayezetsa kuchipatala kumatha kuthandizanso kuzindikira mavuto anu kuyambira pachiyambire, ngakhale isanayambike zizindikiro, komanso kungalimbikitse odwala omwe ali ndi nkhawa chifukwa cha thanzi lawo kapena ali ndi zizindikiro zokayikitsa.Kuyesedwa kwakanthawi kachipatala (kuyendera) ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti kuchitike zaka zingapo zilizonse. Makamaka kwa odwala omwe ali ndi zochulukirapokulemera, zizolowezi zoipa, kapena mbiri ya banja yakudwala monga matenda a mtima, khansa, kapena matenda ashuga. Kupimidwa kungathandize kuzindikira mavuto monga kuthamanga kwa magazi kapena matenda a mtima oyamba. Odwala azitha kusintha momwe amakhalira ndi moyo wawo, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, ayambe kumwa mankhwala, kupewa matenda opitilira muyeso.Pali mayeso osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana komanso mayeso omwe angaphatikizidwe kokayezetsa kuchipatala, kuphatikizakuyezetsa magazi, kulingalira za matenda, kufufuza mtima ndi ena ambiri. Kufufuzako kungaphatikizeponso kuyesa kwa magazi kwa zotupa zomwe zimazindikira ma cell a khansa mthupi.Kuyendera ndikulimbikitsidwa kwa aliyense amene amakayikira za thanzi lawo kapena amene ali ndi zizindikilo zomwe zimafuna kuwunikidwa nthawi zonse.YalangizidwaKuyesedwa kwachipatala kwakanthawi zonse kumalimbikitsidwa kwa odwala onse, makamaka iwo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga matenda ena.

Chemotherapy ndiwothandiza kuchiritsa khansa yokhala ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Chemotherapy imatha kukhala imodzi mwazinthu zophatikizira mankhwala ndipo imatha kuphatikizidwa ndi radiation therapy kapena kuchotsa chotupa. Cholinga cha chemotherapy chimatha kukhala kuwonongeratu kwa chotupa cha khansa komanso kuchepa kwa kukula ndi kubereka kwa maselo a khansa. Kuchepetsa kukula ndi kubalanso kwa maselo kumabweretsa kutsika kwa chotupa ndikuwongolera kwa moyo wa wodwalayo ndipo, nthawi zina, kumawonjezera mwayi wopeza chotupa chonse.Yalangizidwa    Chithandizo cha khansa     Moyo wa Khansa

Khansa ya lung lero ndi imodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino kwambiri za neoplasms. Pa avareji, pali anthu 40 odwala matenda a khansa m'mapapo anthu 100,000 padziko lonse lapansi, kuposa apo, amuna amapezeka ndi matendawa maulendo 10 kuposa azimayi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa okhala m'mizinda nthawi zonse kumakhala kochulukirapo kuposa kuchuluka kwa anthu akumudzi. Komabe, mankhwala amakono ali ndi zida zamphamvu zochizira matenda a oncology awa: kugwiritsa ntchito panthawi yake thandizo, ndizotheka kuti sikuti kungoletsa chitukuko, komanso kuiwalako za nthawi yonseyi.Khansamapapu: Mbiri ya matenda ndi kudalirika kwa machiritsoPafupifupi anthu 5 miliyoni amafa ndi khansa ya m'mapapo chaka chilichonse padziko lapansi. Matenda a mtunduwu amatchedwanso bronchogenic carcinoma, kapena khansa ya bronchogenic. Chotupacho chimayamba kuchokera ku epithelium ya mucous ya bronchi, alveoli ndi epithelium ya bronchial gland. Ngakhale kuti etiology yamatendawa sichikudziwikabe, zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimachitikira zimaphatikizapo: kusuta; kukhudzana ndi radon ndi ma carcinogens ena (mchere wa asbestos ndiowopsa kwambiri pamapapu); mitundu ina ya ma virus; kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa fumbi mlengalenga. Pathogenesis wa khansa ya m'mapaponullnullmapapu.Khansa ya m'mapapo 1 ya 1 imadziwika ndi chotupa mpaka kukula kwakukulu kwa 3 cm, komwe sikunachitikebe. Neoplasm imakhala mu gawo limodzi la mapapu kapena mkati mwa bronchus.Gawo lachiwiri - chotupa mpaka 6 cm chimakhala gawo limodzi la mapapu kapena mkati mwa bronchus. Metastases amodzi mu pulmonary ndi bronchopulmonary lymph node amawonedwa.Gawo lachitatu - chotupa chachikulu kuposa 6 cm chomwe chimasandulika kukhala pafupi ndi mapapo kapena kumera kwa bronchus yoyandikira kapena bronchus. Ma metastases amapezeka mu bifurcation, tracheobronchial, paratracheal lymph node.4gawo la khansa ya m'mapapo limadziwika ndi metastases m'magulu akutali ndi ziwalo, pleurisy ndi / kapena pericarditis imagwira. Kugawikaku kumagwira ntchito pokhapokha patakhala cell carcinoma. Pankhani ya khansa yaying'ono yamaselo, yomwe imayamba msanga, magawo awiri okha ndiomwe amadziwika. Yoyamba - gawo lochepera - imayendera limodzi ndi kufalikira kwa maselo amtundu umodzi m'mapapu amodzi ndi pafupi. Mu gawo lachiwiri, chotupacho chimakumana ndi gawo lakunja kwa mapapu komanso ziwalo zakutali.Mankhwala othandizira khansaKudziwitsa bwino matenda a pulmonary oncology ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa kusankha njira zoyenera zamankhwala kumadalira. Njira zazikulu ndiopaleshoni othandizira, chemo ndi radiation chithandizo. Chifukwa cha kukula kwatsopano kwaukadaulo wazachipatala, njira izi zikuyamba kukhala zotetezeka komanso zothandiza.1. Mankhwala othandizira opaleshoni amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati squamous cell carcinoma. Pa opaleshoni, chotupa chonse cha khansa kapena gawo lake limachotsedwa. Kuchuluka kwa minofu yomwe imachotsedwa kumadalira mtundu wa chotupacho ndi malo ake. Zochitika pakalipano pochiza khansa yamapapu ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zowononga zachilengedwe, zomwe zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kamera ya kanema yaying'ono. Njirayi imatchedwa Video-Anathandiza Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS). Kuchita koteroko kumayendetsedwa ndi ululu wocheperako, ndipo njira yokonzanso pambuyo pawo imatha mofulumira.2. Chemotherapy- Chithandizo chachikulu cha odwala ambiri omwe ali ndi khansa ya m'mapapo. Chinsinsi chake chagona pa kumwa mankhwala omwe amawononga ma cell a khansa.3. Chithandizo (chotsimikizika) cha khansa yam'mapapo. Mankhwalawa amazindikira maselo owopsa ndi machitidwe awo ndikuwawononga, amakhudza ntchito zofunika (kukula, kugawa). Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwalawa amasokoneza magazi m'magazi. Chithandizo chowongoleredwa (cholozera) chitha kutumikiridwa monga njira yodziyimira payokha kapena kuphatikiza ndi chemotherapy kuti uthandize kuwonjezera chithandizo.4. Katemera wa immunological pothana ndi khansa yamapapu ndi njira yatsopano komanso yolimbikitsa kwambirioncology yolimbikitsa. Chithandizo choterechi chimakupatsani mwayi wokhazikitsa maselo a chitetezo chathu mthupi kuphatikiza ma cell a khansa ndipo "chandamale" chimakhudza maselo a chotupa.5. Radiotherapy. Kuwotcha kwa chotupacho ndi mtanda wokulirapo wa ma gamma misewu, chifukwa chomwe maselo a khansa amwalira (amaletsa kukula ndi kubereka). Kuchitika ndi njira yakutali kapena yayikulu. Ndi chithandizo chowopsa cha radiation, chotupa chokha komanso zigawo za metastasis yam'madera zimayatsidwa ndi radiation. Radiation therapy imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati khansa yaing'ono ya cell.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Brachytherapy, yotchedwanso radiation therapy, ndi njira yochizira khansa momwe makapisozi okhala ndi zinthu zama radio akumwa mthupi. Njira yothandizira mankhwalawa imachepetsa mphamvu yama radiation pazinthu komanso ziwalo zozungulira, mosiyana ndi ma radiation akunja, pomwe siotupa yokha yomwe imadziwika ndi radiation.Brachytherapy imachitika mu boma la mitundu yayikulu kapena yotsika, pamene ma radioisotope amathandizidwa kwakanthawi kapena mosalekeza (kumapeto, zinthu zama radio zimatha kuchita zomwezo). Mtundu wa chithandizo chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito zimatengera mtundu wa khansa ndi zomwe wodwala aliyense ali nazo. Mlingo wawukulu komanso zokutira kosatha zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ngati lamulo, ku khansa ya Prostate.Yalangizidwa- Khansa ya m'mawere - Khansa ya Prostate - Khansa ya m'mawere - Khansa ya m'mimba - Khansa yaikazi - Khansa ya pakhungu - Khansa yapakhungu

nulladziwonetsere ku magawo oyamba a matenda (kupatula kumavuto).Zoyambitsa ngozi zikuluzikulu ndi izi:     ukalamba - monga lamulo, matendawa amakula mwa azimayi atasiya kusamba, wazaka 50 mpaka 60 (zaka 8 mwa 10);      azimayi oyamba kusamba (mpaka zaka 12) ndi mochedwa kusamba (atatha zaka 52);      kusuta      kunenepa      kumwa mankhwala osabereka;      polycystic;      endometriosis (kuchuluka kwachulukidwe kamkati ka chiberekero);cholowa (chibadwa) - kukhalapo kwa abale apamtima a ovarian, chifuwa, kapena khansa ya m'matumbo.Amayi omwe alibe ana ndipo sanakhalepo akuyamwitsa amakhalanso pachiwopsezo.Magawo ndi mitundu ya khansa yamchiberekeroPali magawo anayi:    Pa siteji yoyamba, chotupa chimapezeka m'mimba imodzi kapena ziwiri. Matendawa amatsimikiza, mankhwalawa ndi abwino, odwala ambiri amapita kuchikhululukiro popanda kubweza matendawo.    Pa siteji yachiwiri, chikondwererocho chimafalikira kumadera ena. Ponseponse, ndipo panthawiyi, zonenedweratu ndi zabwino, malingana ndi ziwerengero pazaka zisanunullmalingana ndi kuchuluka kwa zipsera:    kalasi A (chotupa chochepa) - chotupa chomwe chikukula pang'onopang'ono, maselo okhala ndi zosankha zazing'ono (zosiyanitsidwa kwambiri);     kalasi B (kuvulaza pakati) - kutanthauzira kochulukira kwa maselo otupa poyerekeza ndi kusiyanasiyana;     kalasi C (chotupa chachikulu) - chotupa chikukula msanga, maselo otsika kwambiri.Ovarian Khansa MankhwalaKuphatikiza mankhwala nthawi zambiri kumaphatikiza njira zopangira opaleshoni (opareshoni) ndi chemotherapy.OpaleshoniMonga lamulo, pochita opaleshoni ya khansa yamchiberekero, ziwalo zonse zophatikizika, machubu a fallopian ndi chiberekero, ma lymph node oyandikira ndi mapangidwe a minofu ya adipose pamimba yam'mimba imachotsedwa,komwe khansa idafalikira.Ngati mayi wachichepere amatha kudziwa matendawa kumayambiriro kwake (pagawo 1), nthawi zina kuchitira opaleshoni modekha kumachitika ndikuchotsa chubu chamchiberekero ndi mbali imodzi. Kuphatikiza pa chakuti kudalirika kwa machiritso mu nkhaniyi ndi kwabwino, izi zimakupatsani chiyembekezo chokhala ndi pakati.Kuti muchepetse kuvutika mtima komanso chiwopsezo cha zovuta, komanso zolinga zodzikongoletsa, opaleshoni ya khansa yamchiberekero imatha kuchitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Robot da Vinci yanzeru.ChemotherapyChemotherapy yokhala ndi khansa yamchiberekedwe nthawi zambiri imayikidwa pambuyo pa opaleshoni ngati gawo la zovuta. Mankhwala nthawi zambiri amaperekedwamu mtsempha kapena molunjika m'mimba, kuphatikiza njira izi kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito.M'magawo apambuyo, chemotherapy ikhoza kusankhidwa ngati njira yayikulu yothandizira.Chithandizo cha poizoniyuNthawi zina (kupweteka kwambiri, magazi ochokera ku chotupa), ma radiation yakunja kapena brachytherapy (radiation yokhudzana ndi mankhwalawa) imaphatikizidwa mu njira yochizira khansa yamchiberekero.Kubwezeretsa pambuyo chithandizoNdi njira yokhazikika yochiritsira, kuchira kwathunthu pambuyo pochizira khansa yamchiberekero mwa amayi kumatenga milungu isanu ndi umodzi. Ngati chiberekero chachotsedwa, mkati mwa masabata 3-4 ndikofunikira kusiya kugonana. Nthawi zina, dokotala angakulembeni mahomoni ndi vitamini D.

Wodwala akapezeka ndi chotupa cha khansa ndipo amupeza, amamuthandizira. Uku ndikukambirana ndi dotolo pomwe njira yakukambirana ikukambidwa.Wodwala akapezeka ndi chotupa cha khansa ndipo amupeza, amamuthandizira. Uku ndikukambirana ndi dotolo pomwe njira yakukambirana ikukambidwa. Katswiri wa oncologist azichita. Adzakuwuzani zonse zomwe muyenera kudziwa zokhudza matenda anu komanso chithandizo chake. Kutalika, zotsatira zoyipa, zotsatira zomwe akuyembekeza, komanso chiyembekezo chanu. Mwachilengedwe, mutha kufunsa wophunzirawo mafunso anu onse.Nthawi yamankhwalaYalangizidwa    Khansa

Chinthu choyamba chomwe odwala ndi mayi aliyense ayenera kudziwa pokhudzana ndi khansa ya m'mawere (monga, momwe ziliri ndi mtundu uliwonse wa khansa): lero lino si chiganizo, gawo loyambirira la matendawa, limwopseza mwayi wogonjetsa khansa kwathunthu. Ngakhale m'magawo apambuyo pake, pali mipata yambiri komanso yambiri yolimbana ndi matendawa chifukwa cha njira zamakono zosinthira chithandizo (onani pansipa).Ndani ali pachiwopsezo? Khansa ya m'mawere ndi vuto loipitsitsa lomwe limapezeka pafupifupi mwa akazi khumi. Khansa ya m'mawere imatha kupezeka ali ndi zaka zilizonse, koma zikafika zaka 65, ndiye kuti chiwopsezochochotupa mapangidwe ndi 6 kuchulukirapo kuposa kale. Ofufuzawo anazindikira izi zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa:1) cholowa cholemetsa: ngati achibale, makamaka akakhala ndi amayi, apezeka ndi khansa ya m'mawere, ziwalo zoberekera za amayi, komanso matenda ena a oncological, ndiye kuti chiopsezo chokhala ndi khansa ya m'mawere chikuwonjezeka;2) kumayambiriro kwa kusamba (mpaka zaka 12) komanso kutha kwa msambo (pambuyo pa zaka 55);3) osabereka, nthawi yoyamba kubadwa (pambuyo pa zaka 30), kuchepa kwa mkaka kapena nthawi yochepa yoyamwitsa, pambuyo pake;4) moyo wosagonana wogonana;5) kuvulala kwa gland;6) matenda a "dishormonalmammary gland hyperplasia ”;7) kunenepa kwambiri;8) kukanika kwa chithokomiro;9) kusintha kwa mahomoni.Zizindikiro za Khansa ya M'mawere Muzochitika zachipatala, chotupa mu chithokomiro cha mammary nthawi zambiri chimapezeka ndi mzimayi kapena mkazi, zomwe zimachitikanso. Chotupa chija chitha kuwoneka pakufufuzidwa ndi a mammologist, gynecologist, opaleshoni, kapena kungakhale mwangozi pofufuza mayeso.Zizindikiro ziti    kuphatikiza pakumvetsetsa kwamaphunziro m'mawere, mayi amatha kuwona kusintha kwa nsonga zake: zilonda zam'mimba, kuzimiririka, kuwona kuchokera ku nsonga zamabele. Uwu ndi nthawi yolankhula ndi dokotala nthawi yomweyo!     pambuyo pake magawo angapokufooka okulira, kuwonongeka kwa thanzi, kutsokomola, kupuma movutikira, kupweteka kwa mafupa kumatha kuchitika.Chithandizo cha Khansa ya M'mawere Chithandizo cha khansa ya m'mawere chimachitika m'magawo angapo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. Njira zitatu zazikulu zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano:Mankhwala antitumor mankhwala.Pali mitundu ingapo ya mankhwalawa, yomwe ndi:* chemotherapy: Pankhaniyi, mankhwala omwe cholinga chake ndi kuwononga maselo a chotupa amagwiritsidwa ntchito;* mankhwala a mahomoni, ndiye kuti, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amachitika mu chotupa ndi m'thupi;* Chithandizo cholunjika ndi njira yatsopano, njira yomwe mankhwala "amawongolera" pazomwe zimapangitsa maselo a chotupa ndikuchita mosamalitsa wathanziminofu yaumunthu;* Immunotherapy ndiye njira yatsopano kwambiri, yomwe masiku ano pamakamponi apadziko lonse a oncologists amatchedwa imodzi mwanjira zapamwamba komanso zolimbikitsira zolimbana ndi khansa zamitundu mitundu. Chinsinsi cha immunotherapy ndichopangira mwapadera maselo chitetezo cha wodwalayo. Chifukwa cha ukadaulo wawo wapadera, amasintha kukhala chida champhamvu chomwe chimatha kuzindikira ndikuwonongeratu maselo a khansa.Pozindikira khansa ya m'mawere, chithandizo chamankhwala othandizira ndi chithandizo cha radiation imagwiritsidwanso ntchito.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Khansa ya chiwindi ndi matenda oopsa okhala ndi anthu ambiri omwalira. Pambuyo pakuwoneka ngati neoplasm, zotsatira zakupha zitha kupezeka patatha miyezi yochepa. Oncology imatha kuchitika mu lobes a chiwindi kapena bile ducts. Chotupacho chimadziwika chifukwa chachulukidwe komanso mapangidwe a metastase, komanso chidziwitso chochepa chamankhwala. Mukamazindikira, gawo la matendawa limakhazikika. Pali zinayi kwathunthu, gululi limatengera mawonekedwe a morphological, chotupa malo ndi kuwonongeka kwake:Woyamba (I). Chotupacho chimatha kukhala chamitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma mkati mwa thupi, mulibe kumera m'matumbo, ma lymph node ndiziwalo zina. Ntchito imagwira ntchito mokwanira. Kumayambiriro, zizindikiro zoyambirira za khansa ya chiwindi ndi kutopa, kufooka, kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito komanso kusapeza bwino kumtunda kwa dzanja lamanja. Pakupita milungu ingapo, pamakhala kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa chiwindi.Wachiwiri (II). Mapangidwewo amawonjezeka mpaka masentimita 5, pomwe kumverera kwa kulemera ndi kuwawa kapena kupweteka m'mimba kumawonjezeredwa ndi zomwe zilipo. Poyamba, zopweteka zimawoneka modabwitsa panthawi yolimbitsa thupi, kenako zimakhala zowonjezereka komanso zosalekeza. Mu gawo lachiwiri, pali zizindikiro za kugaya chakudya, monga kutaya mtima, kugona, nseru,kusanza, kutsegula m'mimba. Wodwalayo amayamba kuchepa thupi msanga.Chachitatu (III). Kukula koipa kumakula, zina zofunika kuzimitsa maselo a m'matumbo zimawonekera. Khansa imadziwika kwambiri pamenepa chifukwa izi zikuwonekera.Pali magawo atatu a matendawa:    IIIa. Chotupacho chimafalikira m'mphepete mwa chiwindi ndipo chimakula kwambiri. Kumera kumachitika m'mitsempha yayikulu, koma palibe kufalikira kwa ziwalo zakutali ndi ma lymph node.    IIIb. Kuphatikizika kwa maselo owopsa ndi ziwalo zam'mimba zomwe zimayang'aniridwa komanso mawonekedwe amkati a chiwindi amawonedwa. Musati ayichikhodzodzo.    IIIc. Chiwindi chimakhudzidwa kwambiri, ndikufalikira kwa ma lymph node. Ntchito ya chiwalo imalephera, yomwe imakhudza mkhalidwe wa thupi. Wodwalayo amakula edema, kachulukidwe kamvekedwe ka khungu, mitsempha ya kangaude, ascites, ndikumverera kwadzaza m'mimba. Ntchito ya endocrine glands imasokonekera ndipo kutentha kwa thupi kumakwera. Kuchepetsa thupi kumakhudzanso kuwongola nkhope komanso kuchepa kwa khungu. Ululu umakhala wolimba komanso wosalekeza. Pakadali pano, nthawi zambiri mumatuluka magazi amphuno komanso amkati.    Wachinayi (IV). Gawo 4 khansa ya chiwindi imaganiziridwaNjira yosasinthika. Ma metastases okhala ndi lymph komanso magazi amayenda mthupi lonse, zomwe zimasokoneza ntchito za ziwalo ndi machitidwe. Pali magawo awiri a khansa ya chiwindi madigiri 4:    IVA Kuwonongeka kwa chiwalo chonse kumadziwika, chotupacho chimakula ndikupanga ziwalo ndi ziwalo zozungulira. Mu ziwalo zakutali, metastases siipezeka.     IVB. Ziwalo zonse ndi machitidwe zimakhudzidwa ndi maselo owopsa. Pali ma neoplasms angapo osiyanasiyana. Khansa ya chiwindi 4 ya khansa yokhala ndi metastases imayendera limodzi ndi kuchepa kwamitsempha m'matumbo, kudzimbidwa, kupweteka kwambiri, kusakhazikika m'maganizo, kusintha kwadzidzidzi, kuwonongeka kwakukulu.kulemera, kuchuluka kwamimba pamimba. Ngati mungayang'ane zithunzi za odwala omwe ali ndi khansa ya chiwindi 4Oncology imadzichiritsa bwino pazamankhwala oyamba, ndiye kuti sizothekanso kuchiritsa. Oncologists amatha kuperekera chithandizo chamankhwala kuti muchepetse vutoli komanso kuthetsa kupweteka kwambiri.Atafunsidwa kuti amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji ndi khansa ya chiwindi 4, palibe yankho limodzi. Chilichonse chimadalira kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka ndi momwe wodwalayo amathandizira pochira.ChithandizoWodwala ndi malo omwe amakhala nawo nthawi zonse amakhalankhawa ngati khansa ya chiwindi ikuchiritsidwa kapena ayi? Funso limatha kuyankhidwa ndi adokotala omwe amapezeka, omwe ali ndi chidziwitso pazotsatira za mayeso ndi kufufuza mayeso. Mukamasankha njira yothandizira khansa ya chiwindi, muyenera:   - kukula kwa chotupa;    - chitukuko cha maphunziro;    - kuchuluka kwa zowonongeka;    - chotupa ntchito;    - kukhalapo kwa metastases;    - zomwe zimachitika wodwalayo.Njira zotsatirazi zochiritsira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muchepetse kukula kwa chotupa, kuyambiranso kwake ndikuwonjezera chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo mu chiwindi cha oncology:    Mankhwala.Kwa wodwalaNexavar ndi Sorafenib ndi mankhwala, omwe amagwira ntchito omwe amakhala ndi poizoni m'maselo omwe akhudzidwa. Chifukwa cha zotsatira zoyang'ana pamaphunziro, zimakhala bwino kuti ziwonongeke bwino. Chemotherapy yachikhalidwe pafupifupi siyithandiza khansa ya chiwindi.Chithandizo cha poizoniyu.Kugwiritsa ntchito ma x-ray mu milingo yayikulu kumathandizira kuti chotupacho chichepetse, kuchepetsa ululu komanso kusamutsa matendawo kuti akhululukidwe. Yoyenera kuthandizira pa oncology nthawi iliyonse.    KuchotsaNjira iyi ndikuwonongeka kwa neoplasm pobweretsa ethanol mu chotupa, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma radiation a microwave, mafunde amphamvu a radio, ndi cryodestruction. Chithandizo popanda opaleshonipa chiwindi ndi oncology imapereka zotsatira zabwino ngati chotupa chili ndi awiri osakwana 3 cm.    Kutupa kwa mtima.Chifukwa cha kuyambitsidwa kwa mankhwala apadera m'mitsempha ya chiwindi, mwayi wofika magazi ku neoplasm umatsekedwa, potero umapangitsa kuchepa kwake. Njirayi imathandizira zotupa zomwe zimakhala ndi mulifupi mwake mpaka masentimita 5. Nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi ablation, chemotherapy ndi radiation therapy.Kodi khansa ya chiwindi ingachiritsidwe pochita opaleshoni? Nthawi zambiri, chithandizo cha opaleshoni chimakulolani kuyang'ana mtsogolo molimba mtima. Kuchotsa kwa tumor kapena kufalikira kwa chiwindi kumachulukitsa mwayi wa wodwalayokukhululuka kwanthawi yayitali. Momwe ma opaleshoni othandizira amathandizira ndi chotupa chogwira ntchito, ma metastase amodzi amodzi komanso kusapezeka kwa zotupa za oncological kunja kwa chiwindi. Momwe mungachiritsire khansa ya chiwindi ngati chotupa sichikugwira ntchito? Pankhaniyi, kuyambitsa kwa cytostatics mwachindunji m'matumbo akuluakulu a chiwindi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowononga zomwe tafotokozazi.Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti palibe zozizwitsa zochizira khansa ya chiwindi, koma nthawi zonse muyenera kukhulupirira kuchira. Atafunsidwa ngati khansa ya chiwindi imachiritsidwa, nthawi zambiri, oncenc amayankha bwino. Mu chipatala chathu, gulu la madokotala ochezeka omwe ali ndi magulu azachipatala apamwamba kwambiri komanso maudindo asayansi amathandizira kupeza thanzi.

Khansa ya Prostate ndiyo khansa yachitatu kwambiri pakati pa amuna ku Russia pambuyo pa khansa yam'mapapu komanso khansa yam'mimba. Amapezeka m'modzi mwa amuna khumi ndi asanu opitilira zaka 40. Chaka chilichonse padziko lapansi, zotupa zoyipa za prostate zimapezeka mwa anthu miliyoni, ndipo pafupifupi mmodzi mwa atatuwo amafa chifukwa cha matenda amtunduwu.Kodi khansa ya prostate imayamba bwanji?Amadziwika kuti izi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa mahomoni, kuzungulira kwa majini, kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi komanso kutengera kwa zina, gawo lomwe silinakhazikitsidwe kwathunthu. Kuyambira pomwe khansa yoyambamaselo musanayambike zizindikiro zomwe zimatsogolera bambo kukakumana ndi dokotala nthawi zambiri zimatenga zaka zingapo. Pazifukwa izi, nthawi zambiri wodwala amawonedwa ndi oncologist yemwe ali ndi chotupa chosasiyidwa, chambiri chomwe chimakhala chovuta kuchiritsa. Pazonse, ndi chizolowezi kusiyanitsa magawo anayi a kansa ya prostate:Gawo 1 limadziwika ndi kukula kochepa kwa chotupacho, kusakhudzidwa kwa ma lymph node mu pathological process (maselo a khansa amatha kufika kumeneko ndi zotumphukira za m'mimba) komanso thanzi la wodwalayo. Monga lamulo, pakadali pano, khansa ya prostate imapezeka mwamwayi - panthawi yochizira matenda ena a gland. Matenda a wodwalayo ndi abwino,nullnullpindulani ndi chithandizo chamankhwala chofatsa chomwe chidzakulitsa moyo ndikuchepetsa zovuta za wodwalayo, ngakhale sizithandiza kuthana ndi khansa.Prostate Khansa MankhwalaMomwe mankhwala a khansa ya prostate amayendera samangotengera gawo la matendawo. Mtundu wa chotupa ndi wofunikira - umatsimikiziridwa ndi biopsy, kutenga zitsanzo zingapo za minofu ndikuwunika pansi pa maikulosikopu. Mitundu ina ya khansa - mwachitsanzo polymorphic cell carcinoma ya prostate gland - imakonda kukula mwachangu, kukula kwa ena kumayendetsedwa ndi mahomoni. Dokotala wodziwitsa bwino za oncologist amaganizira zochitika zonsezi, komanso malingaliro a wodwalayo, asanatengelingaliro pazamankhwala azachipatala.Udindo wofunikira umaseweredwa ndi zida zam'chipatala. Si chinsinsi kuti matekinoloje ambiri amakono ndi mankhwala sizikupezeka m'malo operekera khansa zapakhomo kapena ali pachiwonetsero. Ndipo njira zapamwamba monga kuchitira opaleshoni ya prostate zimatha kusiyanasiyana, zomwe zimakhudza osati chithandizo chamankhwala, komanso moyo wa wodwalayo.Mankhwala othandiziraTizilombo ta Prostate ndi chinthu chofunikira, koma champhongo chachikulire chimatha kukhala popanda icho. Chifukwa chake, ngati khansa sinafalikire kwa ziwalo komanso minofu yoyandikana, ndipo mkhalidwe wa wodwalayo umalolaopaleshoni, oncologist angavomereze kuti prostatectomy yoopsa kwa mwamunayo - kuchotsa kwa prostate. M'magawo oyamba a matendawa, njirayi imakuthandizani kuti muchira nthawi yayitali (kukhalabe kuchipatala kumatenga pafupifupi masiku 7).Pakadali pano, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti tikulankhula zakusokonekera kwakukulu ndi thupi, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi chiwopsezo cha moyo, komanso zimabweretsa zotsatirapo zosasangalatsa. Chifukwa chake, odwala nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mavuto pokodza kwa miyezi yambiri atachitidwa opaleshoni, amuna opitilira theka amadandaula kuti kutayika kwa erection.Njira yofatsa yochizira khansa ya Prostate ndiyo opaleshoni ya laparoscopic, yomweProstate imachotsedwa pang'onopang'ono - mamilimita ochepa kutalika. Zotsatira zake, chiopsezo cha zovuta za postoperative chimachepetsedwa, ndipo njirayo imaloledwa ndi wodwalayo mosavuta.KhalidNjira ina yothandizira pakuchita opaleshoni yachikhalidwe imatha kukhala prostate chotupa cryosurgery. Njira imeneyi imagwira ntchito poyambira matenda, khansa ikadapitirira ziwalo. Pakudzinyenga, singano zapadera zimayikidwa mu Prostate kudzera mwa wodwalayo, momwe maArmonon kapena nitrogen amalowa. Kutentha kochepa kumawononga minyewa ya ndulu, ndipo adotolo, pogwiritsa ntchito ultrasound, amawongolera kuti zotsatira zake sizikuwononga ziwalo zoyandikana. Zotsatira zake, chitsulosayenera kufufutidwa (ngakhale ntchito zake zikuphwanyidwa mosagwirizana). M'zaka zaposachedwa, cryosurgery yakhala ikuperekedwa monga chithandizo chachikulu cha khansa ya Prostate, yomwe ili yoyenera kwa azaka zonse.MawailesiChimodzi mwamagawo odziwika bwino a chithandizo cha khansa ya Prostate. Zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito kachitidwe ka cyber-Knife. Njirayi imakhazikitsidwa ndi mtengo wozungulira wa chotupa, chomwe chimatsogolera kuchiwonongeko chake komweko ndikusunga umphumphu wa zimakhala zoyandikana. Ubwino wofunikira wa njirayi ndi kupweteka kotheratu komanso kuvulala: Potsatira njirayi, wodwala amatha kupita kuchipatala.RadiotherapyNgati chotupa chija ndi chaukali kapena chakula kuposa Prostate,komanso ngati wodwalayo ali wofooka kwambiri kuti achite opareshoni, zida zogwiritsira ntchito poizoniyu zimatha kukhala njira ina m'malo mwake. Choyamba, ma X-ray amapha maselo ogawanika mwachangu - ndipo maselo a khansa amakonda kukula kosalamulirika. Chifukwa chake, munthawi yama radiotherapy, chotupa chimachepa, ndipo minyewa yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi maselo opweteketsa "imatsukidwa".Radiation chithandizo imatchulidwa ngati njira ina yoperekera chithandizo, komanso ngati chowonjezera pakugwira ntchito: isanayambe kapena itatha kulowererapo. Titha kulankhula za radiotherapy yakunja (wodwalayo atagona pansi pa emitter) ndi chithandizo cha radiation chamkati, litizida zapadera zama radio zimayambitsidwa m'thupi la wodwalayo.Chithandizo cha radiation yakunja ilinso ndi mitundu yake. Oncologists amafuna kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa ma radiation pazizimba zathupi, motero amayesa kuwongolera kuwala kwa chotupa mu chotupa moyenera momwe angathere. Amathandizidwa ndi njira monga 3D chinsinsi cha radiation therapy, modated mwamphamvu radiation therapy (IMRT), stereotoxic radiation tiba (SBRT), ndi proton radiation therapy. Iliyonse mwanjirazi ili ndi zabwino komanso zoyipa. Radiotherapy nthawi zambiri imayambitsa kusokonezeka pokodza pokodza komanso kusokonekera kwa erectile.Therapy ya radiation yamkati (brachytherapy) imachulukitsa kwambiri mphamvu ya poizoniyu pochepetsamtunda kuchokera kumagwero ake kupita ku maselo a khansa. Ma grayle oopsa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira njirayi amakhala ndi ayodini wa radioactive, palladium ndi mankhwala ena omwe amatha kugwira ntchito pazinthu zazitali kwa nthawi yayitali. Kutengera ndi njirayi, ma granles amenewa amatha kukhala m'thupi kwa miyezi yambiri (brachytherapy mosalekeza) kapena pokhapokha pakumwa mankhwala (osakhalitsa a brachytherapy).ChemotherapyChemotherapy imagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga lamulo, pamavuto omwe khansa imafalikira m'thupi lonse, motero muyenera kuthana ndi matendawa padziko lonse lapansi. Mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza zotupa za prostate yoyipa amalembedwera maphunziro, kutsatira zotsatira za mankhwala ndi kukulitsa mavuto.Othandizira a chemotherapeutic samakhala ndi vuto osati khansa yokha, komanso zimakhala ndi thanzi. Chifukwa chake, odwala omwe amachitidwapo chithandizo chotere nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi vuto logaya chakudya m'thupi, kufooka, kuchepera tsitsi komanso matenda opatsirana.Mankhwala olimbitsa thupiChithandizo chamtunduwu ndicholinga chothandiza chitetezo cha wodwalayo. Maselo a khansa ndi achilendo kwa thupi lathu, koma chifukwa cha zida zapadera zogwiritsira ntchito, amatha kuthana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi.Kukonzekera chitetezo chamthupi kumapangidwa payekhapayekha - mu labotale, m'magazi a wodwalayo "amaphunzitsidwa" kuti azindikire chotupa, kenaka katemera woperekedwayo amayambitsidwa m'thupi. Tsoka ilo, oncologists sanathebe kukwaniritsa zapamwambaKugwiritsa ntchito njirayi, nthawi zambiri, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira, komanso kumapeto kwa matendawo.Hormone chithandizo cha khansa ya ProstatePopeza kukula kwa chotupa nthawi zambiri kumayambitsidwa ndi zochitika za mahomoni ogonana amuna, mu magawo apamwamba a khansa ya Prostate, madokotala amatha kukupatsirani mankhwala omwe amateteza kaphatikizidwe ka zinthuzi. Nthawi zambiri timalankhula za kuyang'anira kwazamankhwala nthawi zonse. Chithandizo choterechi chimatanthawuza kuperekera kuchipatala: Kugonana kumagwiranso ntchito komwe kunachokera. Kuphatikiza ndi njira zina - mwachitsanzo, radiotherapy - kutenga mahomoni kungapangitse kuchira kwathunthu kwa odwala omwe akuphatikizidwa mu Prostatomyomy yokhazikika. Nthawi yomweyokuponyedwa kuchipatala ndikusintha - mankhwala atasiya.Njira zakuchizira khansa ya Prostate ndizosiyanasiyana, ndipo chaka chilichonse pamakhala chidziwitso panjira zatsopano. Mwanjira ina, palibe milandu yopanda chiyembekezo pamene mankhwala alibe mphamvu zothandizira wodwala. Ndikofunikira kupeza dokotala yemwe amasankha njira yothandizirana mozama. Osataya mtima - kupambana kwa khansa kuli kwambiri kwa inu.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Pafupifupi, kusintha kwa precancer kukhala chotupa cha khansa kumatenga zaka ziwiri mpaka 15. Kusintha kwotsatira kuyambira gawo loyambirira la khansa kupita komaliza kumatha zaka 1-2.Khansa ya khomo lachiberekero ndi chotupa chowopsa, chomwe malinga ndi ziwerengero zamankhwala pakati pa matenda a oncological omwe amapezeka pakati pa kugonana koyenera, chimatenga malo achinayi (pambuyo pa khansa yam'mimba, khungu ndi ma gonia a mammary).Gwero la khansa ya khomo pachibelekeropo ndi maselo abwinobwino omwe amaphimba khomo pachibelekeropo. Zoposa 600,000 zotupa izi zimapezeka pachaka.odwala. Ngakhale khansa yamchiberekero imakonda kupezeka pakati pa zaka 40-60, koma, mwatsoka, posachedwa idakula kwambiri.Chithandizo cha khansa ya khomo lachiberekero chimaphatikizidwa ndikuphatikiza opaleshoni, chemotherapy ndi radiation. Munthawi zonsezi, chithandizo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito payekhapayekha, zimatengera gawo la matendawa, matenda oyanjana, momwe khomo lachiberekero limakhalira, komanso kukhalapo kwa matenda opatsirana pakalipano.Pakupanga opaleshoni, chotupa chimatha kuchotsedwa ndi mbali ina ya khomo pachibelekeropo, kuchotsa chotupa chijakhomo pachibelekeropo, ndipo nthawi zina ndi chiberekero lokha. Nthawi zambiri, opareshoni imathandizidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa ma lymph node a pelvis (ngati maselo a khansa atha kuzolowera). Nkhani yakuchotsa kwamchiberekero nthawi zambiri imasankhidwa payekhapayekha (kumayambiriro kwa khansa m'mayi achichepere, thumba losunga mazira limatha kusungidwa).Pambuyo pa opaleshoni, ngati kuli kotheka, odwala amapatsidwa mankhwala a radiation. Kuchiza ndi ionizing radiation kumatha kuphatikiza chithandizo cha opaleshoni, ndipo amatha kuperekedwa padera. Pochiza khansa ya khomo lachiberekero, chemotherapy, mankhwala apadera omwe amaletsa kukula angagwiritsidwe ntchito.ndi khansa kugawanika. Tsoka ilo, kuthekera kwa chemotherapy kwa matendawa ndizochepa.Kupambana kwamankhwala othandizira khansa ya khomo pachifuwa kumadalira msinkhu wa wodwalayo, kulondola kwa kusankha kwa mankhwalawo, ndipo koposa zonse, pakudziwitsa matendawo. Khansa ya khomo lachiberekero ikapezeka kumayambiriro kwake, matendawa ndi abwino kwambiri ndipo matendawa amatha kuchiritsidwa ndi njira zopangira opaleshoni yokha.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

nullmankhwala ndi mankhwala a radiation chikugwirizana ndi opareshoni. Kusankha kwa chitsogozo chotsogola kumayendetsedwa ndi kukula ndi komwe chotupacho, mkhalidwe wa wodwalayo komanso matenda oyanjana nawo.Ndi chotupa chochepa kwambiri chomwe sichimamera mucosa, ndiye kuti mucosa yokhayo yomwe imapangidwa ndi gastroscope, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala bwino.Pa siteji I - II ya khansa, gawo lina lam'mphepete limachotsedwa, chilema chimadzaza gawo lamatumbo kapena chubu chimapangidwa kuchokera m'mimba. Masiku ano ndizotheka kugwiritsa ntchito zida za endoscopic pantchito izi.Ndi kufalikira kwa chotupacho m'matumbo a minofu ndikuwonjezerapo, opareshoni imachitidwanso, koma izinullNthawi zina chemoradiotherapy amachitika ndi osakwanira opaleshoni. Chemotherapy ikhoza kuchitika ngati opaleshoni singatheke, pamene chotupa ndi chachikulu kwambiri, kapena ndi chotupa chochepa, koma ndi contraindication wamba opaleshoni. Munjira yosasamala iyi, kupulumuka kumafanana ndi chithandizo cha opaleshoni. Pamaso pa fistulas, chemoradiotherapy siyotheka. Chemotherapy ikhoza kukhala yovuta chifukwa cha kutupa kwamphamvu kwa mucous membrane wa esophagus, komwe kumafunikira chakudya kudzera ndi dontho.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.

Ndemanga:Liposuction ndi njira yochitira opaleshoni yochotsa mafuta pansi pakhungu. Ndondomeko amachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito katswiri wopyapyala. Ultrasound imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphwanya mafuta pazida zina. Liposuction imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana za thupi, kuphatikiza pamimba, m'chiuno, mwendo wapansi, mikono, matako, kumbuyo, khosi ndi nkhope. Kutalika kwakukulu kukakhala kunja: 1 milunguKutengera ndi dera lomwe lakhudzidwalo komanso kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe achotsedwa, liposuction imatha kuonedwa ngati ntchito yofatsa kapena yamphamvu.

Zomwe muyenera kudziwa pokhudzana ndi njira yolimbitsira thupi ngati mukufuna kuchita IVF?Kwa mabanja ambiri, IVF ndiyo njira yokha yokhala ndi mwana yemwe akuyembekezeredwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Ndondomeko yamtundu wanji, ndiotetezeka, kukonzekera IVF kumayenda bwanji ndipo ndalama zingati?Chinsinsi cha njira ya IVFIVF ndi njira ya umuna kunja kwa thupi: mazira ndi umuna amachotsedwa m'thupi, umuna umachitika mu labotale. Kenako mazira okhathamirawa amaikidwa mu chofungatira kwa masiku 5-6 ndipo mothandizidwa ndi magawo obzalidwa chiberekero.Zizindikiro zakusankhidwaIVF ikuwonetsedwa mu zochitika zambiri za kusabereka: •pamwambapa, nthawi zambiri ndizopangidwa ndi ukadaulo wothandiza.ICSI - kuyambitsa umuna mu dzira pogwiritsa ntchito singano yopyapyala. Zachitika ngati •labotale zinthu. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kukondoweza kulephera. Amapewa kukondoweza kwa mahomoni.Kuthandizidwa kumalumikizidwa ndi ukadaulo womwe umathandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mluza kulowa m'chiberekero. Mluza umazunguliridwa ndi chipolopolo chocheperako, chomwe chimawonongedwa asanamilidwe.Kukonzekera IVF, kuchita ndendende ndikuwunikira pambuyo pa IVFKukonzekera IVF kumatenga pafupifupi milungu iwiri ndipo kumakhala ndi mayeso kwa okwatirana. Pulogalamu ya IVF nthawi zambiri imaphatikizapo: •nullNgati IVF sichikupereka zotsatira zoyenera, maanja ena amatembenukira ku ntchito za amayi omwe ali ndi mayi wongobwera kumene.M'mayiko ena, kuphatikiza maulamuliro ndi koletsedwa ndi malamulo, koma kuli mayiko omwe ma surrogacy amafunikira kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, ku Kazakhstan.Masiku ano ku Russia, Kazakhstan ndi maiko ena a CIS, ndizotheka kuchita IVF kwaulere ndi mtundu uliwonse wa kusabereka.Siyani pempho patsamba lathu ndipo akatswiri athu adzakupezani ndi kukuthandizani kusankha chipatala chabwino kwambiri malinga ndi vuto lanu.