I-Privatklinik Döbling (Vienna)

Isifakelo samazinyo yisikulu esincane esigoqiwe emhlathini ukuze sibuyisele izinyo lemvelo. Isebenza njengezimpande zezinyo futhi ekugcineni inamathela ngokuqinile kuthambo lemvelo.Imvamisa, ukufakwa kufakelwa emhlathini futhi ezinyangeni eziyi-1.5-6 kutholakala izimpande ngaphakathi kwawo, kuhlanganiswe nakho. Ngakho-ke, ipholisa ngaphandle kokubekwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi ngenxa yokuhlafuna, okunciphisa ubungozi bokufakelwa kokungaphiliswa. Ngemuva kokuthi ukufakelwa kufakwe, udokotela wamazinyo wenza umbono we-dentition ukwenza umqhele, azowubeka ngaphezuluukufakwa nokuhlafunwa (isixhumi sabo).Ngokuya ngobukhulu bomhlathi wesibeletho kanye nezinye izimo, isikhathi phakathi kokufakwa kokufakwa nokufakwa kwe-prosthesis yaphakade kuhlukile esimweni ngasinye. Eminye imitholampilo ithi amaviki ayi-6 enele, kwamanye abekwa amazinyo amasha zonke ezinye izinsuku, kusetshenziswa ukufakwa ngokushesha okufana neStraumann.Isifakelo samazinyo singasetshenziswa ukufaka izinyo elilodwa noma njengesici sokufakelwa kwalo lonke uhlaka lwamazinyo. Endabeni yama-prostheses aphelele kokufakwa kwe-4 namanye amabhuloho futhiamazinyo angamanga asuselwa kokufakelwa kusetshenziswa ama-prostheses akhiwe ngephethini ethile, esekela yonke i-arch yamazinyo (aze afike kumazinyo ayi-10 noma ayi-12).Izimila zamazinyo zisetshenziswa ezigulini ezingaphuthelwa amazinyo zifuna ikhambi elihlala njalo, elizovumela ukuthi bazizwe beqiniseka ngokubukeka kwabo, kanye nekhono lokudla nokukhuluma ngokunethezeka.Imvamisa, ukufakelwa kufakwa emhlathini bese kuvunyelwa ukuphulukisa (futhi kuhlanganiswe ngokwedlulele noma kwe-osseointegrate) phakathi kwamasonto ayi-6 kuya kwezinyanga ezi-6.Lokhu kuvumela okokufaka ukuphulukisa ngaphandle kokucindezela ekuhlafuneni futhi kunciphise nengozi yokwehluleka ukufakwa. Lapho ukufakwa sekuphephile, udokotela wamazinyo uzothatha umbono wokuthi umlomo wakhe umqhele wokuhlala ngaphezulu kokufakwa nomngcele (isixhumi, phakathi kwezimbili).Isikhathi esidingekayo phakathi kokubekwa kokufakelwa nokusetshenziswa kwe-prosthesis yokugcina kungahlukahluka ngokuhlukile, kususelwa kubuncane bemihlathi yomhlathi nezinye izinto eziguqukayo. Eminye imitholampilo ibika ukuthi amaviki ayi-6 enele, kanti eminye imitholampilo inikezela ngamazinyo amasha ngosuku usebenzisa izinhlelo ezifanaIzimila zamazinyo ze-Instant Straumann.Isifakelo samazinyo singasetshenziswa ukusekela izinyo elilodwa, kepha futhi singaba yingxenye yokubuyiselwa okuphelele komlomo. Izinketho ezinjenge-All-4 nezinye Amabhuloho Wamazinyo Asetshenziswayo Osetshenziselwa Ukusetshenziselwa Okwenziwayo asebenzisa izifakelo zamazinyo eziningana zokubeka i-arch ephelele (kuze kube ngamazinyo ayi-10 noma ayi-12).InconyelweIzimila zamazinyo zinconywa uma kwenzeka kulahleka kwamazinyo, lapho kudingeka ikhambi laphakade elizonikeza isiguli ukuzethemba ngokubukeka kwaso, kuzobavumela ukuba badle futhi bakhulume ngaphandle kokucindezela.

Ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukubheka (isheke) noma ukuhlolwa, kusuka ekuhlolweni kwesiNgisi, ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwempilo yeziguli. Ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kungasiza ekuboneni izinkinga zempilo zisencane, noma kungakenzeki ngaphambi kokuqala kwezimpawu, futhi kungaqinisekisa neziguli ezikhathazekile ngempilo yazo noma ezinezimpawu ezisolisayo.Ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha okujwayelekile (ukuhlolwa) kunconywa ukuba kwenziwe njalo eminyakeni embalwa. Ikakhulu kulezo ziguli ezinokweqileisisindo, imikhuba emibi, noma umlando womndeni wezifo ezifana nesifo senhliziyo, umdlavuza noma isifo sikashukela. Ukuhlolwa kungasiza ekuboneni izinkinga ezifana nomfutho wegazi ophakeme noma isifo senhliziyo sokuqala. Iziguli zizokwazi ukwenza ushintsho oludingekayo endleleni yokuphila nemikhuba, futhi uma kunesidingo, qala ukuthatha imishanguzo, ukuvimbela ukuthuthuka kwezifo okuqhubekayo.Kunezivivinyo eziningi ezahlukahlukene ezingafakwa ohlolweni lwezempilo, kufaka phakathiukuhlolwa kwegazi, ukucabanga ngokuxilonga, ukuhlolwa kwenhliziyo nabanye abaningi. Ukuhlolwa kungahle kufake nokuhlolwa kwegazi kwabamaki be-tumor abamaki wezimpawu zamaseli womdlavuza emzimbeni.Ukuhlolwa kunconyelwa noma ngubani onokungabaza ngesimo sempilo yabo noma onezimpawu ezidinga ukubhekwa njalo.InconyelweUkuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwezokwelapha kunconywa kuzo zonke iziguli, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisengozini enkulu yokuba nezifo ezithile.

Buyekeza:I-Hysterectomy kuwukususa isibeletho. Nge-hysterectomy, kuphela isibeletho esisuswa, noma futhi isibeletho, ama-ovari namashubhu we-fallopian. I-hysterectomy ingenziwa ngokusebenzisa isisu sesibeletho (isisu se-hysterectomy) noma ngokusebenzisa isitho sangasese sowesifazane sangasese sowesifazane. I-hysterectomy ingenziwa njengokuhlinzwa okuvulekile noma ukuhlinzwa kwe-laparoscopic (ukuhlinzwa kwe-arthroscopic). Ama-fibter we-uterine ayimbangela evame kakhulu ye-hysterectomy. Njengoba isikhathi sokuvuselela isikhathi eside kakhulu, ukusebenza kukhonjiswa kuphela ngaphakathiuma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zingaphumelelanga. Ngemuva kwe-hysterectomy, owesifazane uyeka ukuya esikhathini, akakwazi ukuba nezingane, futhi kunqunywe ukwelashwa kwe-hormonal therapy. Isilinganiso sobude bokuhlala phesheya: 1 - 3 amasontoNgemuva kokuhlinzwa, owesimame udinga amaviki ambalwa wokuvuselelwa ngaphambi kokuhamba. Udokotela kufanele aqiniseke ukuthi isimo sesiguli sesizinzile, futhi ukulungele ukuhamba.

Ukutheleleka kwezifoIsithuthwane, esithinta abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50 emhlabeni jikelele, sibanga ingxenye enkulu yomthwalo wezifo emhlabeni jikelele. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ingxenye yesamba senani lonke elinefomu elisebenzayo lokuxhuzula (okungukuthi, ngokubanjwa okuqhubekayo noma isidingo sokwelashwa) ngesikhathi esinikezwe sisuka kwabangu-4 kuye kwabali-10 kubantu abayi-1000. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yolunye ucwaningo emazweni anengeniso ephansi nephakathi iphakamisa ukuthi le ngxenye iphakeme kakhulu - ukusuka kwabayi-7 kuye kwabali-15 kubantu abayi-1000.Kulinganiselwa ukuthi emhlabeni wonke, isithuthwane sitholakala minyaka yonke ngaphakathiAbantu abayizigidi eziyi-2,4. Emazweni angenayo imali ephezulu, inani lamacala amasha alezi zifo asezingeni eliphakeme labantu liphakathi kwamashumi amathathu kuya kwangama-50 kwabangu-100,000. Emazweni ahola kancane futhi aphakathi nendawo, leli nani lingaphakama kabili.Izinga eliphakeme emazweni anengeniso ephansi naphakathi nendawo kungenzeka ukuthi ahlotshaniswe nengozi eyandayo yezifo ezibangelwa umalaleveva ezifana nomalaleveva kanye ne-neurocysticercosis; ukukhuphuka kwamanani okulimala kwabantu omgwaqo; ukulimala kokubeletha, kanye nokwehluka kwengqalasizinda yezokwelapha, ukutholakala kwezinhlelo zokuvimbela nokunakekelwa kwezempilo okungabizi.nullnullnullnullumuthi, ukuhlinzwa kungasiza.UkuvimbelaIsithuthwane se-Idiopathic asivikeleki. Kodwa-ke, ngezimbangela ezaziwayo zesifo sokuwa kwesibili, izindlela zokuthibela zingathathwa.    Ukuvimbela ukulimala kwekhanda kuyindlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokuvimbela ukwanda kwesixakaxaka.     Ukunakekelwa okuphelele kwengqondo kusiza ukunciphisa izehlakalo zesifo sokuwa okuncane ngenxa yokulimala kokubeletha.     Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nezinye izindlela ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba ezinganeni ezinomkhuhlane kunganciphisa amathuba okubanjwa kobunzima.     Ukutheleleka kohlelo lwezinzwa oluyimbangela kuyimbangela evamile yesifo sokuwa ezindaweni ezishisayo laphokunamazwe amaningi athuthukayo. Ukuqedwa kwamagciwane ngaphansi kwalezi zimo nomsebenzi wokufundisa maqondana nokuvimbela ukutheleleka kuyizindlela ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa umthwalo wesifo sokuwa emhlabeni wonke, ngokwesibonelo, isithuthwane ngenxa ye-neurocysticercosis.U-Allhospital angathanda ukuncoma uSolwazi Antonio Russi (Teknon Kiron Clinic, Barcelona), ongomunye wabaholi abaphambili bezokwelapha baseYurophu. NgokukaProfessor Russi, iziguli ezingama-95 kwezingu-100 zikwazi ukuqeda ngokuphelele lesi sifo sokuwa ngemuva kokuthola ukwelashwa okufanele.Shiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.

Buyekeza:Ukwelashwa kweBongo aneurysm inqubo yokuhlinzwa eyenziwa lapho ubungozi bokuqothuka kwe-aneurysm buye buphakeme impela. Isilinganiso sobude bokuhlala phesheya: amavikiIsikhathi esichithwe emtholampilo kuya ngohlobo lwe-aneurysm. Ngama-aneurysm angenayo i-plug, isikhathi sokululama ngemuva kokwelashwa sivame ukufushane kunokuba kuqhume ukukhipha.

Into yokuqala iziguli nawo wonke umuntu wesifazane okudingeka ayazi ngomdlavuza webele (njengoba, ngempela, noma uluphi uhlobo lomdlavuza): namuhla lesi akusona isigwebo, isigaba sangaphambi kwesifo, amathuba aphezulu wokuhlula umdlavuza ngokuphelele. Futhi ezigabeni zakamuva, kunamathuba amaningi futhi amaningi okulwa ngempumelelo nesifo sibonga ukuqala kwezindlela zanamuhla zokuguqula izindlela zokwelapha (bheka ngezansi).Ubani osengozini? Umdlavuza webele yi-neoplasm ebabayo eyenzeka cishe koyedwa kwabesifazane abayishumi. Umdlavuza webele ungatholakala kunoma yimuphi ubudala, kepha ngemuva kweminyaka engama-65 yobudala, ubungoziUkwakheka kwesimila kukhuphuke amahlandla ayi-6 kunangaphambilini. Abaphenyi bakhomba izimbangela ezilandelayo zokukhula kwalesi sifo:1) ifa elisindayo: uma izihlobo, ikakhulukazi ohlangothini lukamama, zitholakale zinomdlavuza webele, izitho zangasese zowesifazane, nezinye izifo ze-oncological, khona-ke ingozi yokuthola umdlavuza webele iyanda;2) ukuqala kokuqala kokuya esikhathini (kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-12) kanye nokuqala kwesikhathi kokuya esikhathini (ngemuva kweminyaka engama-55);I-3) ukungazali inzalo, ukuzalwa kokufika sekwedlule isikhathi (ngemuva kweminyaka engama-30), ukuntuleka kokuqunjelwa yisisu noma isikhathi esifushane sokuncelisa ibele, i-postitis ye-mastitis;4) impilo yobulili engajwayelekile;5) ukulimala kwe-gland ye-mammary;6) ukuxilongwa kwe "dishormonalmammary gland hyperplasia ”;7) ukukhuluphala;8) ukungasebenzi kwegilo;9) ukwelashwa esikhundleni se-hormone.Izimpawu zomdlavuza webele Kwezokwelapha, isimila esiswini sezilwane ezincelisayo ezimweni eziningi sitholwa ngowesifazane noma oshade naye, okwenzeka futhi. Isimila singatholakala lapho kuhlolwa udokotela wezifo ezincelisayo, udokotela wezifo zamehlo, udokotela ohlinzayo, noma ukutholakala ngengozi ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwesibalo.Yiziphi izimpawu okufanele ziqwashise:    ngaphezu kokuzizwa ngemfundo ebeleni, owesifazane angabona izinguquko ezingalweni: ulceration, retraction, ubona kusukela ingono. Lesi yisikhathi sokubonana nodokotela ngokushesha!     ezigabeni zakamuva umakiubuthakathaka obukhulayo, ukuwohloka kwempilo, ukukhwehlela, ukuphefumula kanzima, ubuhlungu bethambo kungenzeka.Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza Webele Ukwelashwa umdlavuza webele kwenziwa ngezigaba eziningana kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene. Izindlela ezintathu eziphambili zisetshenziswa namuhla:Umuthi wokwelapha antitumor.Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokwelapha okunjalo, okungukuthi:* i-chemotherapy: kulokhu, izidakamizwa ezihlose ekubhujisweni kwamaseli e-tumor ziyasetshenziswa;* Ukwelashwa kwama-hormone, okungukuthi, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezicindezela ukusebenza kwe-hormonal kwesimila kanye nomzimba;* Ukwelapha okuqondisiwe kuyinkomba entsha, indlela lapho izidakamizwa “zibukhali” ngomphumela oqondiwe kumaseli we-tumor futhi kakhulu kuthinta abaphilileizicubu zomuntu;* I-Immunotherapy iyinkomba entsha kakhulu, namuhla ezinhlanganweni zamazwe omhlaba ze-oncologists ibizwa ngokuthi enye yezindlela eziphambili kakhulu nezikhuthazayo zokulwa nezinhlobo ezahlukene zomdlavuza. Umongo we-immunotherapy usezinhlelweni ezikhethekile zamaseli omzimba eziguli. Ngenxa yobuchwepheshe babo obuhlukile, baphenduka isikhali esinamandla esingabona futhi sibhubhise ngokunembile amaseli womdlavuza.Ngokuxilongwa komdlavuza webele, ukwelashwa okuhlinzwa nokwelashwa ngemisebe nakho kuyasetshenziswa.Shiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.

Umdlavuza wamalunga Ngokwesilinganiso, kunabantu abathola umdlavuza wamaphaphu abangama-40 kubantu abangu-100 000 emhlabeni, ngaphezu kwalokho, amadoda atholakala nalesi sifo amahlandla aphindwe ka-10 kunabesifazane, kanti inani lezakhamizi zasemadolobheni kuzo zonke izimo liphindwe kaningi kunabantu bendawo. Noma kunjalo, umuthi wanamuhla unesikhali esinamandla sokwelapha lolu hlobo lwe-oncology: ngokufinyelela ngesikhathi okusiza, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ungagcini nje ngokuvimba ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo, kodwa futhi ukhohlwe ngakho kuze kube phakade.Umdlavuzaamaphaphu: iphrofayli lesifo kanye nokuqashelwa kwelashwaCishe abantu abayizigidi ezi-5 babulawa umdlavuza wamaphaphu minyaka yonke emhlabeni. Lolu hlobo lokulimala kwezifo lubizwa nangokuthi yi-bronchogenic carcinoma, noma umdlavuza we-bronchogenic. Isigaxa sivela ku-epithelium eqine ye-mucous membrane ye-bronchi, alveoli ne-epithelium ye-bronchial gland. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-etiology yalesi sifo ayikacaci, izizathu eziyinhloko zokuvela kwayo zibandakanya: ukubhema; ukuchayeka kwi-radon kanye nama-carcinogens athile (amaminerali we-asbestos ayingozi kakhulu emaphashini); izinhlobo ezithile zamagciwane; ukukhuphuka kwenqwaba yezinhlayiya zothuli emoyeni. I-pathogenesis yomdlavuza wamaphaphu ivuliwenullnullamaphaphu.Umdlavuza wamaphaphu wesigaba 1 ubonakala nge-tumor efinyelela kubukhulu obungu-3 cm, ongakangeni manje. I-neoplasm itholakala engxenyeni eyodwa yamaphaphu noma ngaphakathi kwe-bronchus yesigaba.Isigaba 2 - isimila esifinyelela ku-6 cm sitholakala engxenyeni eyodwa yamaphaphu noma ngaphakathi kwe-bronchus engxenyeni ethile. Ama-metastases awodwa kuma-pulmonary kanye ne-bronchopulmonary lymph node ayaqapheleka.Isigaba 3 - isimila esikhudlwana kune-6 cm ngokushintshwa kwe-lobe eseduze yamaphaphu noma ukuhluma kwe-bronchus eseduze noma i-bronchus enkulu. Ama-metastases atholakala ku-bifurcation, tracheobronchial, paratracheal lymph node.4isigaba somdlavuza wamaphaphu saziwa nge-metastases ezinhlelweni ezikude nezitho zomzimba, i-pleurisy kanye / noma i-pericarditis ejoyina. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusebenza kuphela nge-squamous cell carcinoma. Endabeni yomdlavuza omncane weseli, oqala ukukhula ngokushesha, izigaba ezi-2 kuphela ezihlukaniswa. Isigaba sokuqala - isigaba esinqunyelwe - sihambisana nokwenziwa kwamaseli we-pathogenic emaphashini owodwa nezicubu eziseduze. Esigabeni sesibili, isimila sihlangana endaweni engaphandle kwamaphaphu nasezitho ezikude.Ukwelashwa umdlavuza we-lungUkuxilongwa okuhle kwe-pulmonary oncology kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba ukukhethwa kwezindlela zokwelashwa ezifanele kuncike kuyo. Izindlela eziphambiliukungenelela kokuhlinzwa, i-chemo kanye nokwelashwa ngemisebe. Ngenxa yentuthuko esheshayo yobuchwepheshe bezokwelapha, lezi zindlela seziphephe futhi zisebenza ngempumelelo.1. Ukwelashwa kusetshenziselwa i-squamous cell carcinoma. Ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, kususwa lonke ithumbu elinomdlavuza noma ingxenye yalo ehlukile. Umthamo wezicubu osusiwe uncike kuhlobo lwesimila nendawo okuyo. Umkhuba wamanje ekwelashweni komdlavuza wamaphaphu ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezingekho mthethweni, ezikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ikhamera yevidiyo encane. Le ndlela ibizwa nge-Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS). Ukusebenza okunjalo kuhambisana nobuhlungu obukhulu, futhi inqubo yokuvuselela ngemuva kwabo iqhubeka ngokushesha.2. Chemotherapy- Ukwelashwa okuyinhloko kweziguli eziningi ezinomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Umnyombo wayo ulele ekuphuzeni imithi ebhubhisa amaseli womdlavuza.3. Okuhlosiwe (okuhlosiwe) ukwelashwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu. Izidakamizwa ezinjalo zibona amangqamuzana amabi ngezimpawu zawo ezithile futhi azonakalise, zithinta imisebenzi ebalulekile (ukukhula, ukuhlukaniswa). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidakamizwa ezinjalo ziphazamisa ukunikezwa kwegazi esiswini. Ukwelapha okuhlosiwe (okuhlosiwe) kungabekwa njengendlela yokuzimele yokwelashwa noma ngokuhlanganiswa ne-chemotherapy ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa.4. Ukwelashwa nge-immunological ekwelapheni umdlavuza wamaphaphu kuyisiqondiso esisha nesethembisayo ngaphakathii-oncology yokulondolozeka. Ukwelashwa okunjalo kukuvumela ukusetha amaseli amasosha amasosha omzimba wakho ngokumelene namaseli womdlavuza futhi “okubhekiswe” kuthinta kuphela amangqamuzana e-tumor.5. I-Radiotherapy. Ukufakelwa kwesimila ngensimbi enamandla yemisebe ye-gamma, ngenxa yokuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza afa (amisa ukukhula nokukhiqiza kabusha). Kwenziwe ngendlela eyihlane noma ephezulu. Ngokulashwa ngemisebe ecijile, zombili isimila uqobo kanye nezifunda ze-metastasis zezifunda kuvezwa ngemisebe. Ukwelashwa ngemisebe kusetshenziselwa nomdlavuza omncane weseli.Shiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.

Yini okudingeka uyazi mayelana nenqubo yokutshelwa kokufakelwa Uma unquma ukwenza i-IVF?Emibhangqwaneni eminingi, i-IVF ukuphela kwendlela yokuba nengane elindelwe isikhathi eside. Uhlobo luni lwenqubo lolu, luphephile, kuhamba kanjani ukulungiselela i-IVF futhi kuzobiza malini?Umnyombo wenqubo ye-IVFIVF inqubo yokufaka umquba ngaphandle komzimba: amaqanda nesidoda asuswe emzimbeni, ukuvundiswa kwenzeka elabhoratri. Ngemuva kwalokho amaqanda avundisiwe afakwa ku-incubator izinsuku ezingama-5-6 futhi lapho kuhlukaniswa khona atshalwe esibelethweni.Izinkomba zeukuqokwaIVF kuboniswa ezimweni eziningi zokungazali: •ngaphezulu, kuvame ukuhambisana nobuchwepheshe bokulekelela.I-ICSI - ukwethulwa kwesidoda okwenziwa ngeqanda kusetshenziswa inaliti elincanyana kakhulu. Kwenziwe uma •izimo zaselebhu. Kuyasetshenziswa uma ukukhuthaza kwehluleka. Kugwema ukukhuthaza kwe-hormonal.Ukusikeka okusizayo kuwubuchwepheshe obunikeza amandla ukufakwa kombungu esibelethweni. Umbungu uzungezwe yigobolondo elincanyana, elichithwa ngaphambi kokufakwa.Ukulungiselela i-IVF, ukwenza inqubo nokubheka emva kwe-IVFUkulungiselela i-IVF kuthatha cishe amasonto ama-2-3 futhi kufaka nokuhlolwa kwabo bobabili abashadayo. Uhlelo lwe-IVF luvame ukufaka: •nullUma i-IVF inganikeli ngomphumela oyifunayo, eminye imibhangqwana iphendukela ezinsizakalweni zoomama ababa ngama-surrogate.Kwamanye amazwe, umthetho we-surrogacy wenqatshelwe ngumthetho, kepha kunamazwe lapho i-surrogacy idingeka khona kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, eKazakhstan.Namuhla eRussia, Kazakhstan nakwamanye amazwe e-CIS, kungenzeka ukwenza i-IVF mahhala cishe nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuzala.Shiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.