Umtholampilo weProtestanti Infirmary

Buyekeza:I-Abrasion inqubo yenqubo yesibeleko eyenzelwe ukuxilonga nokwelapha izifo zezitho zomzimba. Umsele womlomo wesibeletho uyahlanjululwa ukuze unikeze ukufinyelela kwesibeletho. Lapho-ke izindonga zesibeletho ziyahlakazwa ngensimbi ye-vacuum. Inqubo ngokuvamile yenziwa ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia ejwayelekile noma ngokusebenzisa i-sedation ejulile. Isilinganiso sobude bokuhlala phesheya: 1 amasonto

Buyekeza:I-Hysterectomy kuwukususa isibeletho. Nge-hysterectomy, kuphela isibeletho esisuswa, noma futhi isibeletho, ama-ovari namashubhu we-fallopian. I-hysterectomy ingenziwa ngokusebenzisa isisu sesibeletho (isisu se-hysterectomy) noma ngokusebenzisa isitho sangasese sowesifazane sangasese sowesifazane. I-hysterectomy ingenziwa njengokuhlinzwa okuvulekile noma ukuhlinzwa kwe-laparoscopic (ukuhlinzwa kwe-arthroscopic). Ama-fibter we-uterine ayimbangela evame kakhulu ye-hysterectomy. Njengoba isikhathi sokuvuselela isikhathi eside kakhulu, ukusebenza kukhonjiswa kuphela ngaphakathiuma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zingaphumelelanga. Ngemuva kwe-hysterectomy, owesifazane uyeka ukuya esikhathini, akakwazi ukuba nezingane, futhi kunqunywe ukwelashwa kwe-hormonal therapy. Isilinganiso sobude bokuhlala phesheya: 1 - 3 amasontoNgemuva kokuhlinzwa, owesimame udinga amaviki ambalwa wokuvuselelwa ngaphambi kokuhamba. Udokotela kufanele aqiniseke ukuthi isimo sesiguli sesizinzile, futhi ukulungele ukuhamba.

Buyekeza:I-Myomectomy inqubo yokuhlinzwa eyenziwa ukususa i-uterine fibroids. Ama-fibter we-uterine ukukhula okungahle kudale ukopha okuvela esithweni sangasese sowesilisa, ebuchosheni nasebuhlungwini obuphansi emuva, nobuhlungu ngesikhathi sokulala nokuqunjelwa.

Buyekeza:Ukususa i-ovarian cyst inqubo yokuhlinzwa eyenziwa ukususa ama-cysts amakhulu, anomdlavuza, noma obuhlungu kuma-ovari. I-ovarian cyst iyi-sac egcwele uketshezi.

Buyekeza:I-echocardiogram (EchoCG) ukuhlolwa kwenhliziyo okuthi, ngokusebenzisa amaza e-ultrasound, kwakha isithombe senhliziyo- noma kathathu senhliziyo. Isilinganiso sobude bokuhlala phesheya: 1 - 2 izinsukuImvamisa, iziguli ziphuma emtholampilo ngokushesha ngemuva kokuxilongwa, uma kungatholakali isici esidinga ukwelashwa okuphuthumayo.

Buyekeza:I-electrocardiogram (ECG) iqoshwa kusetshenziswa ama-electrodes abekwe esikhunjeni. Babamba imibhobho kagesi yemisipha yenhliziyo, ekuvumela ukuthi usethe usayizi wamakamelo ezinhliziyo, imvamisa yezivumelwano zenhliziyo namanye amapharamitha. I-electrocardiogram ingabona ukuphazamiseka kwenhliziyo okuhlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi isifo senhliziyo, ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo, inhliziyo, ukukhubazeka kwenhliziyo, ama-inhliziyo valve, noma i-pericarditis. Isilinganiso sobude bokuhlala phesheya: 1 - 2 izinsukuUma i-electrocardiogram ingazivezi izifo zenhliziyo ezinkulu, isiguli singandiza ngokushesha ngemuva kwenqubo.

Ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukubheka (isheke) noma ukuhlolwa, kusuka ekuhlolweni kwesiNgisi, ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwempilo yeziguli. Ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kungasiza ekuboneni izinkinga zempilo zisencane, noma kungakenzeki ngaphambi kokuqala kwezimpawu, futhi kungaqinisekisa neziguli ezikhathazekile ngempilo yazo noma ezinezimpawu ezisolisayo.Ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha okujwayelekile (ukuhlolwa) kunconywa ukuba kwenziwe njalo eminyakeni embalwa. Ikakhulu kulezo ziguli ezinokweqileisisindo, imikhuba emibi, noma umlando womndeni wezifo ezifana nesifo senhliziyo, umdlavuza noma isifo sikashukela. Ukuhlolwa kungasiza ekuboneni izinkinga ezifana nomfutho wegazi ophakeme noma isifo senhliziyo sokuqala. Iziguli zizokwazi ukwenza ushintsho oludingekayo endleleni yokuphila nemikhuba, futhi uma kunesidingo, qala ukuthatha imishanguzo, ukuvimbela ukuthuthuka kwezifo okuqhubekayo.Kunezivivinyo eziningi ezahlukahlukene ezingafakwa ohlolweni lwezempilo, kufaka phakathiukuhlolwa kwegazi, ukucabanga ngokuxilonga, ukuhlolwa kwenhliziyo nabanye abaningi. Ukuhlolwa kungahle kufake nokuhlolwa kwegazi kwabamaki be-tumor abamaki wezimpawu zamaseli womdlavuza emzimbeni.Ukuhlolwa kunconyelwa noma ngubani onokungabaza ngesimo sempilo yabo noma onezimpawu ezidinga ukubhekwa njalo.InconyelweUkuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwezokwelapha kunconywa kuzo zonke iziguli, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisengozini enkulu yokuba nezifo ezithile.

I-acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ebuye ifushaniswe ngokuthi YONKE (ngezinhlamvu zokuqala zesifo), futhi kwesinye isikhathi ungathola igama le-acute lymphocytic leukemia - isifo esibuhlungu sohlelo lwe-hematopoietic. Lesi sifo siqala kumnkantsha wethambo. Umongo wethu wethambo uyimboni yamaseli egazi ahlukahlukene. Lapho umugqa wethambo ugula, khona-ke le fektri, esikhundleni seyenempilo (odokotela bakhuluma ngamangqamuzana avuthiwe), iqala ukukhiqiza inani elikhulu lamaseli egazi amhlophe angakafiki.Lapho umuntu egula, khona-ke wonke amaseli egazi akhula futhi avuselelwa ngokuvumelanayo, konke kwenzeka ngendlela elinganiselayo. Amaseli wegazi avuthwa kancane kancane, futhi inqubo yokuvuthwa iyinkimbinkimbi impela. Kepha niniingane iyagula ine-lymphoblastic leukemia, i.e.BONKE, inqubo yokuvuthwa iphula ngokuphelele.Amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi, okungukuthi, amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi, avele avele angavuthi ngokuphelele futhi angakhuli abe amaseli okusebenza agcwele. Esikhundleni salokho, baqala ukuhlanganyela ngokushesha nangokungalawuleki. Umsebenzi wohlelo lwe-hematopoietic uyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngokungafanele: amangqamuzana agulayo afaka amanye aphilile futhi abambelele endaweni yomongo. Ingane egulayo ayinawo amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe anempilo, amangqamuzana abomvu egazi (amaseli abomvu egazi), noma amaplatelet egazi (amaplatelet).Kungaleso sizathu izingane zingakha i-anemia (anemia), izinkinga ezithathelwanayo ezahlukahlukene (ukutheleleka), kanye nokuphuma kwegazi kaningi. Futhi lokhulezo yizimpawu zokuqala ezingakhuluma nge-leukemia ebukhali enganeni. Kepha lesi sifo uqobo, SONKE, kusukela ekuqaleni asitholakali kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba. Ukusuka emqubeni wethambo, ungena ungene egazini, ungene ezicutshini ze-lymphoid (uhlelo lwe-lymphatic) nakuzo zonke ezinye izitho zomzimba. Umsebenzi wohlelo lonke lwezitho, okungukuthi, umzimba wonke, uqala ukuphazamiseka. Kungakho ZONKE, njengazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo ze-leukemia, zibizwa ngokuthi isifo esibuhlungu esise-systemic, okungukuthi, lesi sifo sibulala wonke umzimba njengohlelo.KONKE kusakazeka emzimbeni wonke ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngaphandle kokwelashwa, amaseli we-leukemia aphambukeka yonke indawo, hhayiizithiyo zomhlangano. Izitho zomzimba lapho ziyeke khona ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile kanti nezifo ezintsha ezinkulu ziqala kuzo. Uma i-leukemia ingelashwa, khona-ke ukufa kwenzeka ezinyangeni ezimbalwa.Shiya isicelo samahhala kwiwebhusayithi yethu futhi ochwepheshe bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokulandela icala lakho. Indlela yokwelashwa yokwelapha i-leukemia ebukhali incike eminyakeni yobudala kanye nesiguli, uhlobo nesigaba sokuthuthuka kwalesi sifo, futhi kubalwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokwahlukana ngakunye esimweni ngasinye.Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokwelashwa kwe-leukemia ebukhali - ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali nokwelashwa kokuhlinzwa - ukufakelwa kwamathambo.I-Chemotherapy yakhiwaizinyathelo ezimbili ezilandelanayo:• Inhloso yesigaba sokuqala ukutholwa kokuxolelwa. Ngama-chemotherapy, ama-oncologists athola ukwehla kwezinga lamaseli wokuqhuma• Isinyathelo sokuhlanganisa esidingekayo ukubhubhisa amaseli womdlavuza asele• Ukungenisa kabusha, njengomthetho, ukuphinda ngokuphelele uhlelo (izidakamizwa, imithamo, imvamisa yokuphatha) yesigaba sokuqala• Ngaphezu kwezidakamizwa ze-chemotherapeutic, ama-cytostatics akhona ohlelweni olujwayelekile lokwelashwa.Ngokwezibalo, ubude besikhathi sokwelashwa kwamakhemikhali kwe-leukemia acute cishe iminyaka emi-2.I-Chemotherapy ehlanganiswe ne-cytostatics iyiindlela enolaka yokuvezwa, okudala imiphumela emibi eminingana (isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, impilo engeyinhle, ukulahlekelwa izinwele, njll.). Ukuze kuncishiswe isimo sesiguli, kunqunywa ukwelashwa okufana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuya ngesimo, ama-antibiotics, ama-detoxification agents, ama-platelet ne-erythrocyte mass, nokunconywa kwegazi kunganconywa.Ukufakelwa kwamathamboUkufakelwa kwamathambo kunikeza isiguli amaseli anempilo we-stem, athi kamuva abe ngokhokho bamaseli egazi ajwayelekile.Isimo esibaluleke kakhulu sokudluliswa kwezidalwa kuyinto yokuxolelwa ngokuphelele kwesifo. Kubalulekile ukuthi umongo wethambo ohlanziwe kusuka kumaseli aqhuma ugcwaliswe ngamaseli anempilo.Ukuze ulungiselele isiguli ukuhlinzwa,Ukwelashwa okukhethekile kwe-immunosuppressive kuyenziwa. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukubhubhisa amaseli we-leukemia futhi kucindezele ukuzivikela komzimba ukuze kunciphise ingozi yokwenqatshwa.Ukuxhumana kokuthathwa kokufakelwa kwamathambo:• Ukwephulwa kokusebenza kwezitho zangaphakathi• Izifo ezithathelanayo ezingapheli• Ukubuyela emuva kwe-leukemia ebusayo, hhayi ukuhumushela ekuxolelweni• ukugugaShiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.

Into yokuqala iziguli nawo wonke umuntu wesifazane okudingeka ayazi ngomdlavuza webele (njengoba, ngempela, noma uluphi uhlobo lomdlavuza): namuhla lesi akusona isigwebo, isigaba sangaphambi kwesifo, amathuba aphezulu wokuhlula umdlavuza ngokuphelele. Futhi ezigabeni zakamuva, kunamathuba amaningi futhi amaningi okulwa ngempumelelo nesifo sibonga ukuqala kwezindlela zanamuhla zokuguqula izindlela zokwelapha (bheka ngezansi).Ubani osengozini? Umdlavuza webele yi-neoplasm ebabayo eyenzeka cishe koyedwa kwabesifazane abayishumi. Umdlavuza webele ungatholakala kunoma yimuphi ubudala, kepha ngemuva kweminyaka engama-65 yobudala, ubungoziUkwakheka kwesimila kukhuphuke amahlandla ayi-6 kunangaphambilini. Abaphenyi bakhomba izimbangela ezilandelayo zokukhula kwalesi sifo:1) ifa elisindayo: uma izihlobo, ikakhulukazi ohlangothini lukamama, zitholakale zinomdlavuza webele, izitho zangasese zowesifazane, nezinye izifo ze-oncological, khona-ke ingozi yokuthola umdlavuza webele iyanda;2) ukuqala kokuqala kokuya esikhathini (kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-12) kanye nokuqala kwesikhathi kokuya esikhathini (ngemuva kweminyaka engama-55);I-3) ukungazali inzalo, ukuzalwa kokufika sekwedlule isikhathi (ngemuva kweminyaka engama-30), ukuntuleka kokuqunjelwa yisisu noma isikhathi esifushane sokuncelisa ibele, i-postitis ye-mastitis;4) impilo yobulili engajwayelekile;5) ukulimala kwe-gland ye-mammary;6) ukuxilongwa kwe "dishormonalmammary gland hyperplasia ”;7) ukukhuluphala;8) ukungasebenzi kwegilo;9) ukwelashwa esikhundleni se-hormone.Izimpawu zomdlavuza webele Kwezokwelapha, isimila esiswini sezilwane ezincelisayo ezimweni eziningi sitholwa ngowesifazane noma oshade naye, okwenzeka futhi. Isimila singatholakala lapho kuhlolwa udokotela wezifo ezincelisayo, udokotela wezifo zamehlo, udokotela ohlinzayo, noma ukutholakala ngengozi ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwesibalo.Yiziphi izimpawu okufanele ziqwashise:    ngaphezu kokuzizwa ngemfundo ebeleni, owesifazane angabona izinguquko ezingalweni: ulceration, retraction, ubona kusukela ingono. Lesi yisikhathi sokubonana nodokotela ngokushesha!     ezigabeni zakamuva umakiubuthakathaka obukhulayo, ukuwohloka kwempilo, ukukhwehlela, ukuphefumula kanzima, ubuhlungu bethambo kungenzeka.Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza Webele Ukwelashwa umdlavuza webele kwenziwa ngezigaba eziningana kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene. Izindlela ezintathu eziphambili zisetshenziswa namuhla:Umuthi wokwelapha antitumor.Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokwelapha okunjalo, okungukuthi:* i-chemotherapy: kulokhu, izidakamizwa ezihlose ekubhujisweni kwamaseli e-tumor ziyasetshenziswa;* Ukwelashwa kwama-hormone, okungukuthi, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezicindezela ukusebenza kwe-hormonal kwesimila kanye nomzimba;* Ukwelapha okuqondisiwe kuyinkomba entsha, indlela lapho izidakamizwa “zibukhali” ngomphumela oqondiwe kumaseli we-tumor futhi kakhulu kuthinta abaphilileizicubu zomuntu;* I-Immunotherapy iyinkomba entsha kakhulu, namuhla ezinhlanganweni zamazwe omhlaba ze-oncologists ibizwa ngokuthi enye yezindlela eziphambili kakhulu nezikhuthazayo zokulwa nezinhlobo ezahlukene zomdlavuza. Umongo we-immunotherapy usezinhlelweni ezikhethekile zamaseli omzimba eziguli. Ngenxa yobuchwepheshe babo obuhlukile, baphenduka isikhali esinamandla esingabona futhi sibhubhise ngokunembile amaseli womdlavuza.Ngokuxilongwa komdlavuza webele, ukwelashwa okuhlinzwa nokwelashwa ngemisebe nakho kuyasetshenziswa.Shiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.

Umdlavuza we-bladder umdlavuza wesine ojwayelekile kakhulu phakathi kwabesilisa; kwabesifazane, kuvame kakhulu. Njengomthetho, isimila sesigaxa sikhula kancane, futhi singalawulwa ngempumelelo ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimweni eziningi zomdlavuza wesinye, ingozi yokuthola isimila esisongela impilo incane kakhulu. Ukuxilongwa kusenesikhathi kanye nokuhlolwa njalo kubalulekile ukuze uphumelele ekwelashweni.Izimpawu zomdlavuza wesinyeIsibonakaliso esivame kakhulu somdlavuza wesinye ukuvela kwegazi emchameni. Kwesinye isikhathi kungabonakala ngeso elinqunu, kepha imvamisa ubukhona bamangqamuzana egazi bungabonakala kuphela phakathi nokujwayelekileurinalysis. Ukuvela kwegazi kumchamo kungahle kuhambisane nemizwa engathandeki ngenkathi uchama (imvamisa ichazwa ngokuthi “ukushisa”). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuchama kungaba njalo futhi kuphuthumayo kunokujwayelekile. Esikhathini sokuqala kwesifo, ezinye izimpawu azikho. Ngakho-ke, uma kunegazi umchamo noma uma kungaphazamiseka umchamo, ukuhlolwa kufanele kuthathwe ngokushesha. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi lezi zimpawu azivezi ubukhona besimila - zingabangelwa nangamatshe, ukuvuvukala kwe-urethra, i-prostate eyandisiwe, njll. Kunoma ikuphi, imbangela yalezi zimpawu kumele inqunywe ngokuqondile.Kanjaniutholakala ukuthi unomdlavuza wesinye?Uma kutholakala igazi emchamweni, kufanele kwenziwe izivivinyo eziningana ukukhipha isimila sesinye. Lesi sifo yisibopho se-urology, ngakho-ke noma ngabe uye kudokotela womndeni, kufanele uvakashele udokotela oyi-urologist. Ngemuva kokucacisa umlando wezokwelapha kanye nokuhlolwa ngokomzimba, kuzodingeka ukuthi uhlole amasheke amaningi angeziwe, ngokuvamile awudingi ukwelashwa esibhedlela.Ngesikhathi se-cystoscopy, i-endoscope emincane ifakwa ngokusebenzisa i-urethra (urethra) esikhwameni. Ngalo, ungabheka ngokucophelela isikhala sangaphakathi sesinye bese ubheka ukuthi kunama-tumors noma ezinye izifo. Ungathatha futhi isampula odongeni.isinye (i-biopsy). Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa elele phansi, ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia yendawo, futhi akudingi ukuthi kungeniswe esibhedlela. Ngemuva kwe-cystoscopy, umuzwa ovuthayo omncane ngesikhathi sokuchama kungenzeka, ozodlula ngemuva kosuku noma ezimbili. Ukuphuza uketshezi oluningi kulezi zinsuku kunconywa.I-urography ye-CT is a scan compact tomography scan lapho i-ejenti ehlukile ifakwa emzimbeni futhi igxilike ngokushesha ku-urethra. Ngemuva kwalokhu, i-compact tomography ikhombisa isimo sezinso, i-ureters kanye nesinye. Uma isiguli sinesifo somoya noma i-allergic izidakamizwa noma iodine, kufanele kuthathwe imithi ekhethekile ngaphambi kwenqubo ukuvikela ukusabela komzimba. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-ultrasound ne-compact tomographyizinso akwanele ukunikeza incazelo eqeda futhi engaxakanisi yezimbangela zegazi kumchamo.Ukwelashwa umdlavuza we-bladderIsinyathelo sokuqala ukususa isimila. Izicubu ezisusiwe zithunyelwa elabhoratri ukuthola ukuthi hlobo luni lwesisu kanye nokujula kokungena kwalo odongeni lwesinye. Ukususwa kwesimila (noma ukumiswa kabusha kwaso) kuvame ukwenzeka ngesikhathi esibhedlela. Ukusetshenzelwa kabusha kwenziwa ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia usebenzisa i-cystoscope-efana ne-into efakwa ngokusebenzisa i-urethra (urethra), ngaphandle kokuvuleka noma ukuvula i-patity yesisu. Ezimweni eziningi, ngemuva kokutholakala kwesimila, isiguli simenyelwa ekuhlinzweni okuhleliwe. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni lapho i-tumor iholela khonaukopha okungapheli, kudinga ukuhlinzwa okuphuthumayo. Njengomthetho, resection tumor iholela ekumisweni kokuphuma kwegazi. Kwesinye isikhathi ukususwa ngokuphelele kwe-tumor akunakwenzeka ngenxa yobukhulu bayo noma ukujula kokungena ngaphakathi odongeni lwesinye. Ezimweni ezinjalo, i-biopsy izokwenziwa ukubheka uhlobo lwesimila nokujula kokungena kwalo, emva kwalokho kuzosetshenziswa ezinye izindlela zokwelapha. Ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, i-catheter izoshiywa esinyeni i-urethra izinsuku eziningana ukuze isilonda sokuhlinzwa singaphola. Ezinsukwini zokuqala ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, kungahle kube nokopha okuncane okuvela esinyeni, okufanele kuyeke kancane kancane. Ngemuva kokususwa kwe-catheterukuzwa kuphuthuma futhi kuvutha, noma kubuhlungu lapho uchama. Imvamisa, lokhu kuphazamiseka kungokwesikhashana. Ezimweni eziningi, isiguli sizokwazi ukubuyela ekhaya sisebenze ngokujwayelekile izinsuku ezingama-2-3 ngemuva kokuhlinzwa. Isinqumo sokuqhubeka nokwelashwa kuya ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-histological (uhlobo lwe-tumor nokujula kokungena).Isigaba sesibili sokwelashwa singafaka izindlela ezintathu.    Isimila esigqamile, hhayi ukungena ngaphandle kwe-epithelium yesikhashana. Kulokhu, ukwelashwa okuqhubekayo akudingekile. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, izimila ezinjengalezi zivame ukwenzeka futhi, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yokuqala ngemuva kokuhlinzwa. Ngalesi sizathu, ikakhulukaziKubalulekile ukuthi uhlolwe njalo emtholampilo we-urological.     Isimila singene ngale kwe-epithelium yesikhashana, kodwa asizange singene emsipha. Kulokhu, sikhuluma futhi ngesimila esikhulukazi, kepha kuyadingeka ukwelashwa okuqhubekayo. Njengomthetho, umuthi okhethekile ufakelwa esikhunjeni. Umuthi ovame kakhulu futhi osebenzayo ubizwa nge-BCG. Umgomo wayo ukuthuthukisa impendulo yasendaweni yokuzivikela komzimba. Izidakamizwa ze-Cytotoxic ezibulala amaseli womdlavuza nazo ziyasetshenziswa. Inhloso ye-BCG nezinye izidakamizwa ukuvikela isimila ngemuva kokuphinda sisebenze. Lokhu kwelashwa kuyanconywa ezimweni ezinjengokuba khona kwezimila eziningi ezingeqile.noma ukubuyisa ngokushesha isimila izinyanga eziningana ngemuva kokuhlinzwa. Umuthi uphathwa kanye ngeviki cishe amasonto ayisithupha, emtholampilo we-urological, usebenzisa i-catheter emincane efakwa emabeleni. Ngemuva kokuphatha umuthi, isiguli sicelwa ukuba senqabe ukuchama amahora amabili. Isiguli singathola umuzwa ovuthayo lapho uchama kanye nomuzwa ongathandeki esiswini esingezansi, noma kunjalo, zidlula ngokushesha.     Isimila singene emthanjeni, sijule ezindongeni zesinye. Kulesi simo, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwe-tumor nge-urethra akwanele. Imvamisa, udinga ukususa wonke amabhlogo ngaphambiliukuvula isisu sesisu. Umgomo wokuqalwa kabusha kwe-bladder ukususa ngokuphelele amaseli womdlavuza emzimbeni ukuze alulame ngokuphelele.     Ngemuva kokuhlelwa kabusha kwe-bladder, kufanele kudalwe okunye ukufaka esikhundleni sakhe ukumvumela ukuba achame. Kunokukhethwa okuningana kokushintshwa okunjalo:    Umchamo ungena ngqo esikhwameni esinamathiselwe odongeni lwesibeletho.     Ukwakha enye ipokhethi lomchamo emgodini womzimba (kudinga ukwethulwa kwe-catheter kaningana ngosuku ukukhipha ephaketheni umchamo).     Isikhwama somchamo esisemgodini womzimba esivumela ukuchama okujwayelekile ngokusebenzisa i-urethra.MhlawumbeIngabe kukhona ukululama okuphelele?Impendulo ayiveli obala: yebo. Iningi lama-bladder tumors yizimila ezingasho lutho. Ukususwa kwesimila ngokusebenzisa i-urethra (kwesinye isikhathi okuhambisana nokungeniswa kwe-BCG esinyeni) kuholela ekunyamalaleni kwayo ngokuphelele. Imvamisa, ngemuva kwesikhashana, isimila siyabuya, kepha uma usihlola kaninginingi, ungasithola sisencane futhi umelane naso ngempumelelo. Ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo kufaka i-urinalysis, i-cystoscopy kanye ne-compact tomography ye-urethra. Isikhathi esithe xaxa seludlulile ekwelashweni kokugcina, kuncane kakhulu okudingeka ukuthi uhlolwe. Kubalulekile ukuthi ukhumbule ukuthi ukubhema kukhulisa ubungozi bakho.ukubuyela kwesimila sesinye; ngakho-ke, uma ubhema, kufanele uyeke lo mkhuba omubi.Ama-tumors angena ngokujulile odongeni lwesinye angalapheka ngokuphelele ngosizo lwe-resection yalo. Ezimweni eziningi, kungenzeka ukudala elinye ibhulethi elivumela ukuchama okuvamile nge-urethra. Ngenxa yalokhu, isiguli asikwazi ukululama ngokuphelele, kodwa futhi sibuyele ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile esikujwayele.Shiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.

Ngokwesilinganiso, ukuguqulwa kusuka ku-precancer kuya ekubeni isimila esinomdlavuza kuthatha iminyaka emi-2 kuye kweli-15. Ukuguqulwa okwalandela kusuka esigabeni sokuqala somdlavuza kuye kokugcina kuthatha iminyaka eyi-1-2.Umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho ngukuthuka okulimazayo, okuthi ngokwezibalo zezokwelapha phakathi kwezifo ze-oncological ezenzeka ebulilini obulungile, kuthathe indawo yesine (ngemuva komdlavuza wesisu, isikhumba kanye nezindlala zezinso).Umthombo womdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho amangqamuzana ajwayelekile amboza wesibeletho. Zingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-600 zalezi zithumba ezitholwa minyaka yonke.iziguli. Yize umdlavuza wesibeletho uvame ukwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka engama-40-60, kodwa, ngeshwa, muva nje usencane kakhulu.Ukwelashwa komdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho kuhlangene futhi kufaka phakathi ukuhlinzwa, ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kanye nokwelashwa ngemisebe. Esimweni ngasinye, ukwelashwa kunqunywa ngakunye, kuya esigabeni salesi sifo, izifo ezikhona, isimo somlomo wesibeletho, kanye nokuba khona kwezifo ezithathelanayo njengamanje.Ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, isimila singasuswa nengxenye yomlomo wesibeletho, kususwe isimila kanyeisibeletho, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngesibeletho uqobo. Imvamisa, ukuhlinzwa kuhlanganiswa ngokususwa kwama-lymph node we-pelvis (uma amaseli womdlavuza ekwazi ukujwayela). Udaba lokususwa kwe-ovarian luvame ukunqunywa ngokuhlukile (ezigabeni zokuqala zomdlavuza kwabesifazane abasebasha, ama-ovari angagcinwa).Ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, uma kunesidingo, iziguli zinqunyelwe ukwelashwa ngemisebe. Ukwelashwa ngemisebe ye-ionizing kungaqedela ukwelashwa kokuhlinzwa, futhi kungabekwa ngokuhlukile. Ekwelapheni umdlavuza wesibeletho, i-chemotherapy, izidakamizwa ezikhethekile eziqeda ukukhula zingasetshenziswa.kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza. Ngeshwa, amathuba we-chemotherapy yalesi sifo alinganiselwe.Impumelelo yokwelashwa komdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho ixhomeke eminyakeni yesiguli, ukunemba kokukhethwa kwezokwelapha, futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ekutholakalweni kwesifo ekuqaleni. Lapho umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho utholwa esencane, i-diagnostosis iyathandeka futhi lesi sifo singalashwa ngezindlela zokuhlinzwa zodwa.Shiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.

I-Chemotherapy iyindlela elapha umdlavuza egcina umdlavuza ngezidakamizwa zamakhemikhali. I-Chemotherapy ingaba enye yezakhi zokwelapha ezihlanganiswa futhi ingahlanganiswa nokwelashwa ngemisebe noma ukususwa kwesimila. Umgomo we-chemotherapy kungaba ukubhujiswa ngokuphelele kwesimila somdlavuza kanye nokwehlisa ukukhula nokukhula kwamaseli womdlavuza. Ukwehlisela phansi ukukhula nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwamaseli kuholela ekwehleni kwesibalo kanye nokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yempilo yesiguli futhi, kwezinye izimo, kwandisa amathuba okususwa okuphelele kwethumbu.Inconyelwe    Ukwelashwa Umdlavuza     Impilo Yomdlavuza

Ukwelashwa kwe-leukemia engapheli kuhloselwe ukunciphisa izimpawu zesifo. I-leukemia uhlobo lomdlavuza othinta amaseli egazi emzimbeni. Lesi sifo sivame ukukhula emqubeni, lapho kunokungalingani khona ekulinganisweni kwamangqamuzana amhlophe egazi. Imvamisa, amangqamuzana egazi akha, akhule, futhi afe ukuze enze indawo yamangqamuzana amasha, kanti i-leukemia iphazamisa le nqubo.I-leukemia engapheli ihamba kancane futhi ezigabeni zokuqala, ezingahlala iminyaka eminingi, ayidingi ukwelashwa. Ekugcineni, cishe akunakwenzeka ukwelapha ngokuphelele i-leukemia, kodwa kungenzeka ukunciphisa izimpawu futhi kufinyelele kokuxolelwa ngosizo lwe-chemo- ne-radiotherapy, ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa, ukwelashwa kwe-biological noma ukufakwa kwethambo. Ngokuxilongwa kwe-leukemia, ukwelashwa ngamakhambi noma ngezithasiselo zokudla akunawo umphumela wokwelapha.

Izindlela ezahlukahlukene zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha umdlavuza we-rectum noma amathumbu amancane, abizwa nangokuthi umdlavuza we-colorectal, ngokuya ngendawo yesibeletho kanye nesigaba salesi sifo. Umdlavuza wenzeka lapho kubhekwa umlomo ongafanele wamaseli, obangela ukuba amaseli aqale ukuhlukana futhi asakaze ngokushesha, esikhundleni sokufa nokwenza indawo yamaseli amasha.I-Chemotherapy, noma i-systemic therapy, yenziwa izinyanga eziningana. Amakhemikhali athile anganciphisa noma aphazamise ukukhula kwamaseli womdlavuza. Izikhathi zokuthatha i-chemotherapy (izifundo),ithathelwe indawo ikhefu amasonto ambalwa ukubuyisela umzimba.Ngokuhambisana ne-chemotherapy, ukwelashwa okuqondiwe kungaqhutshwa, okuvumela imishanguzo ukuhlasela amaseli e-tumor ngamabomu, ngaleyo ndlela kube nomthelela omncane ongemuhle emzimbeni wesiguli.I-Radiotherapy ikuvumela ukuthi ubhubhise amaseli womdlavuza usebenzisa ucwaningo lwemisebe ekhethiwe futhi egxile.Uhlelo nesikhathi sokulashwa kuya ngesilinganiso sokukhula komdlavuza kanye nempilo ejwayelekile yesiguli.Kunconyelwe    Umdlavuza weColon     Umdlavuza we-Colorectal     Umdlavuza we-Colorectal

nullizidakamizwa kanye nokwelashwa ngemisebe kuxhunyiwe ekusebenzeni. Ukuzikhethela kwendlela eholayo yokwelashwa kuchazwa ngosayizi nendawo yesimila, isimo sesiguli nezifo ezihlangene.Njengoba kunesimila esincane kakhulu esingamanyanisi i-mucosa, kuphela i-mucosa enesendlalelo engaphansi yahlanganiswa nge-gastroscope, futhi imiphumela yokwelashwa mihle kakhulu.Esiteji I - II somdlavuza, ingxenye ye-esophagus iyasuswa, isiphuzo sigcwele ingxenye yesisu noma isigaxa sakhiwa esiswini. Namuhla kungenzeka ukusebenzisa imishini ye-endoscopic yale misebenzi.Ngokusakazeka kwesimila engxenyeni yemisipha futhi, kubuye kwenziwe umsebenzi, kepha lokhunullKwesinye isikhathi i-chemoradiotherapy yenziwa ngokuhlinzwa okunganele kokuhlinzwa. I-Chemotherapy ingenziwa uma ukuhlinzwa kungeke kwenzeke, lapho isimila sikhulu kakhulu, noma ngesisu esincane, kepha ngokubhekelwa okujwayelekile kokuhlinzwa. Kulesi sinqumo sokugcina, ukusinda kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa okuhlinzwa. Lapho kukhona i-fistulas, i-chemoradiotherapy ayinakwenzeka. I-Chemotherapy ingahle ibe yinkimbinkimbi ngokuvuvukala okukhulu kwe-mucous membrane ye-esophagus, ezodinga isidlo ngokusebenzisa i-dropper.Shiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.

Ama-neoplasms amakhulu we-gallbladder. Lesi sifo sisifo esingajwayelekile, iningi labesifazane elineminyaka engama-50 nangaphezulu.Izimpawu zesifo sendodaIzimpawu ezinkulu zokubonakaliswa zifaka i-nausea nokuhlanza, i-jaundice, izinhlungu engxenyeni yesithathu ephezulu yesisu, umkhuhlane, umkhuhlane, ukuncipha komzimba, ukuncipha kokudla, ukuqhakaza, kanye nokukhula kwezimpawu zamathumbu esiswini. Njengomthetho, ezigabeni zokuqala zesifo, isiguli asinakho ukungakhululeki, okunciphisa kakhulu amathuba wesiguliukululama.Ukuxilongwa umdlavuza we-gallbladderKwenziwa ucwaningo oluningi lwelebhu kanye nangezinsimbi: ukuhlolwa kwegazi okujwayelekile, i-biochemistry yegazi, i-x-ray yezitho zesisu, ukuxilongwa kwe-magnetic resonance yezitho zesisu, i-percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, i-biopsy of the gallbladder ngokuqhubeka kokuhlolwa komlando kumasampula ezinsizwa ezithintekile.Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza we-GallbladderUkwelashwa kwalesi sifo, njengama-neoplasms amaningi abuhlungu, kufaka phakathi ukususwa kokuhlinzwa kwe-tumor kanye ne-conservative therapy. Indlela eyinhloko yokwelashwa ukuhlinzwa, i-cholecystectomy edume kakhulu. Namuhla, kwenziwa ngendlela emnene kakhulu yokusebenza.- Indlela ye-laparoscopic. Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa okuyinkimbinkimbi, kusetshenziswa imisebe ye-radiation kanye ne-chemotherapy, kanti neziguli zinqunyelwe namalungiselelo we-radiosensitizer aqukethe izinto ezisebenzayo ezandisa ukuzwakala kwamaseli we-atypical ezinhlotsheni ezithile zemisebe.Gallbladder Cancer PreventionAzikho izindlela eziqondile zokuvimbela le-pathology. Izincomo ezijwayelekile zifaka: ukwenziwa okujwayelekile kwezinkomba zesisindo, ukondleka okufanele, ukuncipha kwenani lokudla kwemvelaphi yezilwane kanye nokwanda kokudla kwemifino nezithelo. Kunconywa futhi ukulahla imikhuba emibi, ukuzivocavoca njalo, nokuthambisa umzimba.

nullwonke amathumbu ezinso atholakala ngokungahleliwe, ene-ultrasound ehleliwe ngokungabikho ngokuphelele kwezimpawu.Izimpawu zokuphila kwalesi sifo manje sezijwayelekile.    1. Igazi emchameni (i-hematuria). Ukuvela kwakhe kungazelelwe futhi kube nephrofayili.     2. Ubuhlungu emuva nangemuva eliphansi: lezi zikhalazo zihambisana nokuqhuma kwesimila ezithweni eziseduze noma ukuphuma kwe-ureter.     3. Ukuhlangana esiswini (palpation palpates tumor).     4. Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa nomfutho wegazi (lokhu okugcina kungabangelwa ukucindezelwa kwemithambo yemithambo noma ukukhiqizwa kwe-renin tumor).5. I-Varicocele.     6. Ukwehla kwesisindo, ubuthakathaka obujwayelekile, i-anemia, ukujuluka kobusuku nokukhathala ngokweqile.Ngeshwa, imvamisa izimpawu zomdlavuza wezinso zingaveli ngokushesha, lesi sifo siqhubeka ngesimo isikhathi eside. Kungakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uvivinyelwe njalo, wenze ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasound bese uhlola igazi nomchamo.Ukuxilongwa umdlavuza wezinsoUkuxilongwa komdlavuza wezinso kufaka uhla lonke lokukhwabanisa okuhlukile, okukuvumela ukuthi uthole ukutholakala kwesifo ngokunemba okuphelele.   1. Indlela ebiza kakhulu yokuxilonga i-ultrasound.    2. Izinga legolide lokuxilongwa kwama-tumors ezinso yikhompyuthaTomogra Ngokuphambene. I-tomography ehlanganisiwe inikeza isithombe esiphelele sesikhundla se-tumor, ubukhulu baso, isigaba sasemtholampilo nokukhula kwe-tumor kwizitho eziseduze.   3. Ukuhlolwa kwe-urinalysis kuveza ukuba khona kokungcola kwegazi emchanjeni.   4. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kukuvumela ukukhomba izimpawu eziqondile zesifo: i-anemia, amazinga aphakeme we-alkaline phosphatase, urea esegazini, njll.   5. I-MRI yokuxilongwa kwama-tumors ezinso isetshenziswa kancane kune-CT, isibonakaliso esiyinhloko sokwenza i-MRI ukungqubuzana nokwenza i-CT.   6. I-biopsy yamathumbu ezinso yenzelwa ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwale sifo.kanye nokuthola amanye amaqhinga wokwelashwa. Ngeshwa, kwezinye izimo, i-biopsy yesimila sezinso ayisihlaseli, ngenxa yalesi sizathu lolu cwaningo manje alwenziwa kaningi.  7. Ukunquma i-metastases emaphashini nasemathanjeni esinqe, isifuba x-ray ne-osteoscintigraphy kuyasetshenziswa.  8. I-angiography yeRenal - ukuhlolwa kwe-X-ray nge-ejenti ehlukile.Ngokusekelwe kuluphi ukubonakaliswa komdlavuza wezinso, isimo sesiguli kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kokuqala, udokotela ukhetha izindlela ezithile zokuxilonga umdlavuza wezinso ukwakha isithombe esihlose kakhulu.Izigaba zomdlavuza wezinsoKunezigaba ezi-4 zomdlavuza wezinso obonakala ngezindlela ezahlukahlukenenullnoma isimila sisabalalela ku-renal vein / vena cava.     4. Ibanga lomdlavuza wezinso. Isimila sihluma ikhompiyutha yezinso.Ukwelashwa umdlavuza wezinsoUkwelashwa ngomdlavuza wezinso kususelwa ezindleleni eziningana ezamukelwa ngokuvamile ezisetshenziswa ngazinye noma ngokuphelele. Udokotela ohambelayo, ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lwesimila, esigabeni somtholampilo sobudala nenhlala-kahle yesiguli, ukuphikisana okukhona nezinye izinto, angaguqukela ezindleleni ezahlukahlukene zokwelashwa. Indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokwelapha umdlavuza wezinso kukususa isimila. I-radical nephrectomy ukususwa okuphelele kwezinso ezithintekile, imvamisa kuhlangene nezicubu ezizungezile ze-perirenal, ama-lymph node, futhi ngezinye izikhathii-adrenal gland. Uma usayizi wesimila ungeqi ku-7 cm, kwenziwa ingxenye ethile yezinso. Kanye nendlela yendabuko, lapho kususwa khona izinso noma ukusetshenziselwa kabusha kwayo ngokwenza i-incision enkulu, kune-laparoscopic eyodwa. Kulesi simo, isimila sisuswa noma siphinde senziwe kusetshenziswa amathuluzi akhethekile afakwe kwisisu esiswini ngokuhlangana okuncane (2 cm). Indlela ye-laparoscopic ihlotshaniswa nemvamisa ephansi yezinkinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvuselelwa kweziguli kushesha. Enye indlela yokwelapha isimila sezinso i-cryoablation. Umnyombo wendlela ukukhulula isimila ngosizo lwekristalu elikhethekile elifakwe esiswini. Tumorkufakwa ngaphansi kweqhwa elinye futhi kuncibilika, okugcina kuholele ekufeni kwamaseli womdlavuza. Le ndlela iyisigameko esibuhlungu kakhulu esigulini futhi siyakhonjiswa lapho ukuhlinzwa kungeke kwenzeke, ukuqubuka kwezinso zombili kanye nesimila seso sodwa. Ukwelashwa ngezidakamizwa (i-chemotherapy, i-hormone therapy noma i-immunotherapy) kunqunywa uma kutholakala ukuthi kunomdlavuza wezinso osezingeni eliphezulu (isigaba 4), lapho ukuhlinzwa kungeke kwenzeke.Ukuvimbela Umdlavuza WezinsoUkuvimbela umdlavuza wezinso, kubalulekile ukuyeka ukubhema, ukulawula isisindo nokudla ukudla okulinganiselayo (nge-predominance yezithelo nemifino). Ngakho-ke, indlela yokuphila enempilo iyindlela esemqoka yokuvikela lesi sifo.

nullumthamo womonakalo ku-larynx. I-Hoarseness yezwi iyisibonakaliso sokuqala lapho i-carcinoma isemafolda e-vocal, kodwa ivela ezigabeni zakamuva lapho zitholwa endaweni ngezigaba ze-supraclad kanye ne-subclad. Iziguli ezinomdlavuza ongaphansi kwesinye isikhathi zivame ukuba ne-airway barriers futhi i-hoarseness iwuphawu olujwayelekile ezigabeni zakamuva. Iziguli ezinomdlavuza ongaphezulu kwe-ligamentous zivame ukuba ne-dysphagia; Ezinye izinkomba zokuphila kwalesi sifo ukuthinteka komoya, i-otalgia, ukuthuthukiswa kwesimila entanyeni, izwi elixakile. Iziguli ezinalezi zimpawu kufanele zithunyelwe ngokushesha nge-laryngoscopy engaqondile.UkuxilongaI-LaryngoscopyI-Endoscopy yokuhlinza kanyenullnullI-Endoscopic laser resection kanye nokwelashwa ngemisebe, njengomthetho, kukuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze izwi leziguli. Ukusetshenziswa ekwelashweni komdlavuza we-laryngeal ezinyangeni zokuqala zokuhlinzwa noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe, njengomthetho, kuya ngokuthandwa ngabodokotela besikhungo eselaphekayo nesiguli.Ezigabeni zakamuva ze-vocal fold carcinoma, zifakwa emzimbeni noma zibambe iqhaza enqubweni yolimi; iziguli zikhonjiswa i-chemotherapy noma i-radiation therapy. Uma isimila sesiguli sisabalale ngaphezu kwe-larynx noma singene ku-cartilage, i-laryngectomy inikela ngemiphumela emihle kakhulu ye-oncological; I-laryngectomy imvamisa kakhulu, kepha kwezinye izimoi-endoscopic laser resection of the tumor noma i-laryngectomy evulekile engasetshenziswa. I-laryngectomy ebanzi nayo isetshenziswa kabanzi ezimweni ezinzima ukusindisa isiguli; kodwa-ke, kwesinye isikhathi ezimeni ezinjalo, i-endoscopic resection noma i-laryngectomy evulekile engasetshenziswa.Ezigabeni zokuqala ze-carcinoma ze-supraclavicular larynx, ukwelashwa ngemisebe noma ukuhlelwa kabusha kwengxenye ye-larynx kuyasebenza. Ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-laser ezigabeni zokuqala ze-squamous cell carcinoma kukhombisile imiphumela emihle impela. Uma i-carcinoma iqhubeka nokukhula, kepha ingathinti izintambo zangempela zezwi, khona-ke i-laryngectomy yokwahlulela kwempumulo ingenziwa ukugcina izwii-sphincter ye-glottis. Uma isiguli sinezintambo zezwi, i-laryngectomy ngaphezulu kwe-cricoid cartilage noma i-laryngectomy ephelele iyadingeka, uma kunqunywe ukwenza ukwelashwa okuhlinzwa. Njengasesimweni se-laryngocarcinoma, iningi lezigaba eziqhubekayo zomdlavuza wesupermucosal ekuqaleni ziphathwa nge-chemotherapy ne-radiation therapy. Isifunda se-ligamentous sinethiwekhi ecebile yama-lymphatic, ngakho-ke, ukunakwa okukhethekile kufanele kunikezwe esifundeni sentamo kuzo zonke iziguli ezinomdlavuza we-ligamentous.Nge-carcinoma ye-pharynx engezansi, ukwelashwa kuyafana nomdlavuza we-larynx. Esikhathini sokuqala, umonakalo uvame ukuphathwa kuphelaUkwelashwa ngemisebe, noma ukubuyiselwa emuva njengenye indlela. Kodwa-ke, ezigulini eziningi ezinomdlavuza we-submaryngeal, inqubekela phambili ihlotshaniswa nemvelo yesifo asymptomatic kanye nokusakazeka kwasendaweni kwasendaweni ngohlelo lwe-lymphatic; iziguli ezinjalo ziphathwa kakhulu nge-chemotherapy ne-radiation therapy, futhi ngokushesha - ngokwezinkomba ezibalulekile.Ukuvuselelwa kabushaUkuvuselelwa kungadingeka emuva kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokwelashwa. Imvamisa, kuphakama ubunzima obukhulu ngenqubo yokugwinya ukudla ngemuva kokuthola i-chemotherapy noma i-radiation therapy, okungadinga ukuncishiswa kwe-esophagus, ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu - ipulasitiki ye-pharynx noma ukufakwa kwe-gastrostomy. Ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwaukungenelela kungaphazamisa futhi inqubo yokugwinya, futhi ukwelashwa kungadingeka, kufaka phakathi ukwanda kwezindlela zokugwinya.Ukuhlinzwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuthinta ukukhuluma kakhulu. Ngemuva kwe-laryngectomy ephelele, isiguli sidinga ukudala izwi elisha ngo:    Izwi le-Esophageal    I-Esophageal punchingal punching    Umphimbo (i-electropharynx)Ngazo zontathu izindlela, inkulumo yakhiwa ngokuhlanganyela kwe-pharynx, ulwanga oluthambile, ulimi, amazinyo nezindebe.Isisekelo sokwakheka kwegama elithi “esophageal izwi” (izwi le-pseudo-izwi) ukudala igebe lezwi le-pseudo-esophagus kanye nokukhula kwaloukuvalwa ngokungenangqondo.Nge-tracheoesophageal fistula, kufakwa i-valve phakathi kwe-trachea ne-esophagus ukuze kuthuthukiswe umsindo. I-valve isiza ukupompa umoya ungene esophagus ngesikhathi sesenzo sokuphefumlelwa. Iziguli zivuselelwa ngokomzimba, ngezifundo zamasu okukhuluma, zifundiswa imithetho yokuphatha i-fistula, futhi zonke iziguli zixwayiswa ngengozi yokufiswa ukudla namanzi.I-larynx kagesi iyithuluzi elinamandla ebhethri elitholakala ngaphezu kwentamo. Naphezu kobuhlungu obudalwa yisihlava senhlalo lapho sigqokwa iziguli eziningi, kulula ukusisingatha futhi asidingi ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile.

Ngemuva kokuthi isiguli sitholwe sinesimila somdlavuza bese sitholakala, sidluliselwa ukuba siyobonisana nge-oncological. Le yingxoxo nodokotela lapho kuzoxoxwa ngohlelo lokwelashwa.Ngemuva kokuthi isiguli sitholwe sinesimila somdlavuza bese sitholakala, sidluliselwa ukuba siyobonisana nge-oncological. Le yingxoxo nodokotela lapho kuzoxoxwa ngohlelo lokwelashwa. Isazi se-oncologist sizoyenza. Uzokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi ngesifo sakho nangendlela yaso yokwelashwa. Isikhathi, imiphumela emibi, imiphumela elindelekile, kanye namathemba akho. Ngokwemvelo, ungabuza udokotela oncologist yonke imibuzo yakho.Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa, uzobonisana nodokotela wakho we-oncologist, ozoqikelela inqubekela phambili yokwelashwa.Inconyelwe    Umdlavuza

nullziveze ezigabeni zokuqala zesifo (ngaphandle kwesifo sokuwa).Izici ezibalulekile zobungozi zibandakanya:     ukukhula ngeminyaka - njengomthetho, lesi sifo sikhula kubantu besifazane ngemuva kokunqamuka kokuya esikhathini, iminyaka yobudala engama-50 kuye kwayi-60 (amacala ayi-8 kwangu-10);      abesifazane abaqala ukuya esikhathini (ukuya kufinyelela eminyakeni eyi-12) kanye nokuya esikhathini (ngemuva kweminyaka engama-52);      ukubhema      ukukhuluphala      ukuthatha izidakamizwa zokulimaza inzalo kanye nokwelashwa esikhundleni se-hormone;      i-polycystic;      i-endometriosis (ukunwetshwa okungajwayelekile kokufakwa kwangaphakathi kwesibeletho);i-herederals factor (genetic predisposition) - ukuba khona kwezihlobo eziseduze zomdlavuza we-ovarian, ibele noma umdlavuza we-colorectal.Abesifazane abangenazo izingane futhi abangakaze bancelise amabele nabo basengozini.Izigaba kanye nezinhlobo zomdlavuza we-ovarianKunezigaba ezi-4:    Esigabeni 1, i-lesion itholakala endaweni eyodwa noma kuwo wonke amaqanda. Isifo sokuqaqamba kwesifo siyabonakala, ikhambi likhona, iziguli eziningi ziya ekuxolelweni okuzinzile ngaphandle kokubuyisa lesi sifo.    Esigabeni sesibili, i-neoplasm isakazeka kwezinye izingxenye zomgogodla we-pelvic. Ngokuvamile, nakulesi sigaba, isibikezelo sinhle, ngokwezibalo ezisebangeni leminyaka emihlanunullngokuya ngezinga lokulimala:    isigaba A (ukulimala okuphansi) - isimila esikhula kancane, amaseli ane-anomalies amancane (ahlukaniswe kakhulu);     isigaba B (ukulimala okulinganiselwe) - izinguquko ezishiwo ngokwengeziwe zokuziphatha kumaseli wesimila kuqhathaniswa nokwehlukaniswe kakhulu;     iklasi C (ukulimala okuphezulu) - isimila esikhula ngokushesha, amangqamuzana aphansi.Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza OvarianUkwelapha okuhlanganisa kuvame ukufaka inhlanganisela yendlela yokuhlinzwa (ukuhlinzwa) kanye ne-chemotherapy.UkuhlinzwaNjengomthetho, ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa komdlavuza we-ovary, zombili izitho ezigoqiwe, amashubhu we-fallopian nesibeletho, ama-lymph node asondele kanye namaqhubu izicubu ze-adipose emgodini wesisu asuswe,umdlavuza usakazekele kuwo.Uma intokazi ingasithola lesi sifo ekuqaleni (esiteji 1), kwezinye izimo ukungenelela okumnene kwenziwa ngokususa ishubhu le-ovari ne-fallopian ohlangothini olulodwa. Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-prognosis yokwelapha kuleli cala lihle, lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ugcine ithemba lokukhulelwa.Ukwehlisa ubunzima kanye nobunzima bezinkinga, kanye nezinhloso zokugcoba, ukuhlinzwa komdlavuza wamathambo kungenziwa kusetshenziswa uhlelo lweRobot da Vinci oluhlelekile.I-ChemotherapyI-Chemotherapy yomdlavuza we-ovary ivame ukubekwa ngemuva kokuhlinzwa njengengxenye yokwelashwa okuyinkimbinkimbi. Izidakamizwa zivame ukuphathwaemthanjeni noma ngqo emgodini wesisu, inhlanganisela yalezi zindlela nayo iyasetshenziswa.Ezigabeni zakamuva, i-chemotherapy ingakhethwa njengeyona ndlela eyinhloko yokwelapha.Ukwelashwa ngemisebeEzimweni ezingavamile (ezinobuhlungu obukhulu, ukopha okuvela esiswini), ukwelashwa ngemisebe yangaphandle noma i-brachytherapy (imisebe yokuxhumana) kufakwa ohlelweni lokwelapha umdlavuza we-ovary.Ukubuyiselwa emuva kokulashwaNgenkambo ejwayelekile yokuvuselela umzimba, ukululama okugcwele ngemuva kokwelashwa komdlavuza we-ovary kwabesifazane kuthatha amasonto angama-6. Uma isibeletho sikhishiwe, kungakapheli amasonto angama-3-4 kuyadingeka ukushiya ucansi. Kwezinye izimo, udokotela wakho angakunquma ama-hormone namavithamini D.

Umdlavuza wesikhumba uyinkinga evame kakhulu. Emhlabeni, i-Australia, New Zealand ne-USA zihola inani lamacala amasha we-melanoma abikwa ngonyaka. E-Russia, njengakwezinye izindawo emhlabeni, izibalo zokungasebenzi kahle ziyakhula.Ngokusho kweWorld Health Organisation, zingu-132,000 izigameko ezintsha ze-melanoma ezibikwa minyaka yonke emhlabeni. Iningi leziguli lingabantu asebekhulile, ngemuva kweminyaka engama-50 inani labesilisa abagulayo liphakeme izikhathi eziphindwe kabili kunabesifazane. Kepha emadodeni nakwabesifazane abasebasha, umdlavuza wesikhumba ukhula kaningi. Ngokusho kwesazi se-epidemiologists, lokhuUmdlavuza eRussia ungowesibili kuphela umdlavuza wamaphaphu, umdlavuza webele nomdlavuza wendlala. Ngamanye amagama, lokhu akuphathelene nesifo esithile esiyindida, kodwa mayelana nokusongela kwangempela empilweni.Izinhlobo zesikhumba oncologyImikhakha yesikhumba ejwayelekile ifaka:I-Basal cell carcinoma - lesi simila sitholakala ezimweni ezi-7 zomdlavuza wesikhumba kwezingu-10. IBasalioma ibukeka njenge-nodule noma isikhafu sombala obomvu onsundu noma opinki, ovame ukubonakala ebusweni. I-neoplasm ngesinye isikhathi ingaluma, ilimaze noma iphume igazi - ikhuphuka ngosayizi kancane,ngaphandle kokubangela umuntu azwakalise ukungakhululeki, yingakho ukuhambela udokotela kungabambezeleka. Ngenhlanhla, leli thumba liyaqabukela lisakazeka emzimbeni wonke (linikeza ama-metastases), ngakho-ke, i-prognosis yeziguli imvamisa iyathandeka.I-squamous cell carcinoma yesikhumba (i-squamous cell carcinoma) imvamisa ifana ne-mushroom esesimweni: umzimba oyindilinga onomlenze omncane. Lesi simila sifana ne-wart: ezimeni eziningi sitholakala ngaphezulu kobuso, esifundeni sezindebe eziphansi. Kwezinye izinhlobo ze-squamous cell carcinoma, i-neoplasm ingaqashelwa kuphela ngokushintsha kombala wesikhumba: endaweni ye-pathologicalubukeka emile noma ebuhlungu. Ezigabeni zakamuva, i-carcinoma iholela ekwakhekeni kwama-metastases futhi kwesinye isikhathi ayinakuphulukiswa.IMelanoma uhlobo oluyingozi kakhulu lwesimila esidala ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi umdlavuza wesikhumba. Ikhula kaningi kusuka emabhuntshwini - ukunqwabelana kwamangqamuzana e-pigment, ama-melanocyte, kepha hhayi kuphela: i-melanoma ingathinta ne-retina, i-membrane ye-mucous (umgogodla womlomo, isitho sangasese sangasese somlomo wesibeletho). Le neoplasm ibonakala ngokukhula okusheshayo futhi ithambekele ekwakhekeni kwama-metastases amaningi akude - emathanjeni, ebuchosheni, emaphashini, esibindini. Nomangokwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi, iziguli ezinesifo se-melanoma zivame ukubuyela emuva - ukukhula okuphindaphindekile kwethumbu ngemuva kweminyaka eminingana.Kunezindlela eziningana eziyisisekelo zokulwa nomdlavuza wesikhumba.Ukuhlinzwa kuyindlela engabizi kakhulu yokususa isimila. Ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kokuhlinzwa kuqashelwa ezigabeni zokuqala, lapho i-neoplasm ingathinti ama-lymph node nezinye izitho nezicubu. Ngemuva kokususa isimila, udokotela ohlinzayo wenza i-cauterization (i-electrocoagulation) kanye ne-curettage (i-curettage) yendawo yenxeba ukuze abhubhise amaseli womdlavuza asele. Njengoba umdlavuza wesikhumba uvama ukukhula ebusweni, kukhona ukungenelela okumnene,anciphisa amaphutha obuhle. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-cryodestruction, lapho khona isimila siqandisiwe yi-nitrogen ewuketshezi futhi sikhishwe ngaphandle kokulimala kwezicubu ezinzima. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi ezimweni ezinobunzima obunomdlavuza - i-squamous cell carcinoma kanye ne-melanoma - akunakwenzeka ukwenza ukhetho ngokuvumela umthamo omncane wokuhlinzwa. Ukuhlinzwa kwe-Micrographic, ngokwendlela ye-MOHS (Mohsa), kubhekwa njengendlela ephephile futhi ephumelela kunazo zonke yokungenelela kokuhlinzwa komdlavuza wesikhumba. Ngalo, isikhumba esinamaseli we-tumor sisuswa ezingqimbeni, ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwesibonakhulu, futhi ungqimba ngalunye luku ngqongesikhathi sokuhlinzwa kuthunyelwa ukuyohlolwa okwengeziwe elabhoratri. Udokotela ohlinzayo unqanda ukungenelela kuphela ngesikhathi lapho ama-histologists eqinisekisa ukuthi inxeba alinawo amangqamuzana amabi.I-Radiotherapy isetshenziswa njengesijobelelo sendlela yokuhlinzwa. Imisebe iyingozi kumaseli athambekele ekukhuleni ngokushesha, ngakho-ke, imishayo eqondisiwe yemisebe ye-ionizing inganciphisa usayizi wesimila, futhi ichithe lawo maseli ayingozi asinde ngemuva kokuhlinzwa. Isikhathi samaseshini we-radiotherapy kanye nethamo lemisebe kungumuntu ngamunye esigulini ngasinye.I-Chemotherapy ihlelekile futhi yendawo. Ngokuqokwa kwale nqubo, i-cytotoxic (elimazayo kuamaseli) amakhemikhali afakwa ngaphakathi emzimbeni noma asetshenziswe ngqo ku-tumor. Indlela enjalo ibaluleke kakhulu ekuboneni ama-metastases lapho ukugxilwa komdlavuza kutholakala ngaphandle kokufinyelela kodokotela abahlinzayo.Ukwelashwa nge-Photodynamic kufaka phakathi ukubhujiswa kwesimila ngogongolo lwe-laser ngemuva kokuthathwa kokuqala kwezithombe (okwandisa ukuzwela kwamangqamuzana kukhanye). Le ndlela yinto entsha, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa kungaphansi kwengxoxo. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe kunomthelela wokuthi ukwelashwa kwe-Photodynamic kancane kancane kungeniswa emkhakheni wezokwelapha wezikhungo zezokwelapha.Ukwelashwa kwe-immune kanye nokuhlosiwe - amasu asemqoka futhi athembisayo abandakanya ukuqondiswa okuqondiwe.isimila ngokuvuselela amasosha omzimba noma ukwethulwa kwezidakamizwa okwenzelwe uhlobo oluthile lomdlavuza ngokusekelwe ezimweni zofuzo zomuntu ngamunye. Abanye ochwepheshe banesiqiniseko sokuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi le ndawo eku-oncology izothatha indawo yazo zonke ezinye izindlela zokwelapha i-neoplasms, kepha kuze kube manje, ukwelashwa okuvikela umzimba nokuhlosiwe kuyasetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nezinye izinqubo futhi - ukuvimbela ukubuyela emuva.Shiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.

Buyekeza:I-Liposuction inqubo yokuhlanza ukususa amanoni ngaphansi kwesikhumba. Inqubo yenziwa kusetshenziswa isisulu esidondayo. I-Ultrasound isetshenziselwa ukuphula amafutha kwamanye amadivaysi. I-liposuction isetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomzimba, kufaka phakathi isisu, okhalweni, umlenze ophansi, izingalo, amabhuzu, emuva, intamo nobuso. Isilinganiso sobude bokuhlala phesheya: 1 amasontoNgokuya ngendawo ethintekile kanye nenani lamafutha asusiwe, i-liposuction ingabhekwa njengokusebenza okuncane noma okunzima.

Buyekeza:Ukuqinisa isikhumba sezandla, obizwa nangokuthi yi-brachioplasty, inqubo yokuhlinzwa yokuguqula ukwakheka kwezandla nokubanikeza ukuqina. Udokotela ohlinzayo angasebenzisa i-liposuction ukususa fat ngokweqile nesikhumba, futhi qinisa isikhumba sonke.Yize imitholampilo eminingi inikela ngendlela engahlaseli kangako, ekuhlinzeni kwendabuko, udokotela ohlinzayo wenza ukuwohloka engalweni kusukela emlenzeni kuya emgudwini. Njengoba kule ndaba isibazi sihlala ngaphakathi kwengalo, sivame ukungabonakali. Noma kunjalo, izinzuzo zomsebenzi onjalo kufanele zikalwe uma ziqhathaniswa nemiphumela yako, ikakhulukazi izibazi. Isilinganiso sobude bokuhlala phesheya: 1 amasontoKwesinye isikhathi isiguli sidinga ukuba esibhedlela kuze kube kususwa imithungo. Lo mbuzo kufanele ucaciswe udokotela ohlinzayo. Ukuhamba emoyeni ekhaya kungenzeka ngezinsuku ezingama-7-10.

Buyekeza:I-body Lift - inhlanganisela yezinqubo zokuhlinzwa zokuthuthukisa ukubukeka okuphelele komzimba wesiguli ngokususa ngokweqile nokushuba kwesikhumba esisele. Lokhu kususa namafutha amaningi ngokweqile ngaphansi kwesikhumba futhi, uma kunesidingo, i-cellulite.Ngokuvamile kuqinisa umzimba ophansi, kufaka phakathi i-abdominoplasty (i-tummy tuck), okhalweni kanye namabhuthi. Lapho ukuphakamisa umzimba nakho kungenziwa neminye imisebenzi, njengokuphakamisa isifuba nesikhumba sezandla. Isilinganiso sobude bokuhlala phesheya: 1 - 2 amavikiNgaphambi kokundiza ekhaya, udokotela ohlinzayo kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi lokhu kuvumela isimo sesiguli, futhi athathe zonke izindlela ezidingekayo ukuvikela i-vein thrombosis (DVT) ejulile.