I-Acibadem Taksim

Buyekeza:I-Abrasion inqubo yenqubo yesibeleko eyenzelwe ukuxilonga nokwelapha izifo zezitho zomzimba. Umsele womlomo wesibeletho uyahlanjululwa ukuze unikeze ukufinyelela kwesibeletho. Lapho-ke izindonga zesibeletho ziyahlakazwa ngensimbi ye-vacuum. Inqubo ngokuvamile yenziwa ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia ejwayelekile noma ngokusebenzisa i-sedation ejulile. Isilinganiso sobude bokuhlala phesheya: 1 amasonto

Buyekeza:I-Hysterectomy kuwukususa isibeletho. Nge-hysterectomy, kuphela isibeletho esisuswa, noma futhi isibeletho, ama-ovari namashubhu we-fallopian. I-hysterectomy ingenziwa ngokusebenzisa isisu sesibeletho (isisu se-hysterectomy) noma ngokusebenzisa isitho sangasese sowesifazane sangasese sowesifazane. I-hysterectomy ingenziwa njengokuhlinzwa okuvulekile noma ukuhlinzwa kwe-laparoscopic (ukuhlinzwa kwe-arthroscopic). Ama-fibter we-uterine ayimbangela evame kakhulu ye-hysterectomy. Njengoba isikhathi sokuvuselela isikhathi eside kakhulu, ukusebenza kukhonjiswa kuphela ngaphakathiuma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zingaphumelelanga. Ngemuva kwe-hysterectomy, owesifazane uyeka ukuya esikhathini, akakwazi ukuba nezingane, futhi kunqunywe ukwelashwa kwe-hormonal therapy. Isilinganiso sobude bokuhlala phesheya: 1 - 3 amasontoNgemuva kokuhlinzwa, owesimame udinga amaviki ambalwa wokuvuselelwa ngaphambi kokuhamba. Udokotela kufanele aqiniseke ukuthi isimo sesiguli sesizinzile, futhi ukulungele ukuhamba.

Buyekeza:I-Myomectomy inqubo yokuhlinzwa eyenziwa ukususa i-uterine fibroids. Ama-fibter we-uterine ukukhula okungahle kudale ukopha okuvela esithweni sangasese sowesilisa, ebuchosheni nasebuhlungwini obuphansi emuva, nobuhlungu ngesikhathi sokulala nokuqunjelwa.

Buyekeza:Ukususa i-ovarian cyst inqubo yokuhlinzwa eyenziwa ukususa ama-cysts amakhulu, anomdlavuza, noma obuhlungu kuma-ovari. I-ovarian cyst iyi-sac egcwele uketshezi.

Buyekeza:I-echocardiogram (EchoCG) ukuhlolwa kwenhliziyo okuthi, ngokusebenzisa amaza e-ultrasound, kwakha isithombe senhliziyo- noma kathathu senhliziyo. Isilinganiso sobude bokuhlala phesheya: 1 - 2 izinsukuImvamisa, iziguli ziphuma emtholampilo ngokushesha ngemuva kokuxilongwa, uma kungatholakali isici esidinga ukwelashwa okuphuthumayo.

Buyekeza:I-electrocardiogram (ECG) iqoshwa kusetshenziswa ama-electrodes abekwe esikhunjeni. Babamba imibhobho kagesi yemisipha yenhliziyo, ekuvumela ukuthi usethe usayizi wamakamelo ezinhliziyo, imvamisa yezivumelwano zenhliziyo namanye amapharamitha. I-electrocardiogram ingabona ukuphazamiseka kwenhliziyo okuhlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi isifo senhliziyo, ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo, inhliziyo, ukukhubazeka kwenhliziyo, ama-inhliziyo valve, noma i-pericarditis. Isilinganiso sobude bokuhlala phesheya: 1 - 2 izinsukuUma i-electrocardiogram ingazivezi izifo zenhliziyo ezinkulu, isiguli singandiza ngokushesha ngemuva kwenqubo.

Ukutheleleka kwezifoIsithuthwane, esithinta abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50 emhlabeni jikelele, sibanga ingxenye enkulu yomthwalo wezifo emhlabeni jikelele. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ingxenye yesamba senani lonke elinefomu elisebenzayo lokuxhuzula (okungukuthi, ngokubanjwa okuqhubekayo noma isidingo sokwelashwa) ngesikhathi esinikezwe sisuka kwabangu-4 kuye kwabali-10 kubantu abayi-1000. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yolunye ucwaningo emazweni anengeniso ephansi nephakathi iphakamisa ukuthi le ngxenye iphakeme kakhulu - ukusuka kwabayi-7 kuye kwabali-15 kubantu abayi-1000.Kulinganiselwa ukuthi emhlabeni wonke, isithuthwane sitholakala minyaka yonke ngaphakathiAbantu abayizigidi eziyi-2,4. Emazweni angenayo imali ephezulu, inani lamacala amasha alezi zifo asezingeni eliphakeme labantu liphakathi kwamashumi amathathu kuya kwangama-50 kwabangu-100,000. Emazweni ahola kancane futhi aphakathi nendawo, leli nani lingaphakama kabili.Izinga eliphakeme emazweni anengeniso ephansi naphakathi nendawo kungenzeka ukuthi ahlotshaniswe nengozi eyandayo yezifo ezibangelwa umalaleveva ezifana nomalaleveva kanye ne-neurocysticercosis; ukukhuphuka kwamanani okulimala kwabantu omgwaqo; ukulimala kokubeletha, kanye nokwehluka kwengqalasizinda yezokwelapha, ukutholakala kwezinhlelo zokuvimbela nokunakekelwa kwezempilo okungabizi.nullnullnullnullumuthi, ukuhlinzwa kungasiza.UkuvimbelaIsithuthwane se-Idiopathic asivikeleki. Kodwa-ke, ngezimbangela ezaziwayo zesifo sokuwa kwesibili, izindlela zokuthibela zingathathwa.    Ukuvimbela ukulimala kwekhanda kuyindlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokuvimbela ukwanda kwesixakaxaka.     Ukunakekelwa okuphelele kwengqondo kusiza ukunciphisa izehlakalo zesifo sokuwa okuncane ngenxa yokulimala kokubeletha.     Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nezinye izindlela ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba ezinganeni ezinomkhuhlane kunganciphisa amathuba okubanjwa kobunzima.     Ukutheleleka kohlelo lwezinzwa oluyimbangela kuyimbangela evamile yesifo sokuwa ezindaweni ezishisayo laphokunamazwe amaningi athuthukayo. Ukuqedwa kwamagciwane ngaphansi kwalezi zimo nomsebenzi wokufundisa maqondana nokuvimbela ukutheleleka kuyizindlela ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa umthwalo wesifo sokuwa emhlabeni wonke, ngokwesibonelo, isithuthwane ngenxa ye-neurocysticercosis.U-Allhospital angathanda ukuncoma uSolwazi Antonio Russi (Teknon Kiron Clinic, Barcelona), ongomunye wabaholi abaphambili bezokwelapha baseYurophu. NgokukaProfessor Russi, iziguli ezingama-95 kwezingu-100 zikwazi ukuqeda ngokuphelele lesi sifo sokuwa ngemuva kokuthola ukwelashwa okufanele.Shiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.

Buyekeza:Ukwelashwa kweBongo aneurysm inqubo yokuhlinzwa eyenziwa lapho ubungozi bokuqothuka kwe-aneurysm buye buphakeme impela. Isilinganiso sobude bokuhlala phesheya: amavikiIsikhathi esichithwe emtholampilo kuya ngohlobo lwe-aneurysm. Ngama-aneurysm angenayo i-plug, isikhathi sokululama ngemuva kokwelashwa sivame ukufushane kunokuba kuqhume ukukhipha.

Buyekeza:Umsebenzi wokususa isimila sobuchopho wenziwa uchwepheshe we-neurosurgeon ukuze usule ingxenye ethile noma ususe ngokuphelele isimila. Isilinganiso sobude bokuhlala phesheya: Amaviki ayisithupha kuya kwayi-8Kuya ngohlobo lokuhlinzwa, isidingo kanye nesikhathi sokuvuselelwa kanye nenqubo yenqubo yokutakula isiguli.

Ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukubheka (isheke) noma ukuhlolwa, kusuka ekuhlolweni kwesiNgisi, ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwempilo yeziguli. Ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kungasiza ekuboneni izinkinga zempilo zisencane, noma kungakenzeki ngaphambi kokuqala kwezimpawu, futhi kungaqinisekisa neziguli ezikhathazekile ngempilo yazo noma ezinezimpawu ezisolisayo.Ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha okujwayelekile (ukuhlolwa) kunconywa ukuba kwenziwe njalo eminyakeni embalwa. Ikakhulu kulezo ziguli ezinokweqileisisindo, imikhuba emibi, noma umlando womndeni wezifo ezifana nesifo senhliziyo, umdlavuza noma isifo sikashukela. Ukuhlolwa kungasiza ekuboneni izinkinga ezifana nomfutho wegazi ophakeme noma isifo senhliziyo sokuqala. Iziguli zizokwazi ukwenza ushintsho oludingekayo endleleni yokuphila nemikhuba, futhi uma kunesidingo, qala ukuthatha imishanguzo, ukuvimbela ukuthuthuka kwezifo okuqhubekayo.Kunezivivinyo eziningi ezahlukahlukene ezingafakwa ohlolweni lwezempilo, kufaka phakathiukuhlolwa kwegazi, ukucabanga ngokuxilonga, ukuhlolwa kwenhliziyo nabanye abaningi. Ukuhlolwa kungahle kufake nokuhlolwa kwegazi kwabamaki be-tumor abamaki wezimpawu zamaseli womdlavuza emzimbeni.Ukuhlolwa kunconyelwa noma ngubani onokungabaza ngesimo sempilo yabo noma onezimpawu ezidinga ukubhekwa njalo.InconyelweUkuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwezokwelapha kunconywa kuzo zonke iziguli, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisengozini enkulu yokuba nezifo ezithile.

I-acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ebuye ifushaniswe ngokuthi YONKE (ngezinhlamvu zokuqala zesifo), futhi kwesinye isikhathi ungathola igama le-acute lymphocytic leukemia - isifo esibuhlungu sohlelo lwe-hematopoietic. Lesi sifo siqala kumnkantsha wethambo. Umongo wethu wethambo uyimboni yamaseli egazi ahlukahlukene. Lapho umugqa wethambo ugula, khona-ke le fektri, esikhundleni seyenempilo (odokotela bakhuluma ngamangqamuzana avuthiwe), iqala ukukhiqiza inani elikhulu lamaseli egazi amhlophe angakafiki.Lapho umuntu egula, khona-ke wonke amaseli egazi akhula futhi avuselelwa ngokuvumelanayo, konke kwenzeka ngendlela elinganiselayo. Amaseli wegazi avuthwa kancane kancane, futhi inqubo yokuvuthwa iyinkimbinkimbi impela. Kepha niniingane iyagula ine-lymphoblastic leukemia, i.e.BONKE, inqubo yokuvuthwa iphula ngokuphelele.Amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi, okungukuthi, amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi, avele avele angavuthi ngokuphelele futhi angakhuli abe amaseli okusebenza agcwele. Esikhundleni salokho, baqala ukuhlanganyela ngokushesha nangokungalawuleki. Umsebenzi wohlelo lwe-hematopoietic uyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngokungafanele: amangqamuzana agulayo afaka amanye aphilile futhi abambelele endaweni yomongo. Ingane egulayo ayinawo amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe anempilo, amangqamuzana abomvu egazi (amaseli abomvu egazi), noma amaplatelet egazi (amaplatelet).Kungaleso sizathu izingane zingakha i-anemia (anemia), izinkinga ezithathelwanayo ezahlukahlukene (ukutheleleka), kanye nokuphuma kwegazi kaningi. Futhi lokhulezo yizimpawu zokuqala ezingakhuluma nge-leukemia ebukhali enganeni. Kepha lesi sifo uqobo, SONKE, kusukela ekuqaleni asitholakali kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba. Ukusuka emqubeni wethambo, ungena ungene egazini, ungene ezicutshini ze-lymphoid (uhlelo lwe-lymphatic) nakuzo zonke ezinye izitho zomzimba. Umsebenzi wohlelo lonke lwezitho, okungukuthi, umzimba wonke, uqala ukuphazamiseka. Kungakho ZONKE, njengazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo ze-leukemia, zibizwa ngokuthi isifo esibuhlungu esise-systemic, okungukuthi, lesi sifo sibulala wonke umzimba njengohlelo.KONKE kusakazeka emzimbeni wonke ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngaphandle kokwelashwa, amaseli we-leukemia aphambukeka yonke indawo, hhayiizithiyo zomhlangano. Izitho zomzimba lapho ziyeke khona ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile kanti nezifo ezintsha ezinkulu ziqala kuzo. Uma i-leukemia ingelashwa, khona-ke ukufa kwenzeka ezinyangeni ezimbalwa.Shiya isicelo samahhala kwiwebhusayithi yethu futhi ochwepheshe bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokulandela icala lakho. Indlela yokwelashwa yokwelapha i-leukemia ebukhali incike eminyakeni yobudala kanye nesiguli, uhlobo nesigaba sokuthuthuka kwalesi sifo, futhi kubalwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokwahlukana ngakunye esimweni ngasinye.Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokwelashwa kwe-leukemia ebukhali - ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali nokwelashwa kokuhlinzwa - ukufakelwa kwamathambo.I-Chemotherapy yakhiwaizinyathelo ezimbili ezilandelanayo:• Inhloso yesigaba sokuqala ukutholwa kokuxolelwa. Ngama-chemotherapy, ama-oncologists athola ukwehla kwezinga lamaseli wokuqhuma• Isinyathelo sokuhlanganisa esidingekayo ukubhubhisa amaseli womdlavuza asele• Ukungenisa kabusha, njengomthetho, ukuphinda ngokuphelele uhlelo (izidakamizwa, imithamo, imvamisa yokuphatha) yesigaba sokuqala• Ngaphezu kwezidakamizwa ze-chemotherapeutic, ama-cytostatics akhona ohlelweni olujwayelekile lokwelashwa.Ngokwezibalo, ubude besikhathi sokwelashwa kwamakhemikhali kwe-leukemia acute cishe iminyaka emi-2.I-Chemotherapy ehlanganiswe ne-cytostatics iyiindlela enolaka yokuvezwa, okudala imiphumela emibi eminingana (isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, impilo engeyinhle, ukulahlekelwa izinwele, njll.). Ukuze kuncishiswe isimo sesiguli, kunqunywa ukwelashwa okufana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuya ngesimo, ama-antibiotics, ama-detoxification agents, ama-platelet ne-erythrocyte mass, nokunconywa kwegazi kunganconywa.Ukufakelwa kwamathamboUkufakelwa kwamathambo kunikeza isiguli amaseli anempilo we-stem, athi kamuva abe ngokhokho bamaseli egazi ajwayelekile.Isimo esibaluleke kakhulu sokudluliswa kwezidalwa kuyinto yokuxolelwa ngokuphelele kwesifo. Kubalulekile ukuthi umongo wethambo ohlanziwe kusuka kumaseli aqhuma ugcwaliswe ngamaseli anempilo.Ukuze ulungiselele isiguli ukuhlinzwa,Ukwelashwa okukhethekile kwe-immunosuppressive kuyenziwa. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukubhubhisa amaseli we-leukemia futhi kucindezele ukuzivikela komzimba ukuze kunciphise ingozi yokwenqatshwa.Ukuxhumana kokuthathwa kokufakelwa kwamathambo:• Ukwephulwa kokusebenza kwezitho zangaphakathi• Izifo ezithathelanayo ezingapheli• Ukubuyela emuva kwe-leukemia ebusayo, hhayi ukuhumushela ekuxolelweni• ukugugaShiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.

Into yokuqala iziguli nawo wonke umuntu wesifazane okudingeka ayazi ngomdlavuza webele (njengoba, ngempela, noma uluphi uhlobo lomdlavuza): namuhla lesi akusona isigwebo, isigaba sangaphambi kwesifo, amathuba aphezulu wokuhlula umdlavuza ngokuphelele. Futhi ezigabeni zakamuva, kunamathuba amaningi futhi amaningi okulwa ngempumelelo nesifo sibonga ukuqala kwezindlela zanamuhla zokuguqula izindlela zokwelapha (bheka ngezansi).Ubani osengozini? Umdlavuza webele yi-neoplasm ebabayo eyenzeka cishe koyedwa kwabesifazane abayishumi. Umdlavuza webele ungatholakala kunoma yimuphi ubudala, kepha ngemuva kweminyaka engama-65 yobudala, ubungoziUkwakheka kwesimila kukhuphuke amahlandla ayi-6 kunangaphambilini. Abaphenyi bakhomba izimbangela ezilandelayo zokukhula kwalesi sifo:1) ifa elisindayo: uma izihlobo, ikakhulukazi ohlangothini lukamama, zitholakale zinomdlavuza webele, izitho zangasese zowesifazane, nezinye izifo ze-oncological, khona-ke ingozi yokuthola umdlavuza webele iyanda;2) ukuqala kokuqala kokuya esikhathini (kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-12) kanye nokuqala kwesikhathi kokuya esikhathini (ngemuva kweminyaka engama-55);I-3) ukungazali inzalo, ukuzalwa kokufika sekwedlule isikhathi (ngemuva kweminyaka engama-30), ukuntuleka kokuqunjelwa yisisu noma isikhathi esifushane sokuncelisa ibele, i-postitis ye-mastitis;4) impilo yobulili engajwayelekile;5) ukulimala kwe-gland ye-mammary;6) ukuxilongwa kwe "dishormonalmammary gland hyperplasia ”;7) ukukhuluphala;8) ukungasebenzi kwegilo;9) ukwelashwa esikhundleni se-hormone.Izimpawu zomdlavuza webele Kwezokwelapha, isimila esiswini sezilwane ezincelisayo ezimweni eziningi sitholwa ngowesifazane noma oshade naye, okwenzeka futhi. Isimila singatholakala lapho kuhlolwa udokotela wezifo ezincelisayo, udokotela wezifo zamehlo, udokotela ohlinzayo, noma ukutholakala ngengozi ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwesibalo.Yiziphi izimpawu okufanele ziqwashise:    ngaphezu kokuzizwa ngemfundo ebeleni, owesifazane angabona izinguquko ezingalweni: ulceration, retraction, ubona kusukela ingono. Lesi yisikhathi sokubonana nodokotela ngokushesha!     ezigabeni zakamuva umakiubuthakathaka obukhulayo, ukuwohloka kwempilo, ukukhwehlela, ukuphefumula kanzima, ubuhlungu bethambo kungenzeka.Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza Webele Ukwelashwa umdlavuza webele kwenziwa ngezigaba eziningana kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene. Izindlela ezintathu eziphambili zisetshenziswa namuhla:Umuthi wokwelapha antitumor.Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokwelapha okunjalo, okungukuthi:* i-chemotherapy: kulokhu, izidakamizwa ezihlose ekubhujisweni kwamaseli e-tumor ziyasetshenziswa;* Ukwelashwa kwama-hormone, okungukuthi, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezicindezela ukusebenza kwe-hormonal kwesimila kanye nomzimba;* Ukwelapha okuqondisiwe kuyinkomba entsha, indlela lapho izidakamizwa “zibukhali” ngomphumela oqondiwe kumaseli we-tumor futhi kakhulu kuthinta abaphilileizicubu zomuntu;* I-Immunotherapy iyinkomba entsha kakhulu, namuhla ezinhlanganweni zamazwe omhlaba ze-oncologists ibizwa ngokuthi enye yezindlela eziphambili kakhulu nezikhuthazayo zokulwa nezinhlobo ezahlukene zomdlavuza. Umongo we-immunotherapy usezinhlelweni ezikhethekile zamaseli omzimba eziguli. Ngenxa yobuchwepheshe babo obuhlukile, baphenduka isikhali esinamandla esingabona futhi sibhubhise ngokunembile amaseli womdlavuza.Ngokuxilongwa komdlavuza webele, ukwelashwa okuhlinzwa nokwelashwa ngemisebe nakho kuyasetshenziswa.Shiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.

Umdlavuza we-bladder umdlavuza wesine ojwayelekile kakhulu phakathi kwabesilisa; kwabesifazane, kuvame kakhulu. Njengomthetho, isimila sesigaxa sikhula kancane, futhi singalawulwa ngempumelelo ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimweni eziningi zomdlavuza wesinye, ingozi yokuthola isimila esisongela impilo incane kakhulu. Ukuxilongwa kusenesikhathi kanye nokuhlolwa njalo kubalulekile ukuze uphumelele ekwelashweni.Izimpawu zomdlavuza wesinyeIsibonakaliso esivame kakhulu somdlavuza wesinye ukuvela kwegazi emchameni. Kwesinye isikhathi kungabonakala ngeso elinqunu, kepha imvamisa ubukhona bamangqamuzana egazi bungabonakala kuphela phakathi nokujwayelekileurinalysis. Ukuvela kwegazi kumchamo kungahle kuhambisane nemizwa engathandeki ngenkathi uchama (imvamisa ichazwa ngokuthi “ukushisa”). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuchama kungaba njalo futhi kuphuthumayo kunokujwayelekile. Esikhathini sokuqala kwesifo, ezinye izimpawu azikho. Ngakho-ke, uma kunegazi umchamo noma uma kungaphazamiseka umchamo, ukuhlolwa kufanele kuthathwe ngokushesha. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi lezi zimpawu azivezi ubukhona besimila - zingabangelwa nangamatshe, ukuvuvukala kwe-urethra, i-prostate eyandisiwe, njll. Kunoma ikuphi, imbangela yalezi zimpawu kumele inqunywe ngokuqondile.Kanjaniutholakala ukuthi unomdlavuza wesinye?Uma kutholakala igazi emchamweni, kufanele kwenziwe izivivinyo eziningana ukukhipha isimila sesinye. Lesi sifo yisibopho se-urology, ngakho-ke noma ngabe uye kudokotela womndeni, kufanele uvakashele udokotela oyi-urologist. Ngemuva kokucacisa umlando wezokwelapha kanye nokuhlolwa ngokomzimba, kuzodingeka ukuthi uhlole amasheke amaningi angeziwe, ngokuvamile awudingi ukwelashwa esibhedlela.Ngesikhathi se-cystoscopy, i-endoscope emincane ifakwa ngokusebenzisa i-urethra (urethra) esikhwameni. Ngalo, ungabheka ngokucophelela isikhala sangaphakathi sesinye bese ubheka ukuthi kunama-tumors noma ezinye izifo. Ungathatha futhi isampula odongeni.isinye (i-biopsy). Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa elele phansi, ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia yendawo, futhi akudingi ukuthi kungeniswe esibhedlela. Ngemuva kwe-cystoscopy, umuzwa ovuthayo omncane ngesikhathi sokuchama kungenzeka, ozodlula ngemuva kosuku noma ezimbili. Ukuphuza uketshezi oluningi kulezi zinsuku kunconywa.I-urography ye-CT is a scan compact tomography scan lapho i-ejenti ehlukile ifakwa emzimbeni futhi igxilike ngokushesha ku-urethra. Ngemuva kwalokhu, i-compact tomography ikhombisa isimo sezinso, i-ureters kanye nesinye. Uma isiguli sinesifo somoya noma i-allergic izidakamizwa noma iodine, kufanele kuthathwe imithi ekhethekile ngaphambi kwenqubo ukuvikela ukusabela komzimba. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-ultrasound ne-compact tomographyizinso akwanele ukunikeza incazelo eqeda futhi engaxakanisi yezimbangela zegazi kumchamo.Ukwelashwa umdlavuza we-bladderIsinyathelo sokuqala ukususa isimila. Izicubu ezisusiwe zithunyelwa elabhoratri ukuthola ukuthi hlobo luni lwesisu kanye nokujula kokungena kwalo odongeni lwesinye. Ukususwa kwesimila (noma ukumiswa kabusha kwaso) kuvame ukwenzeka ngesikhathi esibhedlela. Ukusetshenzelwa kabusha kwenziwa ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia usebenzisa i-cystoscope-efana ne-into efakwa ngokusebenzisa i-urethra (urethra), ngaphandle kokuvuleka noma ukuvula i-patity yesisu. Ezimweni eziningi, ngemuva kokutholakala kwesimila, isiguli simenyelwa ekuhlinzweni okuhleliwe. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni lapho i-tumor iholela khonaukopha okungapheli, kudinga ukuhlinzwa okuphuthumayo. Njengomthetho, resection tumor iholela ekumisweni kokuphuma kwegazi. Kwesinye isikhathi ukususwa ngokuphelele kwe-tumor akunakwenzeka ngenxa yobukhulu bayo noma ukujula kokungena ngaphakathi odongeni lwesinye. Ezimweni ezinjalo, i-biopsy izokwenziwa ukubheka uhlobo lwesimila nokujula kokungena kwalo, emva kwalokho kuzosetshenziswa ezinye izindlela zokwelapha. Ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, i-catheter izoshiywa esinyeni i-urethra izinsuku eziningana ukuze isilonda sokuhlinzwa singaphola. Ezinsukwini zokuqala ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, kungahle kube nokopha okuncane okuvela esinyeni, okufanele kuyeke kancane kancane. Ngemuva kokususwa kwe-catheterukuzwa kuphuthuma futhi kuvutha, noma kubuhlungu lapho uchama. Imvamisa, lokhu kuphazamiseka kungokwesikhashana. Ezimweni eziningi, isiguli sizokwazi ukubuyela ekhaya sisebenze ngokujwayelekile izinsuku ezingama-2-3 ngemuva kokuhlinzwa. Isinqumo sokuqhubeka nokwelashwa kuya ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-histological (uhlobo lwe-tumor nokujula kokungena).Isigaba sesibili sokwelashwa singafaka izindlela ezintathu.    Isimila esigqamile, hhayi ukungena ngaphandle kwe-epithelium yesikhashana. Kulokhu, ukwelashwa okuqhubekayo akudingekile. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, izimila ezinjengalezi zivame ukwenzeka futhi, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yokuqala ngemuva kokuhlinzwa. Ngalesi sizathu, ikakhulukaziKubalulekile ukuthi uhlolwe njalo emtholampilo we-urological.     Isimila singene ngale kwe-epithelium yesikhashana, kodwa asizange singene emsipha. Kulokhu, sikhuluma futhi ngesimila esikhulukazi, kepha kuyadingeka ukwelashwa okuqhubekayo. Njengomthetho, umuthi okhethekile ufakelwa esikhunjeni. Umuthi ovame kakhulu futhi osebenzayo ubizwa nge-BCG. Umgomo wayo ukuthuthukisa impendulo yasendaweni yokuzivikela komzimba. Izidakamizwa ze-Cytotoxic ezibulala amaseli womdlavuza nazo ziyasetshenziswa. Inhloso ye-BCG nezinye izidakamizwa ukuvikela isimila ngemuva kokuphinda sisebenze. Lokhu kwelashwa kuyanconywa ezimweni ezinjengokuba khona kwezimila eziningi ezingeqile.noma ukubuyisa ngokushesha isimila izinyanga eziningana ngemuva kokuhlinzwa. Umuthi uphathwa kanye ngeviki cishe amasonto ayisithupha, emtholampilo we-urological, usebenzisa i-catheter emincane efakwa emabeleni. Ngemuva kokuphatha umuthi, isiguli sicelwa ukuba senqabe ukuchama amahora amabili. Isiguli singathola umuzwa ovuthayo lapho uchama kanye nomuzwa ongathandeki esiswini esingezansi, noma kunjalo, zidlula ngokushesha.     Isimila singene emthanjeni, sijule ezindongeni zesinye. Kulesi simo, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwe-tumor nge-urethra akwanele. Imvamisa, udinga ukususa wonke amabhlogo ngaphambiliukuvula isisu sesisu. Umgomo wokuqalwa kabusha kwe-bladder ukususa ngokuphelele amaseli womdlavuza emzimbeni ukuze alulame ngokuphelele.     Ngemuva kokuhlelwa kabusha kwe-bladder, kufanele kudalwe okunye ukufaka esikhundleni sakhe ukumvumela ukuba achame. Kunokukhethwa okuningana kokushintshwa okunjalo:    Umchamo ungena ngqo esikhwameni esinamathiselwe odongeni lwesibeletho.     Ukwakha enye ipokhethi lomchamo emgodini womzimba (kudinga ukwethulwa kwe-catheter kaningana ngosuku ukukhipha ephaketheni umchamo).     Isikhwama somchamo esisemgodini womzimba esivumela ukuchama okujwayelekile ngokusebenzisa i-urethra.MhlawumbeIngabe kukhona ukululama okuphelele?Impendulo ayiveli obala: yebo. Iningi lama-bladder tumors yizimila ezingasho lutho. Ukususwa kwesimila ngokusebenzisa i-urethra (kwesinye isikhathi okuhambisana nokungeniswa kwe-BCG esinyeni) kuholela ekunyamalaleni kwayo ngokuphelele. Imvamisa, ngemuva kwesikhashana, isimila siyabuya, kepha uma usihlola kaninginingi, ungasithola sisencane futhi umelane naso ngempumelelo. Ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo kufaka i-urinalysis, i-cystoscopy kanye ne-compact tomography ye-urethra. Isikhathi esithe xaxa seludlulile ekwelashweni kokugcina, kuncane kakhulu okudingeka ukuthi uhlolwe. Kubalulekile ukuthi ukhumbule ukuthi ukubhema kukhulisa ubungozi bakho.ukubuyela kwesimila sesinye; ngakho-ke, uma ubhema, kufanele uyeke lo mkhuba omubi.Ama-tumors angena ngokujulile odongeni lwesinye angalapheka ngokuphelele ngosizo lwe-resection yalo. Ezimweni eziningi, kungenzeka ukudala elinye ibhulethi elivumela ukuchama okuvamile nge-urethra. Ngenxa yalokhu, isiguli asikwazi ukululama ngokuphelele, kodwa futhi sibuyele ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile esikujwayele.Shiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.

Ngokwesilinganiso, ukuguqulwa kusuka ku-precancer kuya ekubeni isimila esinomdlavuza kuthatha iminyaka emi-2 kuye kweli-15. Ukuguqulwa okwalandela kusuka esigabeni sokuqala somdlavuza kuye kokugcina kuthatha iminyaka eyi-1-2.Umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho ngukuthuka okulimazayo, okuthi ngokwezibalo zezokwelapha phakathi kwezifo ze-oncological ezenzeka ebulilini obulungile, kuthathe indawo yesine (ngemuva komdlavuza wesisu, isikhumba kanye nezindlala zezinso).Umthombo womdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho amangqamuzana ajwayelekile amboza wesibeletho. Zingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-600 zalezi zithumba ezitholwa minyaka yonke.iziguli. Yize umdlavuza wesibeletho uvame ukwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka engama-40-60, kodwa, ngeshwa, muva nje usencane kakhulu.Ukwelashwa komdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho kuhlangene futhi kufaka phakathi ukuhlinzwa, ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kanye nokwelashwa ngemisebe. Esimweni ngasinye, ukwelashwa kunqunywa ngakunye, kuya esigabeni salesi sifo, izifo ezikhona, isimo somlomo wesibeletho, kanye nokuba khona kwezifo ezithathelanayo njengamanje.Ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, isimila singasuswa nengxenye yomlomo wesibeletho, kususwe isimila kanyeisibeletho, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngesibeletho uqobo. Imvamisa, ukuhlinzwa kuhlanganiswa ngokususwa kwama-lymph node we-pelvis (uma amaseli womdlavuza ekwazi ukujwayela). Udaba lokususwa kwe-ovarian luvame ukunqunywa ngokuhlukile (ezigabeni zokuqala zomdlavuza kwabesifazane abasebasha, ama-ovari angagcinwa).Ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, uma kunesidingo, iziguli zinqunyelwe ukwelashwa ngemisebe. Ukwelashwa ngemisebe ye-ionizing kungaqedela ukwelashwa kokuhlinzwa, futhi kungabekwa ngokuhlukile. Ekwelapheni umdlavuza wesibeletho, i-chemotherapy, izidakamizwa ezikhethekile eziqeda ukukhula zingasetshenziswa.kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza. Ngeshwa, amathuba we-chemotherapy yalesi sifo alinganiselwe.Impumelelo yokwelashwa komdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho ixhomeke eminyakeni yesiguli, ukunemba kokukhethwa kwezokwelapha, futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ekutholakalweni kwesifo ekuqaleni. Lapho umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho utholwa esencane, i-diagnostosis iyathandeka futhi lesi sifo singalashwa ngezindlela zokuhlinzwa zodwa.Shiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.

I-Chemotherapy iyindlela elapha umdlavuza egcina umdlavuza ngezidakamizwa zamakhemikhali. I-Chemotherapy ingaba enye yezakhi zokwelapha ezihlanganiswa futhi ingahlanganiswa nokwelashwa ngemisebe noma ukususwa kwesimila. Umgomo we-chemotherapy kungaba ukubhujiswa ngokuphelele kwesimila somdlavuza kanye nokwehlisa ukukhula nokukhula kwamaseli womdlavuza. Ukwehlisela phansi ukukhula nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwamaseli kuholela ekwehleni kwesibalo kanye nokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yempilo yesiguli futhi, kwezinye izimo, kwandisa amathuba okususwa okuphelele kwethumbu.Inconyelwe    Ukwelashwa Umdlavuza     Impilo Yomdlavuza

Ukwelashwa kwe-leukemia engapheli kuhloselwe ukunciphisa izimpawu zesifo. I-leukemia uhlobo lomdlavuza othinta amaseli egazi emzimbeni. Lesi sifo sivame ukukhula emqubeni, lapho kunokungalingani khona ekulinganisweni kwamangqamuzana amhlophe egazi. Imvamisa, amangqamuzana egazi akha, akhule, futhi afe ukuze enze indawo yamangqamuzana amasha, kanti i-leukemia iphazamisa le nqubo.I-leukemia engapheli ihamba kancane futhi ezigabeni zokuqala, ezingahlala iminyaka eminingi, ayidingi ukwelashwa. Ekugcineni, cishe akunakwenzeka ukwelapha ngokuphelele i-leukemia, kodwa kungenzeka ukunciphisa izimpawu futhi kufinyelele kokuxolelwa ngosizo lwe-chemo- ne-radiotherapy, ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa, ukwelashwa kwe-biological noma ukufakwa kwethambo. Ngokuxilongwa kwe-leukemia, ukwelashwa ngamakhambi noma ngezithasiselo zokudla akunawo umphumela wokwelapha.

Izindlela ezahlukahlukene zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha umdlavuza we-rectum noma amathumbu amancane, abizwa nangokuthi umdlavuza we-colorectal, ngokuya ngendawo yesibeletho kanye nesigaba salesi sifo. Umdlavuza wenzeka lapho kubhekwa umlomo ongafanele wamaseli, obangela ukuba amaseli aqale ukuhlukana futhi asakaze ngokushesha, esikhundleni sokufa nokwenza indawo yamaseli amasha.I-Chemotherapy, noma i-systemic therapy, yenziwa izinyanga eziningana. Amakhemikhali athile anganciphisa noma aphazamise ukukhula kwamaseli womdlavuza. Izikhathi zokuthatha i-chemotherapy (izifundo),ithathelwe indawo ikhefu amasonto ambalwa ukubuyisela umzimba.Ngokuhambisana ne-chemotherapy, ukwelashwa okuqondiwe kungaqhutshwa, okuvumela imishanguzo ukuhlasela amaseli e-tumor ngamabomu, ngaleyo ndlela kube nomthelela omncane ongemuhle emzimbeni wesiguli.I-Radiotherapy ikuvumela ukuthi ubhubhise amaseli womdlavuza usebenzisa ucwaningo lwemisebe ekhethiwe futhi egxile.Uhlelo nesikhathi sokulashwa kuya ngesilinganiso sokukhula komdlavuza kanye nempilo ejwayelekile yesiguli.Kunconyelwe    Umdlavuza weColon     Umdlavuza we-Colorectal     Umdlavuza we-Colorectal

nullizidakamizwa kanye nokwelashwa ngemisebe kuxhunyiwe ekusebenzeni. Ukuzikhethela kwendlela eholayo yokwelashwa kuchazwa ngosayizi nendawo yesimila, isimo sesiguli nezifo ezihlangene.Njengoba kunesimila esincane kakhulu esingamanyanisi i-mucosa, kuphela i-mucosa enesendlalelo engaphansi yahlanganiswa nge-gastroscope, futhi imiphumela yokwelashwa mihle kakhulu.Esiteji I - II somdlavuza, ingxenye ye-esophagus iyasuswa, isiphuzo sigcwele ingxenye yesisu noma isigaxa sakhiwa esiswini. Namuhla kungenzeka ukusebenzisa imishini ye-endoscopic yale misebenzi.Ngokusakazeka kwesimila engxenyeni yemisipha futhi, kubuye kwenziwe umsebenzi, kepha lokhunullKwesinye isikhathi i-chemoradiotherapy yenziwa ngokuhlinzwa okunganele kokuhlinzwa. I-Chemotherapy ingenziwa uma ukuhlinzwa kungeke kwenzeke, lapho isimila sikhulu kakhulu, noma ngesisu esincane, kepha ngokubhekelwa okujwayelekile kokuhlinzwa. Kulesi sinqumo sokugcina, ukusinda kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa okuhlinzwa. Lapho kukhona i-fistulas, i-chemoradiotherapy ayinakwenzeka. I-Chemotherapy ingahle ibe yinkimbinkimbi ngokuvuvukala okukhulu kwe-mucous membrane ye-esophagus, ezodinga isidlo ngokusebenzisa i-dropper.Shiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.

Ama-neoplasms amakhulu we-gallbladder. Lesi sifo sisifo esingajwayelekile, iningi labesifazane elineminyaka engama-50 nangaphezulu.Izimpawu zesifo sendodaIzimpawu ezinkulu zokubonakaliswa zifaka i-nausea nokuhlanza, i-jaundice, izinhlungu engxenyeni yesithathu ephezulu yesisu, umkhuhlane, umkhuhlane, ukuncipha komzimba, ukuncipha kokudla, ukuqhakaza, kanye nokukhula kwezimpawu zamathumbu esiswini. Njengomthetho, ezigabeni zokuqala zesifo, isiguli asinakho ukungakhululeki, okunciphisa kakhulu amathuba wesiguliukululama.Ukuxilongwa umdlavuza we-gallbladderKwenziwa ucwaningo oluningi lwelebhu kanye nangezinsimbi: ukuhlolwa kwegazi okujwayelekile, i-biochemistry yegazi, i-x-ray yezitho zesisu, ukuxilongwa kwe-magnetic resonance yezitho zesisu, i-percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, i-biopsy of the gallbladder ngokuqhubeka kokuhlolwa komlando kumasampula ezinsizwa ezithintekile.Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza we-GallbladderUkwelashwa kwalesi sifo, njengama-neoplasms amaningi abuhlungu, kufaka phakathi ukususwa kokuhlinzwa kwe-tumor kanye ne-conservative therapy. Indlela eyinhloko yokwelashwa ukuhlinzwa, i-cholecystectomy edume kakhulu. Namuhla, kwenziwa ngendlela emnene kakhulu yokusebenza.- Indlela ye-laparoscopic. Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa okuyinkimbinkimbi, kusetshenziswa imisebe ye-radiation kanye ne-chemotherapy, kanti neziguli zinqunyelwe namalungiselelo we-radiosensitizer aqukethe izinto ezisebenzayo ezandisa ukuzwakala kwamaseli we-atypical ezinhlotsheni ezithile zemisebe.Gallbladder Cancer PreventionAzikho izindlela eziqondile zokuvimbela le-pathology. Izincomo ezijwayelekile zifaka: ukwenziwa okujwayelekile kwezinkomba zesisindo, ukondleka okufanele, ukuncipha kwenani lokudla kwemvelaphi yezilwane kanye nokwanda kokudla kwemifino nezithelo. Kunconywa futhi ukulahla imikhuba emibi, ukuzivocavoca njalo, nokuthambisa umzimba.

nullwonke amathumbu ezinso atholakala ngokungahleliwe, ene-ultrasound ehleliwe ngokungabikho ngokuphelele kwezimpawu.Izimpawu zokuphila kwalesi sifo manje sezijwayelekile.    1. Igazi emchameni (i-hematuria). Ukuvela kwakhe kungazelelwe futhi kube nephrofayili.     2. Ubuhlungu emuva nangemuva eliphansi: lezi zikhalazo zihambisana nokuqhuma kwesimila ezithweni eziseduze noma ukuphuma kwe-ureter.     3. Ukuhlangana esiswini (palpation palpates tumor).     4. Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa nomfutho wegazi (lokhu okugcina kungabangelwa ukucindezelwa kwemithambo yemithambo noma ukukhiqizwa kwe-renin tumor).5. I-Varicocele.     6. Ukwehla kwesisindo, ubuthakathaka obujwayelekile, i-anemia, ukujuluka kobusuku nokukhathala ngokweqile.Ngeshwa, imvamisa izimpawu zomdlavuza wezinso zingaveli ngokushesha, lesi sifo siqhubeka ngesimo isikhathi eside. Kungakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uvivinyelwe njalo, wenze ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasound bese uhlola igazi nomchamo.Ukuxilongwa umdlavuza wezinsoUkuxilongwa komdlavuza wezinso kufaka uhla lonke lokukhwabanisa okuhlukile, okukuvumela ukuthi uthole ukutholakala kwesifo ngokunemba okuphelele.   1. Indlela ebiza kakhulu yokuxilonga i-ultrasound.    2. Izinga legolide lokuxilongwa kwama-tumors ezinso yikhompyuthaTomogra Ngokuphambene. I-tomography ehlanganisiwe inikeza isithombe esiphelele sesikhundla se-tumor, ubukhulu baso, isigaba sasemtholampilo nokukhula kwe-tumor kwizitho eziseduze.   3. Ukuhlolwa kwe-urinalysis kuveza ukuba khona kokungcola kwegazi emchanjeni.   4. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kukuvumela ukukhomba izimpawu eziqondile zesifo: i-anemia, amazinga aphakeme we-alkaline phosphatase, urea esegazini, njll.   5. I-MRI yokuxilongwa kwama-tumors ezinso isetshenziswa kancane kune-CT, isibonakaliso esiyinhloko sokwenza i-MRI ukungqubuzana nokwenza i-CT.   6. I-biopsy yamathumbu ezinso yenzelwa ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwale sifo.kanye nokuthola amanye amaqhinga wokwelashwa. Ngeshwa, kwezinye izimo, i-biopsy yesimila sezinso ayisihlaseli, ngenxa yalesi sizathu lolu cwaningo manje alwenziwa kaningi.  7. Ukunquma i-metastases emaphashini nasemathanjeni esinqe, isifuba x-ray ne-osteoscintigraphy kuyasetshenziswa.  8. I-angiography yeRenal - ukuhlolwa kwe-X-ray nge-ejenti ehlukile.Ngokusekelwe kuluphi ukubonakaliswa komdlavuza wezinso, isimo sesiguli kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kokuqala, udokotela ukhetha izindlela ezithile zokuxilonga umdlavuza wezinso ukwakha isithombe esihlose kakhulu.Izigaba zomdlavuza wezinsoKunezigaba ezi-4 zomdlavuza wezinso obonakala ngezindlela ezahlukahlukenenullnoma isimila sisabalalela ku-renal vein / vena cava.     4. Ibanga lomdlavuza wezinso. Isimila sihluma ikhompiyutha yezinso.Ukwelashwa umdlavuza wezinsoUkwelashwa ngomdlavuza wezinso kususelwa ezindleleni eziningana ezamukelwa ngokuvamile ezisetshenziswa ngazinye noma ngokuphelele. Udokotela ohambelayo, ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lwesimila, esigabeni somtholampilo sobudala nenhlala-kahle yesiguli, ukuphikisana okukhona nezinye izinto, angaguqukela ezindleleni ezahlukahlukene zokwelashwa. Indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokwelapha umdlavuza wezinso kukususa isimila. I-radical nephrectomy ukususwa okuphelele kwezinso ezithintekile, imvamisa kuhlangene nezicubu ezizungezile ze-perirenal, ama-lymph node, futhi ngezinye izikhathii-adrenal gland. Uma usayizi wesimila ungeqi ku-7 cm, kwenziwa ingxenye ethile yezinso. Kanye nendlela yendabuko, lapho kususwa khona izinso noma ukusetshenziselwa kabusha kwayo ngokwenza i-incision enkulu, kune-laparoscopic eyodwa. Kulesi simo, isimila sisuswa noma siphinde senziwe kusetshenziswa amathuluzi akhethekile afakwe kwisisu esiswini ngokuhlangana okuncane (2 cm). Indlela ye-laparoscopic ihlotshaniswa nemvamisa ephansi yezinkinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvuselelwa kweziguli kushesha. Enye indlela yokwelapha isimila sezinso i-cryoablation. Umnyombo wendlela ukukhulula isimila ngosizo lwekristalu elikhethekile elifakwe esiswini. Tumorkufakwa ngaphansi kweqhwa elinye futhi kuncibilika, okugcina kuholele ekufeni kwamaseli womdlavuza. Le ndlela iyisigameko esibuhlungu kakhulu esigulini futhi siyakhonjiswa lapho ukuhlinzwa kungeke kwenzeke, ukuqubuka kwezinso zombili kanye nesimila seso sodwa. Ukwelashwa ngezidakamizwa (i-chemotherapy, i-hormone therapy noma i-immunotherapy) kunqunywa uma kutholakala ukuthi kunomdlavuza wezinso osezingeni eliphezulu (isigaba 4), lapho ukuhlinzwa kungeke kwenzeke.Ukuvimbela Umdlavuza WezinsoUkuvimbela umdlavuza wezinso, kubalulekile ukuyeka ukubhema, ukulawula isisindo nokudla ukudla okulinganiselayo (nge-predominance yezithelo nemifino). Ngakho-ke, indlela yokuphila enempilo iyindlela esemqoka yokuvikela lesi sifo.

nullumthamo womonakalo ku-larynx. I-Hoarseness yezwi iyisibonakaliso sokuqala lapho i-carcinoma isemafolda e-vocal, kodwa ivela ezigabeni zakamuva lapho zitholwa endaweni ngezigaba ze-supraclad kanye ne-subclad. Iziguli ezinomdlavuza ongaphansi kwesinye isikhathi zivame ukuba ne-airway barriers futhi i-hoarseness iwuphawu olujwayelekile ezigabeni zakamuva. Iziguli ezinomdlavuza ongaphezulu kwe-ligamentous zivame ukuba ne-dysphagia; Ezinye izinkomba zokuphila kwalesi sifo ukuthinteka komoya, i-otalgia, ukuthuthukiswa kwesimila entanyeni, izwi elixakile. Iziguli ezinalezi zimpawu kufanele zithunyelwe ngokushesha nge-laryngoscopy engaqondile.UkuxilongaI-LaryngoscopyI-Endoscopy yokuhlinza kanyenullnullI-Endoscopic laser resection kanye nokwelashwa ngemisebe, njengomthetho, kukuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze izwi leziguli. Ukusetshenziswa ekwelashweni komdlavuza we-laryngeal ezinyangeni zokuqala zokuhlinzwa noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe, njengomthetho, kuya ngokuthandwa ngabodokotela besikhungo eselaphekayo nesiguli.Ezigabeni zakamuva ze-vocal fold carcinoma, zifakwa emzimbeni noma zibambe iqhaza enqubweni yolimi; iziguli zikhonjiswa i-chemotherapy noma i-radiation therapy. Uma isimila sesiguli sisabalale ngaphezu kwe-larynx noma singene ku-cartilage, i-laryngectomy inikela ngemiphumela emihle kakhulu ye-oncological; I-laryngectomy imvamisa kakhulu, kepha kwezinye izimoi-endoscopic laser resection of the tumor noma i-laryngectomy evulekile engasetshenziswa. I-laryngectomy ebanzi nayo isetshenziswa kabanzi ezimweni ezinzima ukusindisa isiguli; kodwa-ke, kwesinye isikhathi ezimeni ezinjalo, i-endoscopic resection noma i-laryngectomy evulekile engasetshenziswa.Ezigabeni zokuqala ze-carcinoma ze-supraclavicular larynx, ukwelashwa ngemisebe noma ukuhlelwa kabusha kwengxenye ye-larynx kuyasebenza. Ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-laser ezigabeni zokuqala ze-squamous cell carcinoma kukhombisile imiphumela emihle impela. Uma i-carcinoma iqhubeka nokukhula, kepha ingathinti izintambo zangempela zezwi, khona-ke i-laryngectomy yokwahlulela kwempumulo ingenziwa ukugcina izwii-sphincter ye-glottis. Uma isiguli sinezintambo zezwi, i-laryngectomy ngaphezulu kwe-cricoid cartilage noma i-laryngectomy ephelele iyadingeka, uma kunqunywe ukwenza ukwelashwa okuhlinzwa. Njengasesimweni se-laryngocarcinoma, iningi lezigaba eziqhubekayo zomdlavuza wesupermucosal ekuqaleni ziphathwa nge-chemotherapy ne-radiation therapy. Isifunda se-ligamentous sinethiwekhi ecebile yama-lymphatic, ngakho-ke, ukunakwa okukhethekile kufanele kunikezwe esifundeni sentamo kuzo zonke iziguli ezinomdlavuza we-ligamentous.Nge-carcinoma ye-pharynx engezansi, ukwelashwa kuyafana nomdlavuza we-larynx. Esikhathini sokuqala, umonakalo uvame ukuphathwa kuphelaUkwelashwa ngemisebe, noma ukubuyiselwa emuva njengenye indlela. Kodwa-ke, ezigulini eziningi ezinomdlavuza we-submaryngeal, inqubekela phambili ihlotshaniswa nemvelo yesifo asymptomatic kanye nokusakazeka kwasendaweni kwasendaweni ngohlelo lwe-lymphatic; iziguli ezinjalo ziphathwa kakhulu nge-chemotherapy ne-radiation therapy, futhi ngokushesha - ngokwezinkomba ezibalulekile.Ukuvuselelwa kabushaUkuvuselelwa kungadingeka emuva kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokwelashwa. Imvamisa, kuphakama ubunzima obukhulu ngenqubo yokugwinya ukudla ngemuva kokuthola i-chemotherapy noma i-radiation therapy, okungadinga ukuncishiswa kwe-esophagus, ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu - ipulasitiki ye-pharynx noma ukufakwa kwe-gastrostomy. Ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwaukungenelela kungaphazamisa futhi inqubo yokugwinya, futhi ukwelashwa kungadingeka, kufaka phakathi ukwanda kwezindlela zokugwinya.Ukuhlinzwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuthinta ukukhuluma kakhulu. Ngemuva kwe-laryngectomy ephelele, isiguli sidinga ukudala izwi elisha ngo:    Izwi le-Esophageal    I-Esophageal punchingal punching    Umphimbo (i-electropharynx)Ngazo zontathu izindlela, inkulumo yakhiwa ngokuhlanganyela kwe-pharynx, ulwanga oluthambile, ulimi, amazinyo nezindebe.Isisekelo sokwakheka kwegama elithi “esophageal izwi” (izwi le-pseudo-izwi) ukudala igebe lezwi le-pseudo-esophagus kanye nokukhula kwaloukuvalwa ngokungenangqondo.Nge-tracheoesophageal fistula, kufakwa i-valve phakathi kwe-trachea ne-esophagus ukuze kuthuthukiswe umsindo. I-valve isiza ukupompa umoya ungene esophagus ngesikhathi sesenzo sokuphefumlelwa. Iziguli zivuselelwa ngokomzimba, ngezifundo zamasu okukhuluma, zifundiswa imithetho yokuphatha i-fistula, futhi zonke iziguli zixwayiswa ngengozi yokufiswa ukudla namanzi.I-larynx kagesi iyithuluzi elinamandla ebhethri elitholakala ngaphezu kwentamo. Naphezu kobuhlungu obudalwa yisihlava senhlalo lapho sigqokwa iziguli eziningi, kulula ukusisingatha futhi asidingi ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile.

Umdlavuza wesibindi yisifo esibi esinezinga eliphakeme lokufa kwabantu. Ngemuva kokuvela kwe-neoplasm, umphumela obulalayo ungavela ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa. I-Oncology inokwenzeka ezindaweni eziphehla isibindi noma izindunduma ze-bile. Isigaxa sibonakaliswa ukwanda okusheshayo nokwakhiwa kwama-metastases, kanye nokuthambekela okuphansi ekwelashweni. Ngesikhathi sokuxilongwa, isigaba sesifo siyasungulwa. Kukhona amane esewonke, ukwahlukaniswa kuya ngezici ze-morphological, indawo yesimila nobungako bomonakalo:Owokuqala (I). Isimila singaba ngosayizi abahlukahlukene, kepha sitholakala ngaphakathi emzimbeni, akukho ukuhluma emikhunjini, kuma-lymph node kanyeezinye izitho zomzimba. Ukusebenza kwenzeka ngokugcwele. Esikhathini sokuqala, izimpawu zokuqala zomdlavuza wesibindi ukukhathala, ubuthakathaka, ukuncipha kokusebenza kanye nokungakhululeki phezulu ohlangothini lwesokunene. Ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa, kuba nokwanda kwesibindi ngosayizi.Owesibili (II). Ukwakheka kukhuphukela kububanzi obungu-5 cm, kuyilapho umuzwa wokuxineka nobuhlungu obuthakathaka noma obuzwayo esiswini bungezelelwa izimpawu ezikhona. Ekuqaleni, imizwa ebuhlungu ibonakala ngokunamandla ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca komzimba, khona-ke iba namandla ngokwengeziwe futhi ihlale njalo. Esigabeni sesibili, kunezimpawu zokucasulwa kokugaya ukudla, okufana nokulahlekelwa isifiso sokudla, ukuthamba ngokweqile, isicanucanu,ukugabha, isifo sohudo. Isiguli siqala ukunciphisa umzimba ngokushesha.Okwesithathu (III). Ukukhula okulimazayo kukhula, okunye ukugxila kwendawo yamaseli we-pathological avela. Umdlavuza uvame ukutholwa kakhulu kulesi sigaba ngenxa yokuthi izimpawu ziya ngokuya ziphikiswa.Kunezinto ezintathu ezifakiwe kulesi sifo:    I-IIIa. Isimila sisakazeka lapho kufakwe khona isibindi futhi sikhuphuka kakhulu ngosayizi. Ukuhluma kwenzeka emithanjeni emikhulu, kepha akusakazeki kuzitho ezikude nakuma-lymph node.    I-IIIb. I-fusion yamaseli amabi anezitho ezisondelene esiswini kanye nolwelwesi lwangaphandle lwesibindi luyabonakala. Akuqhubekiisigaxa siyathinteka.    I-IIIc. Isibindi sithinteka kakhulu, sisakazekela kuma-lymph node. Ukusebenza kwesitho kukhubazekile, okuthinta isimo somzimba. Isiguli sakha i-edema, ithoni yesikhumba ye-icteric, imithambo yesicabucabu, ama-ascites, nomuzwa wokugcwala esiswini. Umsebenzi wezindlala ze-endocrine uyaphazamiseka futhi izinga lokushisa lomzimba liyenyuka. Ukwehla kwesisindo okubukhali kufaka ukucija kwezimpawu zobuso kanye nokwehla kokuqina kwesikhumba. Ubuhlungu buba namandla futhi buhlala buhlala. Kulesi sigaba, kuvame ukuphuma kwegazi kwamakhala nangaphakathi.    Okwesine (IV). Isigaba 4 umdlavuza wesibindi uyacatshangelwainqubo engenakuphikwa. Ama-metastases ane-lymph nokugeleza kwegazi kusakazeka emzimbeni wonke, ngokuya ngokuya aphazamisa imisebenzi yezitho nezinhlelo. Kunezigaba ezimbili zomdlavuza wesibindi ama-degree angu-4:    IVA. Ukulimazeka kuso sonke isitho kuyaphawulwa, isimila sikhula sibe yizitho nezitho eziseduze. Ezilungwini ezikude, ama-metastases awatholakali.     IVB. Zonke izitho nezinhlelo zithintwa amaseli ayingozi. Kunama-neoplasms amaningi osayizi abahlukahlukene. Umdlavuza wesibindi webanga lesi-4 onama-metastases uhambisana nokufinyelwa kwamathambo esiqwini, ukuqunjelwa, izinhlungu ezinzima, ukuqina kwengqondo nemizwelo, ukushintshashintsha kwemizwa ngokuzumayo, ukulahleka okukhuluisisindo, ukwanda kwesisu ngosayizi. Uma ubheka izithombe zeziguli ezinomdlavuza webanga lesine, ungabona ukubukeka kwesikhumba, ukushuba kwesikhumba okungenampilo namathambo avela kanye nokuvuvukala okukhulu komzimba.I-Oncology ibolekeka kahle ekwelashweni ezigabeni ezimbili zokuqala, lapho-ke akusekho ukuthi yelaphe. Ama-Oncologists anganikeza kuphela ukwelashwa okuyisimpawu ukunciphisa isimo futhi kunciphise izinhlungu ezinzima.Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi bahlala isikhathi esingakanani nomdlavuza wesibindi wesigaba 4, ayikho impendulo eyodwa. Konke kuzoya ngezinga lomonakalo nokusabela kwesiguli ekwelashweni.UkwelashwaIsiguli nezinto ezikuzungezile zihlala zihlalaUkhathazekile uma umdlavuza wesibindi welashwa noma cha? Lo mbuzo ungaphendulwa kuphela ngudokotela ohambelayo, ongumnikazi wemininingwane ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa nokuhlolwa kokuxilonga. Lapho ukhetha isu lokwelashwa lomdlavuza wesibindi, kubalulekile:   - usayizi wesimila;    - ukwenziwa kwasekhaya kwemfundo;    - izinga lomonakalo;    - Ukusebenza kwesimila;    - ukuba khona kwe-metastases;    - isimo esivamile sesiguli.Izinkomba ezilandelayo zokwelashwa zisetshenziselwa ukubambezela ukukhula kwesimila, ukuqunjelwa kwayo futhi kwandise isikhathi sokuphila ku-oncology yesibindi:    Ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa.EziguliniI-Nexavar neSorafenib zichaziwe, izinto ezisebenzayo ezinomphumela onobuthi kumaseli athintekile. Ngenxa yomthelela obhekiswe emfundweni, izicubu ezinempilo azonakaliswa. I-chemotherapy yendabuko cishe ayisizi ngomdlavuza wesibindi.Ukwelashwa ngemisebe.Ukusetshenziswa kwama-x-ray kugxilwe kumithamo emikhulu kusiza ukubuyisa isimila, ukunciphisa izinhlungu kanye nokudlulisela lesi sifo ekuxolelweni. Ilungele ukwelashwa kwe-oncology kunoma yisiphi isigaba.    IsikhafuLe ndlela ukubhujiswa kwe-neoplasm ngokungenisa i-ethanol esiswini, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemisebe ye-microwave, amaza omsakazo anamandla, kanye ne-cryodestruction. Ukwelashwa ngaphandle kokuhlinzwaesibindini esine-oncology kunikeza umphumela omuhle uma isimila sinobubanzi obungaphansi kuka-3 cm.    Ukuhlanganiswa kwemithambo yegazi.Ngenxa yokungeniswa kwezidakamizwa ezikhethekile emithanjeni yesibindi, ukufinyelela kwegazi kuyi-neoplasm kuvinjiwe, ngaleyo ndlela kubangele ukwehla kwesilinganiso sawo. Le ndlela inomphumela omuhle kumathumbu anesilinganiso esifinyelela ku-5 cm. Isetshenziswa kaningi ngokuhlanganiswa ne-ablation, chemotherapy kanye ne-radiation therapy.Ngabe umdlavuza wesibindi ungalashwa ngokuhlinzwa? Ezimweni eziningi, ukwelashwa okuhlinzwa kukuvumela ukuba ubheke ikusasa ngokuzethemba. Ukususwa kweTumor noma ukufakelwa kwesibindi kukhulisa kakhulu amathuba esiguliukuxolelwa okuhlala isikhathi eside. Izimo zokungenelela kokuhlinzwa ukuhlinzwa kwe-tumor, i-metastases eyodwa yasendaweni kanye nokungabikho kwezilonda ze-oncological ngaphandle kwesibindi. Ungawelapha kanjani umdlavuza wesibindi uma isimila singasebenzi? Kulokhu, ukwethulwa kwama-cytostatics ngqo emikhunjini emikhulu yesibindi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezingenhla ezingenasici kukhonjisiwe.Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi alikho ikhambi lesimangaliso lomdlavuza wesibindi, kepha kufanele ukholelwe ekululameni kabusha ngaso sonke isikhathi. Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi umdlavuza wesibindi welashwa yini, ezimweni eziningi, ama-oncologists asabela kahle. Emtholampilo wethu, iqembu elinobungane lodokotela abanezigaba zezokwelapha eziphakeme kakhulu nezihloko zesayensi lisiza ukuthola impilo.

Umdlavuza wamalunga Ngokwesilinganiso, kunabantu abathola umdlavuza wamaphaphu abangama-40 kubantu abangu-100 000 emhlabeni, ngaphezu kwalokho, amadoda atholakala nalesi sifo amahlandla aphindwe ka-10 kunabesifazane, kanti inani lezakhamizi zasemadolobheni kuzo zonke izimo liphindwe kaningi kunabantu bendawo. Noma kunjalo, umuthi wanamuhla unesikhali esinamandla sokwelapha lolu hlobo lwe-oncology: ngokufinyelela ngesikhathi okusiza, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ungagcini nje ngokuvimba ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo, kodwa futhi ukhohlwe ngakho kuze kube phakade.Umdlavuzaamaphaphu: iphrofayli lesifo kanye nokuqashelwa kwelashwaCishe abantu abayizigidi ezi-5 babulawa umdlavuza wamaphaphu minyaka yonke emhlabeni. Lolu hlobo lokulimala kwezifo lubizwa nangokuthi yi-bronchogenic carcinoma, noma umdlavuza we-bronchogenic. Isigaxa sivela ku-epithelium eqine ye-mucous membrane ye-bronchi, alveoli ne-epithelium ye-bronchial gland. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-etiology yalesi sifo ayikacaci, izizathu eziyinhloko zokuvela kwayo zibandakanya: ukubhema; ukuchayeka kwi-radon kanye nama-carcinogens athile (amaminerali we-asbestos ayingozi kakhulu emaphashini); izinhlobo ezithile zamagciwane; ukukhuphuka kwenqwaba yezinhlayiya zothuli emoyeni. I-pathogenesis yomdlavuza wamaphaphu ivuliwenullnullamaphaphu.Umdlavuza wamaphaphu wesigaba 1 ubonakala nge-tumor efinyelela kubukhulu obungu-3 cm, ongakangeni manje. I-neoplasm itholakala engxenyeni eyodwa yamaphaphu noma ngaphakathi kwe-bronchus yesigaba.Isigaba 2 - isimila esifinyelela ku-6 cm sitholakala engxenyeni eyodwa yamaphaphu noma ngaphakathi kwe-bronchus engxenyeni ethile. Ama-metastases awodwa kuma-pulmonary kanye ne-bronchopulmonary lymph node ayaqapheleka.Isigaba 3 - isimila esikhudlwana kune-6 cm ngokushintshwa kwe-lobe eseduze yamaphaphu noma ukuhluma kwe-bronchus eseduze noma i-bronchus enkulu. Ama-metastases atholakala ku-bifurcation, tracheobronchial, paratracheal lymph node.4isigaba somdlavuza wamaphaphu saziwa nge-metastases ezinhlelweni ezikude nezitho zomzimba, i-pleurisy kanye / noma i-pericarditis ejoyina. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusebenza kuphela nge-squamous cell carcinoma. Endabeni yomdlavuza omncane weseli, oqala ukukhula ngokushesha, izigaba ezi-2 kuphela ezihlukaniswa. Isigaba sokuqala - isigaba esinqunyelwe - sihambisana nokwenziwa kwamaseli we-pathogenic emaphashini owodwa nezicubu eziseduze. Esigabeni sesibili, isimila sihlangana endaweni engaphandle kwamaphaphu nasezitho ezikude.Ukwelashwa umdlavuza we-lungUkuxilongwa okuhle kwe-pulmonary oncology kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba ukukhethwa kwezindlela zokwelashwa ezifanele kuncike kuyo. Izindlela eziphambiliukungenelela kokuhlinzwa, i-chemo kanye nokwelashwa ngemisebe. Ngenxa yentuthuko esheshayo yobuchwepheshe bezokwelapha, lezi zindlela seziphephe futhi zisebenza ngempumelelo.1. Ukwelashwa kusetshenziselwa i-squamous cell carcinoma. Ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, kususwa lonke ithumbu elinomdlavuza noma ingxenye yalo ehlukile. Umthamo wezicubu osusiwe uncike kuhlobo lwesimila nendawo okuyo. Umkhuba wamanje ekwelashweni komdlavuza wamaphaphu ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezingekho mthethweni, ezikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ikhamera yevidiyo encane. Le ndlela ibizwa nge-Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS). Ukusebenza okunjalo kuhambisana nobuhlungu obukhulu, futhi inqubo yokuvuselela ngemuva kwabo iqhubeka ngokushesha.2. Chemotherapy- Ukwelashwa okuyinhloko kweziguli eziningi ezinomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Umnyombo wayo ulele ekuphuzeni imithi ebhubhisa amaseli womdlavuza.3. Okuhlosiwe (okuhlosiwe) ukwelashwa komdlavuza wamaphaphu. Izidakamizwa ezinjalo zibona amangqamuzana amabi ngezimpawu zawo ezithile futhi azonakalise, zithinta imisebenzi ebalulekile (ukukhula, ukuhlukaniswa). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidakamizwa ezinjalo ziphazamisa ukunikezwa kwegazi esiswini. Ukwelapha okuhlosiwe (okuhlosiwe) kungabekwa njengendlela yokuzimele yokwelashwa noma ngokuhlanganiswa ne-chemotherapy ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa.4. Ukwelashwa nge-immunological ekwelapheni umdlavuza wamaphaphu kuyisiqondiso esisha nesethembisayo ngaphakathii-oncology yokulondolozeka. Ukwelashwa okunjalo kukuvumela ukusetha amaseli amasosha amasosha omzimba wakho ngokumelene namaseli womdlavuza futhi “okubhekiswe” kuthinta kuphela amangqamuzana e-tumor.5. I-Radiotherapy. Ukufakelwa kwesimila ngensimbi enamandla yemisebe ye-gamma, ngenxa yokuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza afa (amisa ukukhula nokukhiqiza kabusha). Kwenziwe ngendlela eyihlane noma ephezulu. Ngokulashwa ngemisebe ecijile, zombili isimila uqobo kanye nezifunda ze-metastasis zezifunda kuvezwa ngemisebe. Ukwelashwa ngemisebe kusetshenziselwa nomdlavuza omncane weseli.Shiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.

Ngemuva kokuthi isiguli sitholwe sinesimila somdlavuza bese sitholakala, sidluliselwa ukuba siyobonisana nge-oncological. Le yingxoxo nodokotela lapho kuzoxoxwa ngohlelo lokwelashwa.Ngemuva kokuthi isiguli sitholwe sinesimila somdlavuza bese sitholakala, sidluliselwa ukuba siyobonisana nge-oncological. Le yingxoxo nodokotela lapho kuzoxoxwa ngohlelo lokwelashwa. Isazi se-oncologist sizoyenza. Uzokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi ngesifo sakho nangendlela yaso yokwelashwa. Isikhathi, imiphumela emibi, imiphumela elindelekile, kanye namathemba akho. Ngokwemvelo, ungabuza udokotela oncologist yonke imibuzo yakho.Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa, uzobonisana nodokotela wakho we-oncologist, ozoqikelela inqubekela phambili yokwelashwa.Inconyelwe    Umdlavuza

nullziveze ezigabeni zokuqala zesifo (ngaphandle kwesifo sokuwa).Izici ezibalulekile zobungozi zibandakanya:     ukukhula ngeminyaka - njengomthetho, lesi sifo sikhula kubantu besifazane ngemuva kokunqamuka kokuya esikhathini, iminyaka yobudala engama-50 kuye kwayi-60 (amacala ayi-8 kwangu-10);      abesifazane abaqala ukuya esikhathini (ukuya kufinyelela eminyakeni eyi-12) kanye nokuya esikhathini (ngemuva kweminyaka engama-52);      ukubhema      ukukhuluphala      ukuthatha izidakamizwa zokulimaza inzalo kanye nokwelashwa esikhundleni se-hormone;      i-polycystic;      i-endometriosis (ukunwetshwa okungajwayelekile kokufakwa kwangaphakathi kwesibeletho);i-herederals factor (genetic predisposition) - ukuba khona kwezihlobo eziseduze zomdlavuza we-ovarian, ibele noma umdlavuza we-colorectal.Abesifazane abangenazo izingane futhi abangakaze bancelise amabele nabo basengozini.Izigaba kanye nezinhlobo zomdlavuza we-ovarianKunezigaba ezi-4:    Esigabeni 1, i-lesion itholakala endaweni eyodwa noma kuwo wonke amaqanda. Isifo sokuqaqamba kwesifo siyabonakala, ikhambi likhona, iziguli eziningi ziya ekuxolelweni okuzinzile ngaphandle kokubuyisa lesi sifo.    Esigabeni sesibili, i-neoplasm isakazeka kwezinye izingxenye zomgogodla we-pelvic. Ngokuvamile, nakulesi sigaba, isibikezelo sinhle, ngokwezibalo ezisebangeni leminyaka emihlanunullngokuya ngezinga lokulimala:    isigaba A (ukulimala okuphansi) - isimila esikhula kancane, amaseli ane-anomalies amancane (ahlukaniswe kakhulu);     isigaba B (ukulimala okulinganiselwe) - izinguquko ezishiwo ngokwengeziwe zokuziphatha kumaseli wesimila kuqhathaniswa nokwehlukaniswe kakhulu;     iklasi C (ukulimala okuphezulu) - isimila esikhula ngokushesha, amangqamuzana aphansi.Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza OvarianUkwelapha okuhlanganisa kuvame ukufaka inhlanganisela yendlela yokuhlinzwa (ukuhlinzwa) kanye ne-chemotherapy.UkuhlinzwaNjengomthetho, ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa komdlavuza we-ovary, zombili izitho ezigoqiwe, amashubhu we-fallopian nesibeletho, ama-lymph node asondele kanye namaqhubu izicubu ze-adipose emgodini wesisu asuswe,umdlavuza usakazekele kuwo.Uma intokazi ingasithola lesi sifo ekuqaleni (esiteji 1), kwezinye izimo ukungenelela okumnene kwenziwa ngokususa ishubhu le-ovari ne-fallopian ohlangothini olulodwa. Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-prognosis yokwelapha kuleli cala lihle, lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ugcine ithemba lokukhulelwa.Ukwehlisa ubunzima kanye nobunzima bezinkinga, kanye nezinhloso zokugcoba, ukuhlinzwa komdlavuza wamathambo kungenziwa kusetshenziswa uhlelo lweRobot da Vinci oluhlelekile.I-ChemotherapyI-Chemotherapy yomdlavuza we-ovary ivame ukubekwa ngemuva kokuhlinzwa njengengxenye yokwelashwa okuyinkimbinkimbi. Izidakamizwa zivame ukuphathwaemthanjeni noma ngqo emgodini wesisu, inhlanganisela yalezi zindlela nayo iyasetshenziswa.Ezigabeni zakamuva, i-chemotherapy ingakhethwa njengeyona ndlela eyinhloko yokwelapha.Ukwelashwa ngemisebeEzimweni ezingavamile (ezinobuhlungu obukhulu, ukopha okuvela esiswini), ukwelashwa ngemisebe yangaphandle noma i-brachytherapy (imisebe yokuxhumana) kufakwa ohlelweni lokwelapha umdlavuza we-ovary.Ukubuyiselwa emuva kokulashwaNgenkambo ejwayelekile yokuvuselela umzimba, ukululama okugcwele ngemuva kokwelashwa komdlavuza we-ovary kwabesifazane kuthatha amasonto angama-6. Uma isibeletho sikhishiwe, kungakapheli amasonto angama-3-4 kuyadingeka ukushiya ucansi. Kwezinye izimo, udokotela wakho angakunquma ama-hormone namavithamini D.

Umdlavuza we-Prostate ngumdlavuza wesithathu ovame kakhulu kwabesilisa eRussia ngemuva komdlavuza wamaphaphu nomdlavuza wesisu. Kutholakala kowesilisa oyedwa nanhlanu ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-40. Minyaka yonke emhlabeni, kutholakala isimungumungwane esinyumba kubantu, futhi cishe oyedwa kwabathathu uyafa ngenxa yalesi sifo.Kungani umdlavuza wendlala yesinye ukhula?Kuyaziwa ukuthi lokhu kuhlotshaniswa nezinguquko ngemuva kwesizinda se-hormonal, ukubekeka phambili kofuzo, ukungondleki kanye nethonya lezinye izinto, iqhaza elingakaqalwa ngokuphelele. Kusukela ngesikhathi umdlavuza wokuqalaamaseli ngaphambi kokukhula kwezimpawu eziholela owesilisa ekubonisaneni nodokotela ngokuvamile kuthatha iminyaka eminingana. Ngalesi sizathu, kaningi isiguli sibonwa yi-oncologist ene-tumor enganakwa, ekhula ngokweqile okunzima ukuyelapha. Sekukonke, kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa izigaba ezine zomdlavuza wendlala yesinye:Isigaba 1 sibonisa ngosayizi omncane wesimila, ukungabandakanywa kokubandakanyeka kwama-lymph node enqubweni ye-pathological (amangqamuzana omdlavuza angafika lapho ngokugeleza kwe-lymph) nenhlala kahle yesiguli. Njengomthetho, kulesi sigaba, umdlavuza we-Prostate utholwa ngengozi - ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kwesinye isifo se-gland. Isiphetho sempilo yeziguli siyathandeka,nullnullizinzuzo zokwelapha ezithambile ezelula impilo futhi zidambise ukuhlupheka kwesiguli, yize zingeke zisize ukunqoba umdlavuza.Izindlela zokwelapha umdlavuza we-ProstateUkuthi ukwelashwa komdlavuza we-Prostate kuzokuya kanjani hhayi esigabeni sesifo. Uhlobo lwesimila lubalulekile - lunqunywa yi-biopsy, ukuthatha amasampula ambalwa wezicubu bese luwahlola ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu. Ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza - ngokwesibonelo i-polymorphic cell carcinoma ye-Prostate gland - zithambekele ekukhuleni ngamandla okunamandla, ukuthuthuka kwabanye kuthonywa ama-hormone. U-oncologist onolwazi unaka zonke lezi zimo, kanye nombono wesiguli ngokwakhe, ngaphambi kokuthathaisinqumo ngamasu wezokwelapha.Indima ebalulekile idlalwa yimishini yezobuchwepheshe yomtholampilo. Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi ubuchwepheshe abaningi besimanje nemithi bamane nje abatholakali ezikhungweni zomdlavuza wasekhaya noma basesigabeni sokuqalisa. Futhi izindlela ezinjengalezi njengokususwa kokuhlinzwa kwe-prostate zingahluka kakhulu, okuthinta hhayi kuphela impumelelo yokwelashwa, kodwa nekhwalithi yempilo yesiguli.Ukwelashwa kokuhlinzwaI-Prostate gland iyisitho esibalulekile, kepha owesilisa osekhulile uyakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwawo. Ngakho-ke, uma umdlavuza ungakaze usabalale ezithweni nasezicubu zomakhelwane, futhi isimo sesiguli siyawuvumelaimisebenzi, i-oncologist izoncoma i-prostatectomy ethandekayo endodeni - ukususwa kwe-prostate. Ezigabeni zokuqala zesifo, le ndlela ikuvumela ukuthi ululame ngokugcwele ngesikhathi esifushane (ukuhlala esibhedlela kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-7).Okwamanje, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi sikhuluma ngokugxambukela okukhulu komzimba, okuthwala ingozi empilweni, futhi okuholela emiphumeleni emibi ethile. Ngakho-ke, iziguli zivame ukuba nezinkinga ngokuchama izinyanga eziningi ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, ngaphezu kwengxenye yamadoda ikhononda ngokunyamalala kwendalo.Inketho emnene yokwelashwa kokuhlinzwa komdlavuza wendlala yesibeletho ukuhlinzwa kwe-laparoscopic, kuyoI-Prostate isuswa ngokuhlangana okuncane - nje ngamamilimitha ambalwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, ubungozi bezinkinga ezi-postoperative ziyancishiswa, futhi nenqubo uqobo ibekezelelwa kalula yisiguli.I-CryosurgeryEnye indlela yokuhlinzwa kwendabuko kungaba yi-prostate tumor cryosurgery. Le ndlela iyasebenza ezigabeni zokuqala zesifo, lapho umdlavuza ungakabi ngaphezu kwesitho. Ngesikhathi sokukhwabanisa, isiguli sifakwa ngaphakathi kwe-prostate ngezinaliti ezikhethekile lapho kungena khona i-argon noma i-nitrogen. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi libhubhisa izicubu zesikhumba, futhi udokotela, esebenzisa i-ultrasound, ulawula ukuthi umphumela awulimazi izitho zomakhelwane. Ngenxa yalokho, insimbiakudingeki ukuthi asuswe (yize imisebenzi yawo yephulwa ngokungenakuphikwa). Eminyakeni yamuva, i-cryosurgery iye yanikezwa ngokwengeziwe njengokwelashwa okuyinhloko komdlavuza we-Prostate, ofanele iziguli zeminyaka yonke.ImisakazoEnye yezindawo ezihamba phambili yokwelashwa okwelashwa umdlavuza wendlala yesinye. Kubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kohlelo lweCyber-Knife. Le ndlela isuselwa kumphumela webhulaku egxiliwe wemisebe ku-tumor, okuholela ekubhujisweni kwayo kwasendaweni ngenkathi igcina ubuqotho bezicubu eziseduze. Inzuzo ebalulekile yendlela ukungabi nabuhlungu ngokuphelele nokungalimazi: ngokushesha ngemuva kwenqubo, isiguli singaphuma esibhedlela.I-RadiotherapyUma isimila sinolaka noma sikhule ngaphandle kwendlala,futhi nasezimweni lapho isiguli sibuthakathaka kakhulu ukuba sihlinzwe, imishini yokwelapha ngemisebe ingaba ngenye indlela ye-scalpel. Okokuqala, ama-X-ray abulala amaseli ahlukanisa ngokushesha - futhi amaseli womdlavuza athambekele ekukhuleni okungalawulwa. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi seseshini ye-radiotherapy, isimila siyancipha, nezicubu ezithintwe amaseli anobuthi “ziyahlanzwa”.Ukwelashwa ngemisebe kuchazwa njengendlela ehlukile yokwelashwa, futhi njengesengezo ekusebenzeni: ngaphambi noma ngemuva kokungenelela. Singakhuluma ngazo zombili i-radiotherapy yangaphandle (lapho isiguli silele ngaphansi kwe-emitter) nangokwelashwa ngemisebe yangaphakathi, ninikungeniswa imisakazo ekhethekile yomsakazo emzimbeni wesiguli.Ukwelashwa ngemisebe yangaphandle nakho kunezinhlobo zazo. Ama-Oncologists afuna ukunciphisa umphumela olimazayo wemisebe ezicutshini zomzimba, ngakho-ke azama ukuqondisa ukushisa kwemisebe ku-tumor ngokunemba ngangokunokwenzeka. Basizwa ngezindlela ezinjenge-3D eyimfihlo yokwelashwa ngemisebe, i-modised intensity radiation therapy (IMRT), i-stereotoxic radiation therapy (SBRT), ne-proton radiation therapy. Enye yalezi zindlela inezinzuzo nobubi. I-Radiotherapy imvamisa iholela ekuphazamisekeni kokuchama nokungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile.Ukwelashwa ngemisebe yangaphakathi (brachytherapy) kukhulisa kakhulu umphumela wemisebe ngokunciphisaibanga ukusuka emthonjeni kuya kumaseli womdlavuza. Ama-granules omsakazo asetshenziselwa inqubo aqukethe iodine e-radioactive, i-palladium namanye amakhemikhali angathinta izicubu eziseduze isikhathi eside. Ngokuya ngokwendlela, la magremu angaba semzimbeni izinyanga eziningi (i-brachytherapy eqhubekayo) noma kuphela ngesikhathi sokulashwa (i-brachytherapy yesikhashana).I-ChemotherapyI-Chemotherapy isetshenziswa, njengomthetho, ezimweni lapho umdlavuza usakaze emzimbeni wonke, ngakho-ke udinga ukubhekana nalesi sifo emhlabeni jikelele. Izidakamizwa ezisetshenziselwa ukwelapha ama-tumite ama-Prostate ama-tumite zinqunywa ezifundweni, kulandela imiphumela yokwelashwa kanye nokwenziwa kwemiphumela emibi.Ama-chemotherapeutic agents anomthelela omubi hhayi kumdlavuza kuphela, kodwa nakwezicubu ezinempilo. Ngakho-ke, iziguli ezithola ukwelashwa okunjalo zivame ukuba nezinkinga zokugaya ukudla, ubuthakathaka, ukushiswa kwezinwele nezifo ezithathelanayo.Ukwelashwa komzimbaLolu hlobo lokwelashwa luhlose ukwenza ukuthi umzimba ungaguli. Amangqamuzana omdlavuza awaziwa emzimbeni wethu, kepha ngenxa yezindlela ezikhethekile eziguquguqukayo, ayakwazi ukugwema impendulo yomzimba.Amalungiselelo okwelapha amasosha omzimba enziwa wodwa - elabhorethri, amaseli egazi "aqeqeshelwe" ukuqaphela isimila, bese kuthi umuthi wokugoma owethulwe emzimbeni wethulwe emzimbeni. Ngeshwa, ama-oncologists awakakwazanga ukuzuza okuphezuluukusebenza kwale ndlela, ngakho-ke, kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengezokusiza, kanye nasezigabeni zokugcina zalesi sifo.Ukwelashwa kweHormone ngomdlavuza wendlala yesinyeNjengoba ukukhula kwe-tumor kuvame ukubangelwa isenzo sama-hormone ubulili besilisa, ezigabeni ezithuthukile zomdlavuza we-Prostate, odokotela bangakunikeza imithi evimba ukwakheka kwalezi zinto. Imvamisa sikhuluma ngokuphathwa impilo yonke kwemithi. Ukuphathwa okunjalo kusho ukuthunyelwa kwezokwelapha: umsebenzi wobulili wehla ngokubhekisele emuva kwasemuva kwawo. Ngokuhambisana nezinye izindlela - ngokwesibonelo, i-radiotherapy - ukuthatha ama-hormone kungaholela ekwelashweni okugcwele kweziguli ezifakwe ku-radical prostatectomy. Ngasikhathi sinyeukuthunyelwa kwezokwelapha kuguqulwa emuva - ngemuva kokuhoxiswa kwezidakamizwa.Izindlela zokwelapha umdlavuza we-Prostate ziyahlukahluka, futhi njalo ngonyaka kuba nemininingwane ngezindlela ezintsha ezisebenzayo. Ngamanye amagama, cishe awekho amacala angenathemba lapho umuthi ungenamandla okusiza isiguli. Kubalulekile ukuthola udokotela okhetha iqhinga elisebenzayo lokwelapha. Ungalahli ithemba - ukunqoba umdlavuza kukuwe ikakhulukazi.Shiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.

Umdlavuza wesikhumba uyinkinga evame kakhulu. Emhlabeni, i-Australia, New Zealand ne-USA zihola inani lamacala amasha we-melanoma abikwa ngonyaka. E-Russia, njengakwezinye izindawo emhlabeni, izibalo zokungasebenzi kahle ziyakhula.Ngokusho kweWorld Health Organisation, zingu-132,000 izigameko ezintsha ze-melanoma ezibikwa minyaka yonke emhlabeni. Iningi leziguli lingabantu asebekhulile, ngemuva kweminyaka engama-50 inani labesilisa abagulayo liphakeme izikhathi eziphindwe kabili kunabesifazane. Kepha emadodeni nakwabesifazane abasebasha, umdlavuza wesikhumba ukhula kaningi. Ngokusho kwesazi se-epidemiologists, lokhuUmdlavuza eRussia ungowesibili kuphela umdlavuza wamaphaphu, umdlavuza webele nomdlavuza wendlala. Ngamanye amagama, lokhu akuphathelene nesifo esithile esiyindida, kodwa mayelana nokusongela kwangempela empilweni.Izinhlobo zesikhumba oncologyImikhakha yesikhumba ejwayelekile ifaka:I-Basal cell carcinoma - lesi simila sitholakala ezimweni ezi-7 zomdlavuza wesikhumba kwezingu-10. IBasalioma ibukeka njenge-nodule noma isikhafu sombala obomvu onsundu noma opinki, ovame ukubonakala ebusweni. I-neoplasm ngesinye isikhathi ingaluma, ilimaze noma iphume igazi - ikhuphuka ngosayizi kancane,ngaphandle kokubangela umuntu azwakalise ukungakhululeki, yingakho ukuhambela udokotela kungabambezeleka. Ngenhlanhla, leli thumba liyaqabukela lisakazeka emzimbeni wonke (linikeza ama-metastases), ngakho-ke, i-prognosis yeziguli imvamisa iyathandeka.I-squamous cell carcinoma yesikhumba (i-squamous cell carcinoma) imvamisa ifana ne-mushroom esesimweni: umzimba oyindilinga onomlenze omncane. Lesi simila sifana ne-wart: ezimeni eziningi sitholakala ngaphezulu kobuso, esifundeni sezindebe eziphansi. Kwezinye izinhlobo ze-squamous cell carcinoma, i-neoplasm ingaqashelwa kuphela ngokushintsha kombala wesikhumba: endaweni ye-pathologicalubukeka emile noma ebuhlungu. Ezigabeni zakamuva, i-carcinoma iholela ekwakhekeni kwama-metastases futhi kwesinye isikhathi ayinakuphulukiswa.IMelanoma uhlobo oluyingozi kakhulu lwesimila esidala ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi umdlavuza wesikhumba. Ikhula kaningi kusuka emabhuntshwini - ukunqwabelana kwamangqamuzana e-pigment, ama-melanocyte, kepha hhayi kuphela: i-melanoma ingathinta ne-retina, i-membrane ye-mucous (umgogodla womlomo, isitho sangasese sangasese somlomo wesibeletho). Le neoplasm ibonakala ngokukhula okusheshayo futhi ithambekele ekwakhekeni kwama-metastases amaningi akude - emathanjeni, ebuchosheni, emaphashini, esibindini. Nomangokwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi, iziguli ezinesifo se-melanoma zivame ukubuyela emuva - ukukhula okuphindaphindekile kwethumbu ngemuva kweminyaka eminingana.Kunezindlela eziningana eziyisisekelo zokulwa nomdlavuza wesikhumba.Ukuhlinzwa kuyindlela engabizi kakhulu yokususa isimila. Ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kokuhlinzwa kuqashelwa ezigabeni zokuqala, lapho i-neoplasm ingathinti ama-lymph node nezinye izitho nezicubu. Ngemuva kokususa isimila, udokotela ohlinzayo wenza i-cauterization (i-electrocoagulation) kanye ne-curettage (i-curettage) yendawo yenxeba ukuze abhubhise amaseli womdlavuza asele. Njengoba umdlavuza wesikhumba uvama ukukhula ebusweni, kukhona ukungenelela okumnene,anciphisa amaphutha obuhle. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-cryodestruction, lapho khona isimila siqandisiwe yi-nitrogen ewuketshezi futhi sikhishwe ngaphandle kokulimala kwezicubu ezinzima. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi ezimweni ezinobunzima obunomdlavuza - i-squamous cell carcinoma kanye ne-melanoma - akunakwenzeka ukwenza ukhetho ngokuvumela umthamo omncane wokuhlinzwa. Ukuhlinzwa kwe-Micrographic, ngokwendlela ye-MOHS (Mohsa), kubhekwa njengendlela ephephile futhi ephumelela kunazo zonke yokungenelela kokuhlinzwa komdlavuza wesikhumba. Ngalo, isikhumba esinamaseli we-tumor sisuswa ezingqimbeni, ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwesibonakhulu, futhi ungqimba ngalunye luku ngqongesikhathi sokuhlinzwa kuthunyelwa ukuyohlolwa okwengeziwe elabhoratri. Udokotela ohlinzayo unqanda ukungenelela kuphela ngesikhathi lapho ama-histologists eqinisekisa ukuthi inxeba alinawo amangqamuzana amabi.I-Radiotherapy isetshenziswa njengesijobelelo sendlela yokuhlinzwa. Imisebe iyingozi kumaseli athambekele ekukhuleni ngokushesha, ngakho-ke, imishayo eqondisiwe yemisebe ye-ionizing inganciphisa usayizi wesimila, futhi ichithe lawo maseli ayingozi asinde ngemuva kokuhlinzwa. Isikhathi samaseshini we-radiotherapy kanye nethamo lemisebe kungumuntu ngamunye esigulini ngasinye.I-Chemotherapy ihlelekile futhi yendawo. Ngokuqokwa kwale nqubo, i-cytotoxic (elimazayo kuamaseli) amakhemikhali afakwa ngaphakathi emzimbeni noma asetshenziswe ngqo ku-tumor. Indlela enjalo ibaluleke kakhulu ekuboneni ama-metastases lapho ukugxilwa komdlavuza kutholakala ngaphandle kokufinyelela kodokotela abahlinzayo.Ukwelashwa nge-Photodynamic kufaka phakathi ukubhujiswa kwesimila ngogongolo lwe-laser ngemuva kokuthathwa kokuqala kwezithombe (okwandisa ukuzwela kwamangqamuzana kukhanye). Le ndlela yinto entsha, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa kungaphansi kwengxoxo. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe kunomthelela wokuthi ukwelashwa kwe-Photodynamic kancane kancane kungeniswa emkhakheni wezokwelapha wezikhungo zezokwelapha.Ukwelashwa kwe-immune kanye nokuhlosiwe - amasu asemqoka futhi athembisayo abandakanya ukuqondiswa okuqondiwe.isimila ngokuvuselela amasosha omzimba noma ukwethulwa kwezidakamizwa okwenzelwe uhlobo oluthile lomdlavuza ngokusekelwe ezimweni zofuzo zomuntu ngamunye. Abanye ochwepheshe banesiqiniseko sokuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi le ndawo eku-oncology izothatha indawo yazo zonke ezinye izindlela zokwelapha i-neoplasms, kepha kuze kube manje, ukwelashwa okuvikela umzimba nokuhlosiwe kuyasetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nezinye izinqubo futhi - ukuvimbela ukubuyela emuva.Shiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.

Yini okudingeka uyazi mayelana nenqubo yokutshelwa kokufakelwa Uma unquma ukwenza i-IVF?Emibhangqwaneni eminingi, i-IVF ukuphela kwendlela yokuba nengane elindelwe isikhathi eside. Uhlobo luni lwenqubo lolu, luphephile, kuhamba kanjani ukulungiselela i-IVF futhi kuzobiza malini?Umnyombo wenqubo ye-IVFIVF inqubo yokufaka umquba ngaphandle komzimba: amaqanda nesidoda asuswe emzimbeni, ukuvundiswa kwenzeka elabhoratri. Ngemuva kwalokho amaqanda avundisiwe afakwa ku-incubator izinsuku ezingama-5-6 futhi lapho kuhlukaniswa khona atshalwe esibelethweni.Izinkomba zeukuqokwaIVF kuboniswa ezimweni eziningi zokungazali: •ngaphezulu, kuvame ukuhambisana nobuchwepheshe bokulekelela.I-ICSI - ukwethulwa kwesidoda okwenziwa ngeqanda kusetshenziswa inaliti elincanyana kakhulu. Kwenziwe uma •izimo zaselebhu. Kuyasetshenziswa uma ukukhuthaza kwehluleka. Kugwema ukukhuthaza kwe-hormonal.Ukusikeka okusizayo kuwubuchwepheshe obunikeza amandla ukufakwa kombungu esibelethweni. Umbungu uzungezwe yigobolondo elincanyana, elichithwa ngaphambi kokufakwa.Ukulungiselela i-IVF, ukwenza inqubo nokubheka emva kwe-IVFUkulungiselela i-IVF kuthatha cishe amasonto ama-2-3 futhi kufaka nokuhlolwa kwabo bobabili abashadayo. Uhlelo lwe-IVF luvame ukufaka: •nullUma i-IVF inganikeli ngomphumela oyifunayo, eminye imibhangqwana iphendukela ezinsizakalweni zoomama ababa ngama-surrogate.Kwamanye amazwe, umthetho we-surrogacy wenqatshelwe ngumthetho, kepha kunamazwe lapho i-surrogacy idingeka khona kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, eKazakhstan.Namuhla eRussia, Kazakhstan nakwamanye amazwe e-CIS, kungenzeka ukwenza i-IVF mahhala cishe nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuzala.Shiya isicelo kuwebhusayithi yethu futhi ongoti bethu bazokuthinta bakusize ukhethe umtholampilo ohamba phambili ngokuhambisana necala lakho mahhala.