Iziko lentliziyo iFortis Escorts

Uphengululo:I-Abrasion yinkqubo yesibeleko eyenziwa ukuba ifunyanwe kwaye inyange izifo zezifo zesibeleko. Umsele womlomo wesibeleko uxutywe ukubonelela ukufikelela kwisibeleko. Emva koko iindonga zesibeleko ziyahluthwa ngesisixhobo se-vacuum. Inkqubo ihlala yenziwa phantsi kwe-anesthesia ngokubanzi okanye ngokusetyenziswa kwe-sedation enzulu. Ububanzi obumiselweyo bokuhlala kwelinye ilizwe: Iiveki ezi-1

Uphengululo:I-Hysterectomy ngumsebenzi osusa isibeleko. Nge-hysterectomy, kuphela isibeleko esishenxisiweyo, okanye kunye nomlomo wesibeleko, i-ovari kunye neetyhubhu ze-fallopian. I-hysterectomy inokwenziwa ngokusebenzisa isisu esisesiswini (isisu hysterectomy) okanye ngokusebenzisa ubufazi (vagst hysterectomy). Ugqirha we-hysterectomy unokwenziwa njengohlinzwa ovulekileyo okanye utyando lwe-laparoscopic (utyando lwe-arthroscopic). I-uterine fibroids yeyona nto ibangela i-hysterectomy. Kuba ixesha lokuhlaziya lide kakhulu, ukusebenza kubonisiwe kuphelaukuba olunye unyango aluphumelelanga. Emva kwe-hysterectomy, umfazi uyeka ukuya esikhathini, akakwazi ukuba nabantwana, kwaye ke kunyangwa unyango kuye. Ububanzi obumiselweyo bokuhlala kwelinye ilizwe: 1 - 3 iivekiEmva kotyando, umfazi udinga iiveki ezininzi zokuvuselelwa ngaphambi kokuba ahambe. Ugqirha kufuneka aqiniseke ukuba imeko yesigulana izinzile, kwaye ukulungele ukuhamba.

Uphengululo:I-Myomectomy yinkqubo yoqhaqho eyenziwa isusa i-uterine fibroids. I-uterine fibroids kukukhula okubonakalayo kunokubangela ukopha kwilungu lobufazi, i-pelvic kunye nentlungu engezantsi yomqolo, iintlungu ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo kunye nokuqunjelwa.

Uphengululo:Ukususa i-ovarian cyst yinkqubo yoqhaqho eyenziwa ukuba isuse ii-cysts ezinkulu, ezinomhlaza, okanye zibuhlungu kwii-ovari. I-ovarian cyst yi-sac egcwele amanzi.

Uphengululo:I-electrocardiogram (ECG) irekhodwa kusetyenziswa ii-electrodes ezibekwe esikhumbeni. Bakhangela imibane yombane yesihlunu sentliziyo, esikuvumela ukuba usete ubungakanani bamagumbi entliziyo, ukuguquguquka kwesiqhelo sentliziyo kunye nezinye iiparamitha. I-electrocardiogram inokubona ukuphazamiseka kwentliziyo, kubandakanya isifo sentliziyo, ukungaphumeleli kwentliziyo, isifo sentliziyo, isiphoso sentliziyo, i-pathologies yentliziyo, okanye i-pericarditis. Ububanzi obumiselweyo bokuhlala kwelinye ilizwe: 1 - 2 iintsukuUkuba i-electrocardiogram ayisivezi isifo sentliziyo, isigulana sinokuhamba ngenqwelomoya emva nje kwenkqubo.

Ukuxhaphaka kwesifoIsifo sokuwa, esichaphazela abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50 kwihlabathi liphela, sinika ingxelo yesabelo esikhulu kumthwalo wehlabathi wezifo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba umyinge wabemi bebonke abanendlela yokusebenza esebenzayo (oko kukuthi, ukubanjwa okuqhubekayo okanye imfuneko yonyango) ngexesha elinikiweyo lisusela kwi-4 ukuya kwi-10 kubantu abayi-1000. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zohlolisiso olwenziwe kumazwe aphantsi kunye nakwinqanaba eliphakathi libonisa ukuba lo mgangatho uphezulu kakhulu - ukusuka kwi-7 ukuya kwi-15 ngabantu abayi-1000.Kuqikelelwa ukuba kwilizwe jikelele, isifo sokuxhuzula kufunyaniswa minyaka leAbantu abazizigidi ezi-2,4. Kumazwe anengeniso ephezulu, inani lezinto ezintsha ezenzeka minyaka le ngezifo ziphakathi kwama-30 nama-50 nge-100,000. Kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi kunye nephakathi, eli nani linokuphinda kabini ukuphakama.Amaxabiso aphezulu kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi kunye naphakathi anokubakho kunxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko wokwanda kwezifo ezifana nesifo seengcongconi kunye ne-neurocysticercosis; ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ezithuthi ezindleleni; ukulimala kokuzalwa, kunye nolwahluko kwiziseko zonyango, ukubakho kweenkqubo zokuthintela kunye noncedo lwezonyango olufikelelekayo.nullnullnullnullamayeza, utyando lunokunceda.UthinteloIsifo sokuxhuzula (i-demiopathic epilepsy) asithinteleki. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yezizathu ezaziwayo zesifo sokuwa kwesibini, amanyathelo othintelo anokuthathwa.    Ukuthintela ukwenzakala entloko kuyeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuthintela isifo sentloko.     Ukhathalelo olufanelekileyo lwengqondo lubanceda ukunciphisa imeko ye-epilepsy entsha ngenxa yokulimala kokuzalwa.     Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nezinye iindlela zokunciphisa ubushushu bomzimba kubantwana abanomkhuhlane kunokunciphisa ukubakho kokuthuthumbiswa.     Usulelo lwenkqubo ye-nerve ephakathi luyeyona nto ixhaphakileyo kuxhwalekile kwiindawo ezinobushushu aphomaninzi amazwe asakhulayo. Ukupheliswa kwezigulo eziphantsi kwezi meko kunye nomsebenzi wokufundisa ngokubhekisele kuthintelo losuleleko ziindlela ezifanelekileyo zokunciphisa umthwalo wesifo sokuwa emhlabeni wonke, umzekelo, isithuthwane ngenxa ye-neurocysticercosis.U-Allhospital angathanda ukucebisa uNjingalwazi Antonio Russi (Teklin Kiron Clinic, Barcelona), omnye wabalondolozi bezonyango abaseYurophu. NgokukaNjingalwazi Russi, kwizigulana ezingama-95 kwezili-100 ezikwaziyo ukusiphelisa isifo sokuwa emzimbeni emva koncedo olufanelekileyo.Shiya isicelo kwiwebhusayithi yethu kwaye iingcali zethu ziya kunxibelelana nawe kwaye zikuncede ukhethe ezona klinikhi zibalaseleyo ngokubhekisele kwimeko yakho yasimahla.

Uphengululo:Unyango lwe-aneurysm yengqondo yinkqubo yoqhaqho eyenziwa apho umngcipheko wokuqhekeka kwe-aneurysm uphakamileyo. Ububanzi obumiselweyo bokuhlala kwelinye ilizwe: iivekiIxesha elichithwe ekliniki lixhomekeka kuhlobo lwe-aneurysm. Nge-aneurysm engafakwanga mntu, ixesha lokubuyisela emva konyango lihlala lifutshane kunasemva kokuqhekeka.

Uphengululo:Umsebenzi wokususa ithumba lobuchopho lwenziwa yingcali ye-neurosurgeon ukwenzela ukuba inxenye okanye isuse ngokupheleleyo ithumba. Ububanzi obumiselweyo bokuhlala kwelinye ilizwe: Kwiiveki ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-8Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lomsebenzi, kwiimfuno kunye nexesha lokuhlaziya kunye nezifundo zenkqubo yokuhlaziya isigulana.

I-acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-BONKE (ngokwamagama okuqala esi sifo), kwaye ngamanye amaxesha igama elinesi sifo esibuhlungu kakhulu sisifo esibuhlungu kakhulu kwinkqubo yehematopoietic. Isifo siqala kumongo wethambo. Umongo wethu wethambo ngumzi-mveliso weeseli zegazi ezahlukeneyo. Xa umongo wamathambo ugula, lo mzi-mveliso, endaweni yezempilo (ogqirha bathetha malunga neeseli ezivuthiweyo), uqalisa ukuvelisa inani elikhulu leeseli ezimhlophe zegazi ezingafakwanga.Xa umntu engaguli, ke zonke iiseli zegazi zikhula kwaye zihlaziywe ngokuvisisanayo, yonke into yenzeka ngendlela elungeleleneyo. Iiseli zegazi zivuthwa ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye inkqubo yokuvuthwa intsokothile. Kodwa niniumntwana ugula sisifo se-lymphoblastic leukemia, i.e.BONKE, inkqubo yokuvuthwa iqhekeza ngokupheleleyo.Iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi, oko kukuthi, iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi, ziye ziyeke ukuvuthwa ngokupheleleyo kwaye zingakhuli zibe ziiseli ezisebenza ngokupheleleyo. Endaweni yoko, baqala ngokukhawuleza nokwabelana ngokungalawuleki. Umsebenzi wenkqubo ye-hematopoietic uyanda ukungasebenzi kakuhle: iiseli ezigulayo zigxotha ezi zisempilweni kwaye zithathe indawo yazo kumongo. Umntwana ogulayo akanazo iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi, iiseli ezibomvu zegazi (iiseli ezibomvu zegazi), okanye iiplatelets zegazi (iiplatelets).Yiyo loo nto abantwana bekhula ukuba ne-anemia (anemia), iingxaki ezahlukeneyo zosulelo (usulelo), kunye nokukopha rhoqo. Kwaye okuEzi ziimpawu zokuqala ezinokuthi zithethe malunga ne-leukemia ebukhali emntwaneni. Kodwa esi sifo ngokwaso, YONKE, ukusukela ekuqaleni asikho kwilungu elinye lomzimba. Ukusuka kumongo wethambo, ungena ungene egazini, ungene kwii-lymphoid tishu (inkqubo ye-lymphatic) kuwo onke amanye amalungu. Umsebenzi wayo yonke inkqubo yezitho, oko kukuthi, umzimba uphela, uqala ukuphazamiseka. Kungenxa yeso sizathu le nto, njengazo zonke ezinye iintlobo zesifo sokuvuvukala, sibizwa ngokuba sisifo esibuhlungu isifo, oko kukuthi, isifo sitshabalalisa umzimba wonke njengenkqubo.ZONKE zisasazeka emzimbeni wonke ngokukhawuleza. Ngaphandle konyango, iiseli ze-leukemia ziyahluka naphi na, hayiimiqobo yokuhlangana. Amalungu apho kuyekwe ukuba asebenze ngokuqhelekileyo kwaye izifo ezinkulu ezikhulu ziqala kuwo. Ukuba i-leukemia ayinyangwa, ke ukufa kwenzeka kwiinyanga ezimbalwa.Shiya isicelo sasimahla kwiwebhusayithi yethu kwaye iingcali zethu ziya kunxibelelana nawe kwaye zikuncede ukhethe ezona klinikhi zibalaseleyo kwimeko yakho. Indlela yokunyanga isifo se-leukemia esibuhlungu ixhomekeka kubudala nakwimeko yesigulana, uhlobo kunye nenqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwesi sifo, kwaye kuhlala kubalwa ngokukodwa kwimeko nganye.Zimbini iintlobo eziphambili zonyango lwe-leukemia ebukhali - ichemotherapy kunye nonyango lokunyanga - ukuhambisa umongo kumathambo.Chemotherapy yenziweamanyathelo amabini ngokulandelelana:Iinjongo zenqanaba lokuqala kukwenziwa koxolelo. Nge-chemotherapy, i-oncologists ifezekisa ukuncipha kwinqanaba leeseli eziqhumayo• Inqanaba lokudibanisa eliyimfuneko ukutshabalalisa iiseli zomhlaza eziseleUkuphinda ungeniswe, njengomthetho, ukuphindaphinda ngokupheleleyo inkqubo (iziyobisi, iidosi, frequency yezolawulo) zenqanaba lokuqalaUkongeza kumachiza e-chemotherapeutic, ii-cytostatics zikhona kwirejimeni yonyango ngokubanzi.Ngokwezibalo, ixesha elipheleleyo lonyango lwe-chemotherapy ye-leukemia ye-acute yiminyaka emi-2.Chemotherapy edityaniswa yi-cytostatics yiindlela yokubonakalisa ubukrakra, obangela inani leziphumo (isicaphucaphu, ukugabha, impilo enkenenkene, ukulahleka kweenwele, njl. njl.). Ukunciphisa imeko yesigulana, unyango oluhambelana nalo lumiselweyo. Ukongeza, kuxhomekeke kwimeko, amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, i-detoxification agents, iplatelet kunye ne-erythrocyte ubunzima, kunye nokukhutshelwa kwegazi kunokucetyiswa.Ukufakelwa kwamathamboUkuhanjiswa kwamathambo kunika isigulana iiseli ezisempilweni, ezithi kamva zibe ngookhokho beeseli eziqhelekileyo zegazi.Eyona meko ibaluleke kakhulu yokufakelwa komnye umntu kukuxolelwa ngokupheleleyo kwesi sifo. Kubalulekile ukuba umongo wethambo ococwe kwiiseli eziqhekezayo ugcwaliswe kwakhona ziiseli ezisempilweni.Ukulungiselela isigulana utyando,Unyango lwe-immunosuppression olukhethekileyo lwenziwa. Oku kuyimfuneko ukutshabalalisa iiseli ze-leukemia kwaye kucinezele ukhuselo lomzimba ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokwaliwa.Unxibelelwano malunga nokutshintshwa komongo wamathambo:Ukwaphulwa kokusebenza kwamalungu angaphakathi• Izifo ezosulelayo ezingapheliyoUkuphinda uqalise kwi-leukemia ebukhali, engaguqukiyo ekuxolelweni• ukwaluphalaShiya isicelo kwiwebhusayithi yethu kwaye iingcali zethu ziya kunxibelelana nawe kwaye zikuncede ukhethe ezona klinikhi zibalaseleyo ngokubhekisele kwimeko yakho yasimahla.

Umhlaza we-bladder ngumhlaza wesine oxhaphakileyo phakathi kwamadoda; kubafazi, yinto eqhelekileyo. Njengomthetho, ithumba lesinyi liyakhula kancinci, kwaye linokulawulwa ngempumelelo ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa okukhulu. Ngapha koko, kwiimeko ezininzi zomhlaza webangela, umngcipheko wokuhlaselwa sisifo esisongela ubomi buncinci kakhulu. Ukuxilongwa kwangoko kunye noviwo oluqhelekileyo kubalulekile kwimpumelelo yonyango.Iimpawu zomhlaza we-bladderOlona phawu luqhelekileyo lomhlaza weblack9 kukubonakala kwegazi emchameni. Ngamanye amaxesha inokuthi ibonwe ngamehlo agudileyo, kodwa ubukho beeseli zegazi bunokubonwa kuphela ngexesha ngokubanziUkuchama. Ukubonakala kwegazi kumchamo kunokuhamba kunye nokuziva okungathandekiyo ngexesha lokuchama (okuhlala kuchazwa ngokuthi “ukutshisa”). Ukongeza, ukuchama kunokuba yinto ethe rhoqo kwaye kungxamiseke ngakumbi kunesiqhelo. Kwinqanaba lokuqala lesi sifo, ezinye iimpawu azikho. Ke ngoko, ukuba kukho igazi emchameni okanye kwimeko yokuchamachama, uviwo kufuneka lwenziwe ngoko nangoko. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ezi mpawu azibonisi ubukho besibeleko - zinokubangelwa nangamatye, ukuvuvukala kwe-urethra, i-prostate eyandisiweyo njl njl. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, unobangela wezi mpawu kufuneka umiselwe ngokuchanekileyo.Njani?Ngaba ufumanisa ukuba unomdlavuza webhedi?Ukuba igazi lifunyenwe kumchamo, kufuneka kwenziwe iimvavanyo ezininzi ukuze kungabandakanywa isimhumba. Esi sifo luxanduva lwe-urology, ngoko nokuba ukhe waya kwagqirha wosapho, kuya kufuneka utyelele ugqirha ongu-urologist. Emva kokucacisa imbali yezonyango kunye novavanyo lomzimba, kuyakufuneka uhambe ngetshekhi ezongeziweyo, ngesiqhelo awudingi ukuba esibhedlela.Ngexesha le-cystoscopy, i-endoscope emxinwa ifakwa kwi-urethra (urethra) kwisinye. Ngalo, unokuvavanya ngononophelo indawo yangaphakathi yesinye kunye nokujonga amathumba okanye ezinye izifo. Unokuthatha isampula eludongeni.i-bladder (biopsy). Uviwo lwenziwa ukuba ulele phantsi, phantsi kwe-anesthesia yendawo, kwaye ayifuni kulaliswa esibhedlele. Emva kwe-cystoscopy, ukuziva kancinci okuvuthayo ngexesha lokuchama kunokwenzeka, okuya kudlula emva kosuku okanye ezimbini. Ukusela amanzi amaninzi kule mihla kuyacetyiswa.I-urology ye-CT yikhomputha ye-Tomogra eyicomputer yokuvavanya ixesha apho iarhente yokuchasana ifakwe emzimbeni kwaye igxile ngokukhawuleza kwi-urethra. Emva koku, i-tomography ehlanganisiweyo ibonisa imeko yezintso, i-ureters kunye ne-bladder. Ukuba isigulana sinokugula sisifo i-asthma okanye sibangelwa ziyobisi okanye iodine, amayeza akhethekileyo kufuneka athatyathwe ngaphambi kwenkqubo yokuthintela ukungahambi kakuhle. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-ultrasound kunye ne-compact tomographyizintso azonelanga ukunika ingcaciso egqibeleleyo nengathandabuzekiyo yoonobangela begazi kumchamo.Unyango lomhlaza webladderInyathelo lokuqala kukususa ithumba. Izicubu ezisusiweyo zithunyelwa elabhoratri ukuze zichonge uhlobo lwesisu kunye nobunzulu bokungena kwalo eludongeni lwesinye. Ukukhupha isisu (okanye ukuphinda kusetyenziswe), kudla ngokwenzeka xa usesibhedlela. Ukusetyenzwa ngokutsha kwenziwa phantsi kwe-anesthesia kusetyenziswa isixhobo esifana ne-cystoscope esifakwe kwi-urethra (urethra), ngaphandle kokufaka okanye ukuvula isisu esiswini. Kwiimeko ezininzi, emva kokuba ithumba libhaqiwe, isiguli simenyiwe kwisicelo esimiselweyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko apho ithumba likhokelelaukopha okungapheliyo, kufuneka ngokukhawuleza utyando. Njengomthetho, ukuvela kwakhona kwe-tumor kukhokelela ekuyekeni kokopha. Ngamanye amaxesha ukususwa ngokupheleleyo kwe-tumor akunakwenzeka ngenxa yobukhulu bayo okanye ubunzulu bokungena kudonga lwesinye. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, i-biopsy iya kwenziwa ukumisela uhlobo lwesisu kunye nobunzulu bokungena kwalo, emva koko kuya kusetyenziswa ezinye iindlela zonyango. Emva koqhaqho, i-catheter iyakushiyeka kwi-bladder kwi-urethra kangangeentsuku ezininzi ukuze inxeba lokuhlinzwa liphilise. Kwiintsuku zokuqala emva koqhaqho, kunokubakho ukopha okuncinci ukusuka kwisinye, ekuyekeni kancinci kancinci. Emva kokususwa kwe-catheterUkuziva ungxamisekile kwaye uvutha, okanye buhlungu xa uchama. Ngokwesiqhelo, oku kuphazamiseka yinto yethutyana. Kwiimeko ezininzi, isiguli siya kuba nakho ukubuyela ekusebenzeni ekhaya okuqhelekileyo kwiintsuku ezingama-2-3 emva kotyando. Isigqibo sokuqhubeka nonyango kuxhomekeke kwiziphumo zovavanyo lwe-histological (uhlobo lwe-tumor kunye nobunzulu bokungena).Inqanaba lesibini lonyango linokubandakanya iindlela ezintathu.    Isityholo esingathethekiyo, esingangeni ngaphezulu kune-epithelium yotshintsho. Kule meko, unyango oluqhubekayo aludingeki. Ngaphandle koku, amathumba anjalo ahlala evela kwakhona, ngakumbi kwiminyaka yokuqala emva koqhaqho. Ngesi sizathu, ngakumbiKubalulekile ukuba ihlolwe rhoqo kwikliniki ye-urological.     Isigaxa singene ngaphaya kwe-epithelium yotshintsho, kodwa singangeni kwisisipha. Kule meko, sithetha malunga nes tumor esingaqhelekanga, kodwa kufuneka unyango olungaphezulu. Njengomthetho, amayeza akhethekileyo afakwa kwi-bladder. Esona siyobisi siqhelekileyo nesisebenzayo sibizwa ngokuba yi-BCG. Injongo yayo kukwandisa impendulo yendawo yokulwa izifo. Iziyobisi zeCytotoxic ezibulala iiseli zomhlaza ziyasetyenziswa. Injongo ye-BCG kunye namanye amachiza kukuthintela ukuvela kwakhona kwe-tumor emva kokuphinda usele. Olu nyango lukwacetyiswa kwiimeko ezinje ngobukho bamaqhubu angawona aphezulu.okanye ukubuyela ngokukhawuleza kwethumba kwiinyanga ezininzi emva kotyando. Eli chiza lihanjiswa kanye ngeveki kangangeeveki ezintandathu, kwiklinikhi ye-urological, isebenzisa i-catheter emncinci efakwe kwisinye. Emva kokuphatha iyeza, isiguli sicelwa ukuba siyeke ukuchitha iiyure ezimbini. Isigulana sinokufumana imvakalelo evuthayo xa uchama kunye nemvakalelo engathandekiyo kwisisu esisezantsi, nangona kunjalo, badlula ngokukhawuleza.     Isundu singene emngxunyeni, singene kwiindonga zesinye. Kule meko, ukuvela kwakhona kwe-tumor kwi-urethra akwanele. Ngokwesiqhelo, kuya kufuneka ukuba ususe ibhedi yonke ngaphambiliukuvula isisu esiswini. Injongo yokuphinda i-bladder isuse ngokupheleleyo iiseli zomhlaza emzimbeni ukuze ziphinde ziphile.     Emva kokumiswa kwakhona kwe-bladder, kufuneka kufakwe enye endaweni yakhe ukumvumela ukuba achame. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokukhetha ezinokuthi zitshintshe    Umchamo ungena ngokuthe ngqo kwiibhegi ezixhonywe eludongeni lwesisu.     Ukwenza enye ipokhethi yomchamo kwindawo yomzimba (kufuna ukwenziwa kwe-catheter kaninzi ngemini ukukhupha ipokotho yomchamo).     Enye ipokhethi yomchamo kwindawo yomzimba evumela ukuchama okuqhelekileyo ngokusebenzisa urethra.MhlawumbiNgaba kukho ukubuyela kwakhona ngokupheleleyo?Impendulo ayithandabuzi: ewe. Uninzi lwamaqhubu ebadinadethi zizinto ezingaphezulu nje. Ukukhupha ithumba ngokuhamba kwe-urethra (ngamanye amaxesha ngokudibeneyo kunye nokuqaliswa kwe-BCG kwisinye) kukhokelela ekunyamalaleni kwayo ngokupheleleyo. Rhoqo, emva kwexesha elithile, ithumba liyavela, kodwa ngokuhlolwa rhoqo, unokuyifumana kwasekuqaleni kwaye uyixhathise ngempumelelo. Uvavanyo lweklinikhi lubandakanya i-urinalysis, i-cystoscopy kunye ne-tomography ye-urethra. Ixesha elininzi lidlulile kunyango lokugqibela, kuya kufuneka ukuba uhlolwe rhoqo. Kubalulekile ukuba ukhumbule ukuba ukutshaya kuyayandisa ingozi yakho.ukuphinda uvele esibelekweni; ke, ukuba uyatshaya, kufuneka uyeke lo mkhwa ombi.Amaqumza angena nzulu eludongeni lwebhedi anokunyangeka ngokupheleleyo ngoncedo lokuvela kwakhona. Kwiimeko ezininzi, kuyenzeka ukuba kubekho enye ibladder evumela ukuchama okuqhelekileyo ngokusebenzisa urethra. Ndiyabulela kule nto, isiguli asikwazi kuphela ukululama ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kwakhona sibuyele ekusebenzeni kwesiqhelo esiqhelekileyo kuye.Shiya isicelo kwiwebhusayithi yethu kwaye iingcali zethu ziya kunxibelelana nawe kwaye zikuncede ukhethe ezona klinikhi zibalaseleyo ngokubhekisele kwimeko yakho yasimahla.

I-Brachytherapy, ekwabizwa ngokuba lonyango lwangaphakathi lwe-radiation, yindlela yokunyanga umhlaza apho iicuba ezinezinto ezinomathotholo zifakwa emzimbeni. Le ndlela yonyango inciphisa isiphumo sokwenza imisebe kwizicubu ezingqonge kunye namalungu, ngokuchaseneyo neradi yangaphandle, xa kungekuphela ithumba eliveliswe yimitha.I-brachytherapy yenziwa kulawulo lweedosi eziphakamileyo okanye ezisezantsi, xa irediyo ilawulwa okwethutyana okanye ngokuqhubekayo (kwimeko yokugqibela, izinto ezinomathotholo zilahlekelwa ngumsebenzi wazo ngokwazo). Uhlobo lonyango olusetyenzisiweyo luxhomekeke kuhlobo lomhlaza kunye neempawu zesigulana ngasinye. Iidosi ezinkulu kunye nokufakwa ngokusisigxina kwezinto ezinokusasazeka kwezinto kusetyenziswa, njengomgaqo, womhlaza webele.Kucetyisiwe-Umhlaza wolusu - Umhlaza we-Prostate - Umhlaza webele - Umhlaza wesibeleko - Umhlaza welungu lobufazi - Umhlaza weColorectal - Umhlaza

Into yokuqala ekufuneka beyazi abaguli kunye nawo wonke umntu obhinqileyo malunga nomhlaza wamabele (njengoko, eneneni, malunga naluphi na uhlobo lomhlaza): namhlanje esi ayisosigwebo, isigaba sangaphambi sesi sifo, ayanda amathuba wokoyisa umhlaza ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye kwizigaba ezilandelayo, kukho amathuba ngakumbi okulwa nesi sifo ngokubulela kweendlela zonyango zangoku (jonga ngezantsi).Ngubani osengozini? Umhlaza webele sisifo esingalunganga esibi esenzeka phantse kumfazi omnye kwabalishumi. Umhlaza wesifuba unokufunyaniswa nangaliphi na ixesha, kodwa emva kweminyaka engama-65 ubudala, umngciphekoUkwenziwa kwethumba kukuphindwe kasi-6 kunangaphambili. Abaphandi bafumanisa ezona zinto zibangela ukukhula kwesi sifo:1) Ukufumana inzala: ukuba izalamane, ngakumbi kwicala loomama, ziye zafunyaniswa ukuba zinomhlaza webele, izitho zangasese zabasetyhini, kunye nezinye izifo ze-oncological, ke umngcipheko wokukhula komhlaza webele unyuke;2) ukuqala kokuqala kokuya esikhathini (ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka eli-12) kunye nokuqala kade kokuyeka ukuya esikhathini (emva kweminyaka engama-55);I-3) ukungabikho komntwana, ukuzala kade emva kwexesha (emva kweminyaka engama-30), ukunqongophala kokuzala okanye ixesha elifutshane lokuncancisa, isifo sokudumba kwasemva kokubeletha;4) ubomi besondo ngokungaqhelekanga;5) ukulimala kwe-mammary gland;I-6) Ukuchongwa kwe-"dishormonali-mammary gland hyperplasia ”;7) ukukhuluphala;8) ukungasebenzi kwe-thyroid;9) Unyango olungena endaweni yehomoni.Iimpawu zomhlaza wamabele Kwinkqubo yezonyango, ithumba elikwi-gland ye-mammary kwiimeko ezininzi lifunyaniswa ngumfazi okanye iqabane, okwenzekileyo. Isimila sinokufunyanwa xa kubhalwa uviwo lwe-mammologist, ugqirha wezifo zengqondo, okanye ugqirha ofumaneke ngengozi ngexesha lovavanyo.Zeziphi iimpawu ekufuneka ulumkise:    Ukongeza kwimvakalelo kwimfundo ebeleni, umfazi unokujonga utshintsho kwi-nipple: ulceration, retraction, spoting from the nipple. Eli lithuba lokudibana nodokotela kwangoko!     kumanqanaba kamva uphawuukukhula kobuthathaka, ukonakala kwempilo, ukukhohlela, ukuphefumla okunzima, iintlungu zamathambo zinokwenzeka.Unyango lomhlaza webele Unyango lomhlaza webele lwenziwa ngamanqanaba aliqela kusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Iindlela ezintathu eziphambili zisetyenziswa namhlanje:Unyango lwe-antitumor yamayeza.Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango olunje, ezizezi:* ichemotherapy: kule meko, iziyobisi ezijolise ekutshatyalalisweni kweeseli ze-tumor zisetyenzisiwe;* Unyango lwehomoni, oko kukuthi, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezixinzelela umsebenzi wehomoni wesisu kunye nomzimba;* Unyango olujolisiweyo luhambo olutsha, indlela apho amachiza “abukhali” kwiziphumo ekujolise kuzo kwiseli yesisu kwaye enze ngokungacacanga kwimpiloizicubu zomntu;* I-Immunotherapy lulwalona lwalathiso lutsha, abathi namhlanje kwiingqungquthela zamazwe amaninzi ze-oncologists babizwe yenye yeendlela eziphambili nezikhuthazayo zokulwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza. Umxholo we-immunotherapy ukwinkqubo ekhethekileyo yeeseli zomzimba zokuzikhusela. Ngenxa yetekhnoloji yabo eyahlukileyo, bajika baba sisixhobo esinamandla esikwaziyo nokutshabalalisa ngokuchanekileyo iiseli zomhlaza.Ngokuxilongwa komhlaza wamabele, unyango lokuhlinzwa kunye nonyango lweradiation luyasetyenziswa.Shiya isicelo kwiwebhusayithi yethu kwaye iingcali zethu ziya kunxibelelana nawe kwaye zikuncede ukhethe ezona klinikhi zibalaseleyo ngokubhekisele kwimeko yakho yasimahla.

Ukunyanga ngamayeza ukubulala intsholongwane kunyango. Ukunyanga ngamayeza inokuba yenye yezinto ezisetyenziswayo kunyango kwaye inokudityaniswa nonyango lwe-radiation okanye ukususwa kwesibeleko. Injongo ye-chemotherapy ingaba kukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwesisu somhlaza kunye nokucothisa ukukhula nokukhula kwakhona kweeseli ezinomhlaza. Ukucutha ukukhula kunye nokuveliswa kwakhona kweeseli kukhokelela ekunciphiseni kwesayizi yesisu kunye nokuphuculwa komgangatho wobomi besigulana kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, kukonyusa amathuba okususa ngokupheleleyo isimila.Kucetyisiwe    Unyango lomhlaza     Umhlaza wobomi bomhlaza

Unyango lwe-leukemia engapheliyo lujolise ekunciphiseni iimpawu zesifo. I-Leukemia luhlobo lomhlaza ochaphazela iiseli zegazi emzimbeni. Esi sifo sihlala sikhula emngxunyeni wethambo, apho kukho ukungalingani kumqolo weeseli zegazi ezimhlophe. Ngokwesiqhelo, iiseli zegazi ziyakheka, zikhule, kwaye zifeze ukwenza indawo yeeseli ezintsha, kwaye i-leukemia iphazamisa le nkqubo.Isifo se-leukemia esingapheliyo siyacotha kwaye kwinqanaba lokuqala, elinokuhlala iminyaka emininzi, aludingi unyango. Okokugqibela, phantse akunakwenzeka ukuphilisa ngokupheleleyo isifo se-leukemia, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba kuncitshiswe iimpawu kwaye kufezekiswe ukuxolelwa ngoncedo lwe-chemo- kunye ne-radiotherapy, unyango ngamachiza, unyango lwebhayoloji okanye ukufakwa kwamathambo. Ngokufumanisa isifo se-leukemia, unyango ngamayeza okanye ukutya okongeziweyo akunampembelelo kunyango.

Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zisetyenziselwa ukunyanga umhlaza we-rectum okanye amathumbu amancinci, okwaziwa ngokuba ngumhlaza we-colorectal, kuxhomekeke kwindawo apho kukho khona isithumba kunye nenqanaba lesi sifo. Umhlaza ubakho xa kuqatshelwa ngomlomo ngokungaqhelekanga, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iiseli ziqale ukwahlula-hlula ngokukhawuleza, endaweni yokufa nokwenza indawo yeeseli ezintsha.I-Chemotherapy, okanye unyango lwe-systemic, lwenziwa iinyanga ezininzi. Iichemicals ezithile zinokucothisa okanye ziphazamise ukukhula kweeseli zomhlaza. Amaxesha okuba uthathe ichemotherapy (iikhosi),ithathe indawo yokuphumla yeeveki ezininzi ukubuyisela umzimba.Ngokuhambelana ne-chemotherapy, unyango olujolisiweyo lunokwenziwa, oluvumela amayeza ukuba ahlasele iiseli zesisu ngendlela ekujolise kuyo, ngaloo ndlela zivelise impembelelo engentle emzimbeni wesigulana.I-radiotherapy ikuvumela ukuba utshabalalise iiseli zomhlaza usebenzisa isifundo se-dosed kwaye egxile kwimitha.Isicwangciso kunye nexesha lokunyanga kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokuphuhliswa komhlaza kunye nempilo ngokubanzi yezigulana.Kucetyisiwe    Umhlaza wekolon     Umhlaza webala     Umhlaza webala

ICyberKnife lonyango olungalukanga lusebenzise umhlaza kunye nee-benign tumors. Ngoncedo lwesoftware kunye nokuxilongwa kwevidiyo, amathumba abekwa kwindawo ngokuchanekileyo njengoko kunokwenzeka kwaye afakwa ngokufanelekileyo kumanzi amachaphaza emisebe.

nullUnyango ngamachiza kunye nonyango oluhambelana nemitha. Ukukhethwa kwendlela ekhokelela kunyango kuchazwe ngokobungakanani kunye nendawo esikuyo isifo, imeko yesigulana kunye nezifo ezihamba nazo.Isisu esincinci kakhulu esingamiseli i-mucosa, kuphela i-mucosa enomaleko ophantsi kwaye iphinde yenziwa nge-gastroscope, kwaye iziphumo zonyango zilungile kakhulu.Kwinqanaba I-II lomhlaza, inxenye yesophagus iyasuswa, isiphene sizaliswe yinxalenye yesisu okanye ityhubhu yenziwe kwisisu. Namhlanje kunokwenzeka ukuba usebenzise izixhobo ze-endoscopic kule misebenzi.Ngokusasazeka kwethumba kuludwe lwezihlunu kunye nokuqhubeka, kwenziwa umsebenzi, kodwa okunullNgamanye amaxesha i-chemoradiotherapy yenziwa ngoxinzelelo olungonelanga. Chemotherapy inokwenziwa ukuba utyando alunakwenzeka, xa ithumba likhulu kakhulu, okanye linethumba elincinci, kodwa ngokuchasene ngokubanzi nokuhlinzwa. Kule ndlela yokulondolozwa, ukusinda kuthelekiswa nonyango lokuhlinzwa. Ubukho be-fistulas, ichemoradiotherapy ayinakwenzeka. I-Chemotherapy inokuba nzima kunye nokuvuvukala okukhulu kwe-membrane ye-mucous yesophagus, eya kufuna isidlo ngokuthoba.Shiya isicelo kwiwebhusayithi yethu kwaye iingcali zethu ziya kunxibelelana nawe kwaye zikuncede ukhethe ezona klinikhi zibalaseleyo ngokubhekisele kwimeko yakho yasimahla.

Neoplasms ezingalunganga gallbladder. Esi sifo sisifo esingaqhelekanga, uninzi lwabafazi abaneminyaka engama-50 nangaphezulu.Iimpawu zesifo seenyongoOlona phawu lubonakaliswayo lubandakanya ukubetha sisisu kunye nokugabha, isifo sentliziyo, isifo esimalunga nesithathu kwisisu, umkhuhlane, umkhuhlane, ukuncipha komzimba, ukuncipha kwamalungu, ukuqaqanjelwa, kunye nokukhula kwesisu esiswini. Njengomthetho, kwizigaba zokuqala zesifo, isiguli asinakho nakuphi na ukuphazamiseka, okucutha kakhulu amathuba wesigulanaUkuvuselelaUkuxilongwa komhlaza wegallbladderInani leemvavanyo zelebhu kunye nezixhobo zenziwa: uvavanyo lwegazi ngokubanzi, i-biochemistry yegazi, i-x-ray yamalungu esiswini, uvavanyo lwe-magnetic resonance diagnostic membrane yesisu, i-transdermal transhepatic cholangiography, i-biopsy yenyongo ngokuqhubeka novavanyo lwembali yeesampulu zeesisisi ezichaphazelekayo.Unyango lwe-Gallbladder CancerUnyango lwesi sifo, njengezona niplasms zinobungozi, kubandakanya ukususwa kwesibeleko kunye nonyango lokugcina umzimba. Eyona ndlela iphambili yokunyanga kukuhlinzwa, eyona cholecystectomy idume ngayo. Namhlanje, yenziwa ngendlela ethe tye yokusebenza.-indlela yeLaparoscopic. Ngexesha lonyango oluntsonkothileyo, unyango lwe-radiation kunye ne-chemotherapy isetyenziswa, kwaye izigulana zikwaboniswa ngamalungiselelo e-radiosensitizer anezixhobo ezisebenzayo ezandisa amandla okuziva kweeseli ze-atypical kwiindidi ezithile zemitha.UThintelo lwe-Gallbladder CancerAzikho iindlela ezithile zokuthintela le patology. Iingcebiso ngokubanzi zibandakanya: ukuqheleka kweempawu zesisindo, isondlo esifanelekileyo, ukuncipha kwenani lokutya kwemvelaphi yezilwanyana kunye nokwanda kokutya kwemifuno kunye neziqhamo. Kucetyiswa ukuba bayeke imikhwa emibi, baziqhelanise nokuzivocavoca rhoqo kunye nomzimba.

nullOnke amathumba ezintso afunyaniswa ukuba awafumene, kunye ne-ultrasound ecwangcisiweyo ngokungabikho ngokupheleleyo kweempawu.Iimpawu zesifo sesi sifo ngoku aziqhelekanga.    1. Igazi kumchamo (hematuria). Inkangeleko yakhe inokuba ngequbuliso kunye neprofayili.     2. Ubuhlungu kumqolo ongezantsi kunye nomqolo ongezantsi: ezi zikhalazo zinxulunyaniswa nokuhluma kwesisu kwizitho ezikufuphi okanye ukuphuma kwe-ureter.     3. Ukutywina esiswini (palpation palpates the tumor).     4. Ukonyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi (le yokugqibela inokubangelwa kukucinezelwa kwemithambo yegazi okanye ukuveliswa kwethumba lesen).5. I-Varicocele.     6. Ukuphulukana nobunzima, ubuthathaka ngokubanzi, isifo seengcongconi, ukujuluka ebusuku, kunye nokudinwa okugqithisileyo.Ngelishwa, amaxesha amaninzi iimpawu zomhlaza wezintso aziveli ngokukhawuleza, esi sifo siqhubeka kwifom ye-asymptomatic ixesha elide. Kungenxa yoko le nto kubaluleke kakhulu ukwenza uvavanyo rhoqo lokuthintela, yenza uvavanyo lwe-ultrasound kwaye uthathe uvavanyo lwegazi kunye nomchamo.Uxilongo lomhlaza wezintsoUxilongo lomhlaza wezintso lubandakanya uluhlu lonke lweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuxhaphaza, ekuvumela ukuba uqinisekise ngokuchonga ngokuchanekileyo nangokuchanekileyo.   1. Eyona ndlela yokufumana isifo inokufikeleleka ngeyona ndlela.    2. Imigangatho yegolide yokuxilongwa kwamathumbu ezintso yikhompyuterTomogra ngokwahlukileyo. I-Tomogra efikelelweyo inika umfanekiso ogcweleyo malunga nesikhundla se-tumor, ubungakanani bayo, inqanaba leklinikhi kunye nokukhula kwe-tumor kwizitho ezikufutshane.   3. Ukuhlolwa kwe-urinal kutyhila ubukho bokungacoceki kwegazi kumchamo.   4. Uvavanyo lwegazi lukuvumela ukuba uchonge imiqondiso engangqalanga yesifo: i-anemia, amanqanaba aphezulu e-alkaline phosphatase, urea egazini, njl.   5. I-MRI yokufumanisa isifo samathumbu ezintso isetyenziswa kancinane kune-CT, eyona nto iphambili yokwenza iMRI kukuchasana nokwenza i-CT.   6. I-biopsy yamathumba ezintso yenzelwa ukungqina isifo.kunye nokumisela amaqhinga okunyanga ngakumbi. Ngelishwa, kwezinye iimeko, i-biopsy yesibeleko sezintso ayisiyoyikisi, ngenxa yesi sizathu, olu phononongo ngoku lwenziwa ngokungaqhelekanga.  7. Ukufumanisa metastases emiphungeni kunye namathambo emathambo, isifuba x-ray kunye ne-osteoscintigraphy ziyasetyenziswa.  8. I-angiography engokoqobo-kuvavanyo lwe-X-ray kwiarhente eyahlukileyo.Ngokusekelwe kuluphi uphawu lokubonakalisa umhlaza wezintso, imeko yesigulana kunye neziphumo zovavanyo lwangaphambili, ugqirha ukhetha iindlela ezithile zokufumanisa umhlaza wezintso ukwenza owona mfanekiso uphambili.Amanqanaba omhlaza wezintsoKukho amanqanaba ama-4 omhlaza wezintso oboniswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyonullokanye ithumba lisasazeka kwi-renal vein / vena cava.     4. Inqanaba lomhlaza wezintso. Isimila sihluma iqhekeza lezintso.Unyango lomhlaza wezintsoUnyango lomhlaza wezintso lusekwe ngeendlela ezininzi ezamkelweyo ezisetyenziswa ngokukodwa okanye ngokubanzi. Ugqirha okhoyo, ngokusekwe kuhlobo lwesibeleko, inqanaba lekliniki yobudala kunye nokuphila kakuhle, ukuchasana okukhoyo kunye nezinye izinto, banokubhenela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango. Olona nyango lusebenzayo kumhlaza wezintso kukususa ithumba. I-nephrectomy yokujikeleza kukususa ngokupheleleyo izintso ezichaphazelekayo, zihlala zidibene nezicubu zomjikelezo ze-perirenal, ii-lymph node, kwaye ngamanye amaxeshai-adrenal gland. Ukuba ubungakanani bes tumor abudluli kwi-7 cm, kusenziwa ngokwenxalenye yezintso. Kunye nendlela yesiqhelo, apho kususwa khona izintso okanye ukwenziwa kwayo kwakhona ngenxa yokuvela okukhulu, kukho i-laparoscopic enye. Kule meko, i-tumor isuswa okanye iphinde isetyenziswe kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezizodwa ezifakwe kwisisu sesisu ngokusebenzisa iincinci ezincinci (2 cm). Indlela ye-laparoscopic inxulunyaniswa nobuncinci beengxaki. Ukongeza, ukubuyisela isigulana kwisigulana ngokukhawuleza. Olunye unyango olunokuthi lusebenze kwi-tumor yezintso. Umxholo wendlela kukukhulula i-tumor ngoncedo lwekristalu elikhethekileyo elifakwe kwi-tumor. Tumorkufakwe enye yokuqandusela kunye nokucwilisa, okukhokelela ekufeni kweeseli zomhlaza. Le ndlela yeyona nto ihlupheka kakhulu kwisigulana kwaye ibonakalisiwe xa utyando lungenzeki, amathumba amazinyo omabini kunye nesibeleko sentso enye. Unyango ngamachiza (ichemotherapy, unyango lwehomoni okanye i-immunotherapy) lumiselwe ukuba ngaba kufunyaniswe ukuba unomdlavuza wezintso (inqanaba 4), xa utyando alunakwenzeka.Ukuthintela uMhlaza woMngundoUkuthintela umhlaza wezintso, kubalulekile ukuyeka ukutshaya, ukulawula ubunzima kunye nokutya ukutya okulingeneyo (kunye nemfuno yeziqhamo nemifuno). Ke, indlela yokuphila esempilweni yeyona ndlela iphambili yokuthintela esi sifo.

nullumthamo womonakalo kwi-larynx. Ukutshatisa kwelizwi luphawu lwangaphambili xa iklcincinoma ikwimilo yegama, kodwa ivele kumanqanaba kamva xa ifunyenwe kumacandelo amakhulu e-supraclad kunye ne-subclad. Izigulana ezinomdlavuza ongalinganiyo zihlala zithintela umoya kwaye ukubetha kwawo kuyimpawu eqhelekileyo kumanqanaba alandelayo. Izigulana ezinomdlavuza ogqithisileyo we-ligamentous zihlala zine-dysphagia; Ezinye iimpawu ezibonakalayo zesi sifo kukuthintelwa kweendlela zomoya, i-otalgia, ukukhula kwesisu emqaleni, ilizwi eliqhunyisiweyo. Isigulana esinezi mpawu kufuneka sithunyelwe ngoko nangoko kwi-laryngoscopy.UxilongoI-LaryngoscopyUnyango lwe-endoscopy kunyenullnullI-Endoscopic laser resection kunye nonyango lwe-radiation, njengomthetho, ukuvumela ukuba ugcine izwi lezigulana. Ukusetyenziswa konyango lomhlaza womhlaza wokubeletha kwinqanaba lokuqala loqhaqho okanye unyango lweradiation, njengomthetho, kuxhomekeke kukhetho loogqirha beziko kunye nesigulana.Kwamanqanaba akudala e-vocal fold carcinoma, bayabanjiswa okanye babandakanyeke kwinkqubo yolwimi; Izigulana ziboniswa ichemotherapy okanye unyango lwe-radiation. Ukuba ithumba lesigulana liye lasasazeka ngaphaya kwe-larynx okanye langena kwi-cartilage, i-laryngectomy inikezela ngezona ziphumo ze-oncological; I-laryngectomy ihlala ibanzi, kodwa kwezinye iimekoI-endoscopic laser resection of the tumor okanye i-laryngectomy evulekileyo yenxalenye inokusetyenziswa. I-laryngectomy ebanzi isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiimeko ezinzima ukusindisa isiguli; Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha kwiimeko ezinjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwe-endoscopic okanye i-laryngectomy evulekileyo isenokusetyenziswa.Kumanqanaba okuqala e-carcinoma ye-supraclavicular larynx, unyango lwe-radiation okanye ukubekwa ngokutsha kwenxalenye ye-larynx kuyasebenza. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-laser resection kumanqanaba okuqala e-squamous cell carcinoma kubonise iziphumo ezilungileyo. Ukuba i-carcinoma iyaqhubeka ukukhula, kodwa ayichaphazeli ntambo yelizwi lokwenyani, emva koko inokwenza ilaryngectomy yempumlo yenzelwa ukugcina izwi kunyesphincter yeglottis. Ukuba isiguli sikwanayo neentambo zelizwi, i-laryngectomy ngaphezulu kwe-cricoid cartilage okanye i-laryngectomy iyadingeka, ukuba kugqitywe kwelokuba kwenziwe unyango. Njengakwimeko ye-laryngocarcinoma, uninzi lwamanqanaba aqhubekayo omhlaza onqabileyo we-ligament oqala ukunyangwa nge-chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwe-radiation. Ingingqi ye-ligamentous inethiwekhi ecebileyo ye-lymphatic, ke ngoko, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka inikezwe kwingingqi yentamo kuzo zonke izigulana ezinomhlaza we-ligamentous.Nge-carcinoma ye-pharynx esezantsi, unyango luyafana nomhlaza we-larynx. Kwinqanaba lokuqala, umonakalo uhlala uphathwa kuphelaUnyango lwe-radiation, okanye i-endoscopic resection njengenye indlela. Nangona kunjalo, kwizigulana ezininzi ezinomhlaza wesibeleko, inkqubela phambili inxulunyaniswa nemeko yesi sifo njengesifo kunye nokusasazeka kwenkqubo yasekhaya ngenkqubo ye-lymphatic; Izigulana ezinjalo ziphathwa ikakhulu nge-chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwe-radiation, kwaye kwangoko-ngokweempawu ezibalulekileyo.Ukubuyisela kwimeko yesiqheloUkuhlaziywa kunokufuneka emva kolunye uhlobo lonyango. Ngokwesiqhelo, kuvela ubunzima obukhulu kunye nenkqubo yokuginya ukutya emva kwechemotherapy okanye iradiation radiation, enokufuna ukuncitshiswa kweesophagus, kwiimeko ezibuthathaka ngakumbi - iplasitiki yepharynx okanye ukumiselwa kwe-gastrostomy. Ngexesha lokuhlinzwaUngenelelo lungaphazamisa nenkqubo yokuginya, kwaye unyango luyafuneka, kubandakanya ukwandiswa komendo wokugwinya.Utyando, kwelinye icala, ichaphazela intetho ngakumbi. Emva kwe-laryngectomy iyonke, isiguli kufuneka senze ilizwi elitsha ngo:    Ilizwigealal izwi    I-Esophageal punctual punct    Umqala (electropharynx)Ngazo zontathu iindlela, intetho iyilwa ngokuthatha inxaxheba pharynx, palate ezithambileyo, ulwimi, amazinyo nemilebe.Isiseko sokusekwa kwelizwi "lesophageal izwi" (izwi lokulinganisa) kukudala isikhewu selizwi kwimbonakalo kunye nophuhliso lwayoukuvalwa okungenalusini.Nge-tracheoesophageal fistula, ivalve ibekwa phakathi kwe-trachea kunye ne-esophagus ukwenzela ukuphucula isandi. Isivalo sinceda ukupompa umoya ungene kwi-esophagus ngexesha lesenzo sokuphefumla. Izigulana ziyavuselelwa emzimbeni, kwizifundo zendlela yokuthetha, zifundiswa imigaqo yonyango lwefistula, kwaye zonke izigulana ziyalumkiswa ngomngcipheko wokufuna ukutya namanzi.I-larynx yombane sisixhobo esinebhetri ebekwe kumphezulu wentamo. Ngaphandle kokungonwabi okwenziwe kukubekwa esweni kwezoluntu xa kunxitywa abaguli abaninzi, kulula ukuphatha kwaye akufuneki uqeqesho olulodwa.

Umhlaza wesibindi sisifo esiqatha esineqondo eliphezulu lokusweleka. Emva kokubonakala kwe-neoplasm, umphumo obulalayo unokwenzeka emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa. I-Oncology inokwenzeka kwii-lobes zesibindi okanye kwi-bile ducts. Isundu sibonakaliswa kukukhula ngokukhawuleza kunye nokwenziwa kwee-metastases, kunye nokuthathelwa ingqalelo okuphantsi kunyango. Ngexesha lokuxilongwa, inqanaba lesi sifo liyasekwa. Zine, zizonke, ukwahlula kuxhomekeka kwiimpawu z morphological, indawo ye-tumor kunye nenqanaba lomonakalo:Eyokuqala (I). Isundu sinokuba kubukhulu obahlukeneyo, kodwa sibekwe ngaphakathi emzimbeni, akukho ntsholongwane kwimithambo, i-lymph node kunyeamanye amalungu. Umsebenzi wenzeka ngokupheleleyo. Kwinqanaba lokuqala, iimpawu zokuqala zomhlaza wesibindi kukukhathala, ubuthathaka, ukuncipha kokusebenza kunye nokungathandeki phezulu kwicala lasekunene. Emva kweeveki ezimbalwa, kukho ukonyuka kwesibindi ngokobukhulu.Okwesibini (II). Ukwenziwa konyuka ukuya kububanzi obuyi-5 cm, ngelixa imvakalelo yobunzima kunye nokuqaqadeka okanye ukuqaqanjelwa sisisu esiswini kuyongezwa kwiimpawu ezikhoyo. Ekuqaleni, iimvakalelo ezibuhlungu zibonakala ngokungathethekiyo ngexesha lokuxakeka ngumzimba, ke ziba nzima ngakumbi kwaye zihlale zihleli. Kwinqanaba lesibini, kukho imiqondiso yokutsala ukutya, njengokulahla komnqweno wokutya, ukuthabatheka, isicaphucaphu,ukugabha, urhudo. Isigulana siqala ukunciphisa umzimba ngokukhawuleza.Okwesithathu (III). Ukukhula okungalunganga kukhula, ezinye ukugxila kwendawo yokuvela kweeseli ze-pathological ziyavela. Umhlaza uhlala ufunyaniswa kweli nqanaba ngenxa yokuba iimpawu ziqala ukubizwa.Zintathu izinto ezinokuthi zithathwe sesi sifo:    I-IIIa. Isundu sisasazeka apha entanjeni yesibindi kwaye siyanda ngokobukhulu. Ukutshala kwenzeka kwimithambo emikhulu, kodwa ke akukho kusasazeka kwizitho ezikude kunye nee-lymph node.    I-IIIb. Ukudityaniswa kweeseli ezingalunganga ezinamalungu asesiswini aphumileyo kunye nolusu lwangaphandle lwesibindi lujongwa. Kwinkqubo hayiibhedi iyabandakanyeka.    I-IIIc. Isibindi sichaphazelekayo ngakumbi nangakumbi, sisasazeka kwii-lymph node. Umsebenzi we-organ awuthinteki, ochaphazela imeko yomzimba. Isigulana siphuhlisa i-edema, ithoni yesikhumba ecteric, i-spider veins, ascites, kunye nemvakalelo yokugcwala esiswini. Umsebenzi we-endocrine glands uyaphazamiseka kwaye ubushushu bomzimba bukhuphuka. Ukuthoba umzimba ngokuqatha kubandakanya ukuqaqamba kweempawu zobuso kunye nokwehla kokuqina kwesikhumba. Intlungu iba namandla kwaye ihlala ihleli. Kweli nqanaba, kukho rhoqo ukopha kwesisu nangaphakathi.    Okwesine (IV). Inqanaba lesine lomhlaza wesibindi liqwalaselweInkqubo engenakuguqulwa. I-metastases ene-lymph kunye nokuhamba kwegazi kusasazeka emzimbeni wonke, ngokuya iphazamisa ukusebenza kwamalungu kunye neenkqubo. Zimbini izigaba zomhlaza wesibindi:    IVA Ukonakala komzimba wonke kuqatshelwe, ithumba likhula liye kwizitho ezijikelezileyo nakwiinqanawa. Kwizitho ezikude, i-metastases ayifumaneki.     IVB. Onke amalungu kunye neenkqubo zichaphazeleka ziiseli ezinobungozi. Kukho ii-neoplasms ezininzi zobukhulu obahlukeneyo. Umhlaza wesibindi weBanga lesi-4 kunye ne-metastases ihamba kunye nokwanda kwamalungu emithanjeni, ukuqunjelwa, iintlungu eziqatha, ukungazithembi ngokweemvakalelo, ukuguquka ngokukhawuleza kwemvakalelo, ilahleko ebalulekileyoubunzima, ukwanda kwesisu ngobukhulu. Ukuba ujonga imifanekiso yezigulana ezinomhlaza wesibindi womhlaza webanga lesine, unokubona ukuvela kolusu, ukuthamba okungenampilo ngamathambo avelayo kunye nokudumba okukhulu komzimba.I-Oncology iboleka kakuhle kunyango kumanqanaba amabini okuqala, emva koko akusekho kunyango. I-Oncologists inokuchaza kuphela unyango lweempawu zokunciphisa imeko kunye nokunciphisa iintlungu ezinzima.Xa ebuzwa ukuba bahlala ixesha elingakanani kwinqanaba lesine lesifo somhlaza, akukho mpendulo iyodwa. Yonke into iya kuxhomekeka kubungakanani bomonakalo nakwindlela isigulana esisebenza ngayo kunyango.UnyangoIsigulana kunye neendawo ezikuyo zihlala zihlalaunexhala lokuba ngaba umhlaza wesibindi uyanyangwa okanye akunjalo? Lo mbuzo ungaphendulwa kuphela ngugqirha ofundayo, ongumnikazi wolwazi malunga neziphumo zovavanyo kunye neemviwo zokuxilonga. Xa ukhetha indlela yokunyanga umhlaza wesibindi, ibalulekile:   - ubungakanani bes tumor;    - ubume bezemfundo    -obungakanani bomonakalo;    -ukusebenza kwe-tumor;    -ubukho be-metastases;    -imeko jikelele yezigulana.Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zonyango zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa isantya sokukhula kwesisu, ukujikeleza kwakhona kunye nokwandisa ixesha lokuphila kwisibindi se-oncology:    Unyango lweziyobisi.KwisigulanaNexavar kunye neSorafenib zimiselwe, izinto ezisebenzayo ezinesiphumo sobuthi kwizisele ezichaphazelekayo. Ndiyabulela kwisiphumo esijolise kwimfundo, izicubu ezinempilo azonakalanga. I-chemotherapy yemveli phantse ayincedi ngumhlaza wesibindi.Unyango lwe-radiation.Ukusetyenziswa kwee-x-reyi ezijolise kwimithamo emikhulu kunceda ukubuyisela isisu, ukunciphisa iintlungu kunye nokudlulisela isifo ekuxolelweni. Ifanelekile kunyango lwe-oncology nakweliphi na inqanaba.    UkohlwayaLe ndlela kukutshatyalaliswa kwe-neoplasm ngokungenisa i-ethanol kwisisu, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemitha ye-microwave, amaza erediyo anamandla, kunye ne-cryodestruction. Unyango ngaphandle kokuhlinzwakwisibindi esine-oncology kunika isiphumo esihle ukuba ithumba linobubanzi obungaphantsi kwe-3 cm.    Ukunyanzeliswa kwamathambo.Ngenxa yokungeniswa kwamachiza akhethekileyo kwimithambo yesibindi, ukufikelela kwegazi kwi-neoplasm kuvaliwe, ngaloo ndlela kubangela ukwehla kobungakanani bayo. Indlela inefuthe elihle kwizithumba ezinobubanzi obufikelela kwi-5 cm .. Ngokufuthi zisetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo kwi-ablation, chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwemithaNgaba umhlaza wesibindi unokunyangwa ngokuhlinzwa? Kwiimeko ezininzi, unyango lukuvumela ukuba ujonge kwikamva ngokuzithemba. Ukukhupha i-tumor okanye ukuhanjiswa kwesibindi kukonyusa kakhulu amathuba okuba isigulanaUkuxolelwa ixesha elide Iimeko zokungenelela kokuhlinzwa kukusebenza kwe-tumor, i-metastase enye yendawo kunye nokungabikho kwezilonda ze-oncological ngaphandle kwesibindi. Uwunyanga njani umhlaza wesibindi ukuba ngaba ithumba lingasebenzi? Kule meko, ukungeniswa kwee-cytostatics ngqo kwiinqanawa ezinkulu zesibindi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezi ndlela ezinqabileyo ezinqabileyo zichazwe.Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba akukho nyango lonyango lomhlaza wesibindi, kodwa kufuneka uhlale ukholelwa ekuvuseleleni. Xa ubuzwa ukuba unyango lomhlaza wesibindi lunyangwa, kwiimeko ezininzi, i-oncologists iphendula ngokuqinisekileyo. Kwiklinikhi yethu, iqela elinobuhlobo logqirha elinamanqanaba aphezulu onyango kunye nezihloko zenzululwazi ukunceda ukufumana impilo.

Umhlaza wamalaphu namhlanje yenye yeentlobo eziqhelekileyo ze-neoplasms ezibi. Ngokomndilili, kukho abantu abangama-40 abanomhlaza wemiphunga kubantu abangama-100,000 kwihlabathi, ngaphezu koko, amadoda afunyaniswa enesifo izihlandlo ezili-10 ngaphezulu kwabafazi, kwaye umda wabahlali basezidolophini kuzo zonke iimeko uphinda-phindeka kunabantu belali. Nangona kunjalo, amayeza okunyanga anamhlanje angamandla okunyanga olu hlobo lwe-oncology: ngokufika ngexesha lokunceda, kuyenzeka ukuba ungapheleli ekuphelisweni kwesi sifo, kodwa uphinde ulibale ngalo ngonaphakade.UmhlazaImiphunga: isifo sesifo kunye nokunyanga isifoMalunga nezigidi ezintlanu zabantu babulawa ngumhlaza wemiphunga minyaka le emhlabeni. Olu hlobo lomhlaza lukwabizwa ngokuba yi-bronchogenic carcinoma, okanye umhlaza we-bronchogenic. I-tumor ikhula kwi-epithelium eqingqiweyo ye-mucous membrane ye-bronchi, alveoli kunye ne-epithelium ye-bronchial gland. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba i-etiology yesifo ayikacaci, ezona zizathu ziphambili zokwenzeka kwayo kubandakanya: ukutshaya; ukubonakaliswa kwi-radon kunye ne-carcinogens ethile (i-asbestos mineral yeyona ngozi kakhulu kwimiphunga); iintlobo ezithile zentsholongwane; ukunyuka kokuxinana kwamasuntswana othuli emoyeni. I-pathogenesis yomhlaza wemiphunga ivuliwenullnullimiphunga.Inqanaba 1 lomhlaza wemiphunga libonakaliswa sisisu ukuya kuthi ga kubukhulu obuyi-3 cm, engekabikho metastasize. I-neoplasm ikwisigaba esinye semiphunga okanye ngaphakathi kwe-bronchus.Inqanaba lesi-2 - ithumba ukuya kuthi ga kwi-6 cm ikwindawo enye yemiphunga okanye ngaphakathi kwebronchus. I-metastases eyodwa kwi-pulmonary kunye ne-bronchopulmonary lymph node ziyaqwalaselwa.Inqanaba lesi-3-lithumba elikhulu kune-6 cm ngokutshintsha libe kukudibana kwemiphunga okanye ukumila kwebronchus esondeleneyo okanye i-bronchus ephambili. I-metastases ifumaneka kwi-bifurcation, tracheobronchial, paratracheal lymph node.4Inqanaba lomhlaza wemiphunga libonakaliswa nge-metastases kwiinkqubo ezikude kunye namalungu, i-pleurisy kunye / okanye i-pericarditis eqhotyoshelweyo. Olu hluko lusebenza kuphela kwi-squamous cell carcinoma. Kwimeko yomhlaza weseli omncinci, okhula ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, ngamanqanaba amabini kuphela ahlukileyo. Inqanaba lokuqala - inqanaba eliqingqiweyo - lihamba kunye nokwenziwa kweeseli zemithambo-luvo kwimiphunga enye kunye nezicubu ezikufutshane. Kwinqanaba lesibini, i-tumor metastasesa kwindawo engaphandle kwemiphunga kunye nakwizitho ezikude.Unyango lomhlaza wamalusuUkuchongwa kakuhle kwe-oncology ye-pulmonary kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba ukhetho lweendlela ezifanelekileyo zonyango luxhomekeke kuzo. Iindlela eziphambili zeziUngenelelo lokuhlinzwa, unyango lwe-chemo kunye nonyango lwe-radiation. Ngombulelo kuphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwetekhnoloji yezonyango, ezi ndlela ziya zikhuselekile kwaye zisebenze.1. Unyango lonyango lusetyenziselwa i-squamous cell carcinoma. Ngexesha lotyando, ithumba elipheleleyo elinomhlaza okanye icandelo elisecaleni liyasuswa. Umthamo weethishu ezisuswe uxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesitshisi kunye nendawo akuyo. Imeko yangoku kunyango lomhlaza wemiphunga kukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezinqabileyo, eziveliswa kusetyenziswa ikhamera yevidiyo encinci. Obu buchule babizwa ngokuba yiVidiyo-encedisiweyo yeToracoscopic Surgery (VATS). Ukusebenza okunje kuhamba kunye nentlungu engachazwanga, kwaye inkqubo yokuvuselela emva kwabo iqhubeke ngokukhawuleza.2. Ukunyanga ngamayezaOlona nyango luphambili kwizigulana ezinomhlaza wemiphunga. Isiseko sayo silele ekuthatheni amayeza atshabalalisa iiseli zomhlaza.3. Ujoliso (ekujoliswe kulo) unyango lomhlaza wemiphunga. Amachiza anjalo aqaphela iiseli ezingalunganga ngeempawu zazo kwaye azitshabalalise, ezichaphazela imisebenzi ebalulekileyo (ukukhula, ukwahlula). Ukongeza, iziyobisi ziphazamisa ukubonelelwa kwegazi kwisisu. Unyango ekujolise kulo (ekujoliswe kulo) lunokuchazwa njengendlela yokuzimeleyo yonyango okanye ngokudibana ne-chemotherapy ukwenzela ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle konyango.4. Unyango lwe-immunological kunyango lomhlaza wemiphunga luyinto entsha kwaye luyathembisa kakhuluI-oncology yolondolozo. Unyango olunje lukuvumela ukuba usete iiseli zomzimba wakho wokuzikhusela kwiiseli zomhlaza kwaye "ujoliso" luchaphazela kuphela iiseli zesisu.5. I-Radiotherapy. Ukucaphukiswa kwethumba ngentsimbi enamandla emisebe ye-gamma, ngenxa yokuba iiseli zomhlaza ziyafa (bayayeka ukukhula kunye nokuzala). Iqhutywa yindlela ekude okanye ephezulu yedosi. Unyango lwe-radical radiation, zombini i-tumor ngokwayo kunye nemimandla ye-metastasis yommandla ivulelekile kwimisebe. Unyango lwe-radiation lukwasetyenziswa kumhlaza weseli omncinci.Shiya isicelo kwiwebhusayithi yethu kwaye iingcali zethu ziya kunxibelelana nawe kwaye zikuncede ukhethe ezona klinikhi zibalaseleyo ngokubhekisele kwimeko yakho yasimahla.

Umhlaza we-Prostate ngumhlaza wesithathu oxhaphakileyo kumadoda eRussia emva komhlaza wemiphunga kunye nomhlaza wesisu. Ifunyanwa kwenye yamadoda alishumi elinesihlanu ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-40. Rhoqo ngonyaka kwihlabathi liphela, kufunyaniswa isifo esisisu esinyabilikisayo kwisifo, kwaye malunga nesinye kwisithathu sabo basweleka ngenxa yesi sifo.Kutheni usiba nomhlaza wesibindi?Kuyaziwa ukuba oku kunxulunyaniswa notshintsho kwimvelaphi yehomoni, imeko-bume yofuzo, ukungondleki kunye neempembelelo zezinye izinto, indima engekazinziswa ngokupheleleyo. Ukususela ngalo mhlaza wokuqalaiiseli ngaphambi kokuphuhliswa kweempawu ezikhokelela kwindoda kudliwanondlebe nodokotela ihlala ithatha iminyaka eliqela. Ngesi sizathu, rhoqo isigulana sibonwa ngugqirha oncologist ongaqwalaselwanga, otyhafileyo kunobunzima bokunyanga. Lilonke, kusisiko ukwahlula amanqanaba amane omhlaza webele:Inqanaba loku-1 libonakaliswa ngobukhulu obuncinci besisu, ukungabikho kokuzibandakanya kwe-lymph node kwinkqubo ye-pathological (iiseli zomhlaza zinokufika apho ngokuhamba kwe-lymph) kunye nokuphila kakuhle kwesigulana. Njengomthetho, kweli nqanaba, umhlaza we-Prostate ufumanisa ithuba - ngexesha lokunyanga esinye isifo sesibindi. Ubomi besigulana buyathandeka,nullnullukuxhamla kunyango oluthambileyo olwandisa ubomi kunye nokunciphisa ukubandezeleka komguli, nangona kungazukunceda ukohlula umhlaza.Unyango lomhlaza wamathumbuUnyango lomhlaza wesifo sokuqina (Prostate cancer) luya kuxhomekeka kuphela kwinqanaba lesifo. Uhlobo lwesikhumba lubalulekile-kugqitywa nge-biopsy, ukuthatha iisampulu zeetiski ezininzi kwaye uzivavanye phantsi kwemicroscope. Ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza - umzekelo, umhlaza we-polymorphic cell Prostate - zithambekele ekukhulekeni okukhaliphileyo, ukukhula kwabanye kuphenjelelwa ngamahomoni. I-oncologist enamava ithathela ingqalelo zonke ezi meko, kunye noluvo lwesigulana ngokwakhe, ngaphambi kokuthathaisigqibo kwiindlela zonyango.Indima ebalulekileyo idlalwa ngezixhobo zeklinikhi. Akuyonto iyimfihlo ukuba iitekhnoloji ezininzi zanamhlanje kunye namayeza ngokulula azifumaneki kumaziko omhlaza wasekhaya okanye kwinqanaba lokuphumeza. Kwaye neendlela zodidi olufana nokususwa kokuhlinzwa kweprostate kungahluka kakhulu, okuchaphazela kuphela impumelelo yonyango, kodwa nomgangatho wobomi besi sigulana.Unyango lonyangoIsifo se-Prostate gland sisitho esibalulekileyo, kodwa eyindoda endala iyakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwayo. Ke ngoko, ukuba umhlaza awuzange usasazeke kwizitho eziseduze kunye nezicubu, kwaye imeko yesigulana ivumelaimisebenzi, i-oncologist iya kuphakamisa i-radical prostatectomy kwindoda-ukususwa kweprostate. Kumanqanaba okuqala esi sifo, le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba uphilime ngokupheleleyo ngexesha elifutshane (ukuhlala esibhedlela kuthatha iintsuku ezisi-7).Okwangoku, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba sithetha ngophazamiso olunzulu lomzimba, olunxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko wobomi, kwaye lukhokelela nakwiziphumo ezingathandekiyo. Ke, abaguli bahlala behlangabezana neengxaki zokuchama kwiinyanga ezininzi emva koqhaqho, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha samadoda akhalaza ngokunyamalala kwe-erection.Inketho ezithambileyo zonyango lokunyanga umhlaza we-Prostate kukuhlinzwa kwe-laparoscopic, aphoI-Prostate iyasuswa ngenxa yokuncipha okuncinci - iimitha ezimbalwa ubude. Ngenxa yoko, umngcipheko weengxaki zomsebenzi ophelileyo uyancitshiswa, kwaye inkqubo ngokwayo inyamezelwa sisigulana ngokulula ngakumbi.UkukhalaEnye indlela yotyando lwesintu inokuba kukukrala kwesisu. Le ndlela iyasebenza kwizigaba zokuqala zesifo, xa umhlaza ungakadluli kwilungu. Ngexesha lokuqunjelwa, isigulana sifakwa kwi-Prostate ngenaliti ekhethekileyo ekungena kuyo i-argon okanye i-nitrogen. Amaqondo obushushu asezantsi atshabalalisa izicubu zesisu, kwaye ugqirha, esebenzisa i-ultrasound, elawula ukuba isiphumo asonakalisi amalungu angabamelwane. Ngenxa yoko, i-ironakufuneki ukuba ucinywe (nangona imisebenzi yayo isaphulwa ngokungenakulungiswa). Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-cryosurgery iye yanikezelwa ngakumbi njengonyango oluphambili lomhlaza we-prostate, olulungele abaguli bayo yonke iminyaka.IrediyoEnye yezona ndawo ziphambili zonyango ezinokusetyenzwa ngumhlaza webele. Kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yeCyber-Knife. Indlela isekwe kwisiphumo seglasi egxile ekutsaleni imitha kwisibungu, esikhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni kwayo yendawo ngelixa igcina ukuthembeka kwezicubu ezikufutshane. Inzuzo ebalulekileyo yendlela kukungabikho kwentlungu ngokupheleleyo kunye nokungabikho kwengozi: ngokukhawuleza emva kwenkqubo, isiguli sinokuphuma esibhedlele.RadiotherapyUkuba ithumba linobukrakra okanye sele likhulile ngaphandle kweprostate,kwaye nakwiimeko apho isigulana sibuthathaka kakhulu ukuba senziwe utyando, izixhobo zonyango lwe-radiation zinokuba yindawo yesikali. Okokuqala, ii-X-rays zibulala ngokukhawuleza ukwahlula iiseli - kwaye iiseli zomhlaza zithambekele ekukhuleni okungalawulwa. Ke ngoko, ngexesha leseshoni ye-radiotherapy, ithumba liyancipha, kwaye izicubu ezichaphazelekayo ziiseli ezinobungozi "ziyahlanjwa".Unyango lwe-radiation lumiselwe njengendlela eyahlukileyo yonyango, kunye nokongezelelwa kokusebenza: ngaphambi okanye emva kongenelelo. Singathetha ngazo zombini i-radiotherapy yangaphandle (xa isigulana silele phantsi kwe-emitter) kunye nonyango lwangaphakathi lwe-radiation, niniIzixhobo ezikhethekileyo zeradiyo yaziswa emzimbeni wesigulana.Unyango lwangaphandle lwe-radiation lwangaphandle luneentlobo zalo. I-Oncologists ifuna ukunciphisa impembelelo eyonakalisayo yemisebe kwizicubu zomzimba, ngoko ke bazama ukuqondisa uburharha bemitha kwisithambisi ngokuchanekileyo ngokusemandleni. Bancedwa ngeendlela ezifana ne-3D eyimfihlo yokusasazeka ngemitha, unyango lwe-radiation ngamandla (i-IMRT), unyango lwe-stereotoxic radiation (SBRT), kunye ne-proton radiation radiation. Yonke yezi ndlela ineengenelo kunye nezinto ezingalunganga. Rhoqo, i-radiotherapy ikhokelela ekuphazanyisweni kokuchama kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-erectile.Unyango lwangaphakathi lwe-radiation yangaphakathi (i-brachytherapy) inyusa kakhulu imiphumo yemitha ngokunciphisaumgama ukusuka kumthombo ukuya kwiiseli zomhlaza. I granules zeradiyo esetyenziselwa inkqubo iqulethe iodine enomathotholo, ipalladium kunye nezinye iikhemikhali ezinokuchaphazela izicubu ezirhangqiweyo ixesha elide. Kuxhomekeka kwindlela, ezi granules zinokuba semzimbeni kangangeenyanga ezininzi (i-brachytherapy eqhubekayo) okanye kuphela ngeeseshoni zonyango (i-brachytherapy yethutyana).Ukunyanga ngamayezaI-Chemotherapy isetyenziswa, njengomthetho, kwiimeko xa umhlaza usasazeke emzimbeni wonke, ke kufuneka ujongane nesi sifo kwihlabathi liphela. Iziyobisi ezisetyenziselwa ukunyanga i-prostate tumor egwenxa zimiselwe kwizifundo, kulandela iziphumo zonyango kunye nophuhliso lweziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.Iiarhente zekhemotherapeutic zinefuthe elibi hayi kumhlaza kuphela, kodwa nakwizicubu ezinempilo. Ke ngoko, izigulana ezifumana unyango olunje zihlala zineengxaki zokugaya ukutya, ubuthathaka, ukulahleka kweenwele kunye nezifo ezosulelayo.Unyango lwasemzimbeniOlu hlobo lonyango lujolise ekwenzeni amandla omzimba wokungaguli. Iiseli zomhlaza zingaqhelekanga emzimbeni wethu, kodwa ngenxa yendlela ekhethekileyo esebenza ngayo, bayakwazi ukuphepha impendulo yomzimba.Amalungiselelo onyango lokuzikhusela kwizifo enziwa ngokukodwa - kwilabhoratri, iiseli zegazi zezigulana "ziqeqeshelwe" ukubona i-tumor, emva koko ke kungeniswe iyeza emzimbeni. Ngelishwa, i-oncologists aykakwazanga ukufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezuluukusebenza kwale ndlela, ke, rhoqo isetyenziswa njengendibano, kunye namanqanaba okugqibela esi sifo.Unyango lweHormone kumhlaza webeleKuba ukukhula kwes tumor kuhlala kusenziwa isenzo sehomoni zesini zowesilisa, kwizigaba eziphambili zomhlaza wesifo se-Prostate, ogqirha banokunika amayeza athintela ukwanda kwezi zinto. Ngokwesiqhelo sithetha malunga nolawulo lobomi bonke kumachiza amayeza. Olo nyango luthetha ukungcungcuthekiswa ngonyango: Ukusebenza ngokwesondo kuhla ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yayo. Ngokudibana nezinye iindlela-umzekelo, i-radiotherapy- ukuthatha iihormoni kunokukhokelela kunyango olupheleleyo kwizigulana ezichazwe kwi-radical prostatectomy. Kwangelo xeshaukuthunyelwa kwezonyango kuya kubuya umva-emva kokurhoxiswa kweziyobisi.Iindlela zokunyanga umhlaza we-Prostate ziyohluka, kwaye rhoqo ngonyaka kukho ulwazi malunga neendlela ezintsha ezisebenzayo. Ngamanye amagama, phantse akukho ziimeko ezingenathemba xa amayeza engenamandla okunceda isigulana. Kubalulekile ukufumana ugqirha okhetha iqhinga elifanelekileyo lokonyango. Ungaphelelwa lithemba-ukuphumelela umhlaza kuxhomekeke kuwe.Shiya isicelo kwiwebhusayithi yethu kwaye iingcali zethu ziya kunxibelelana nawe kwaye zikuncede ukhethe ezona klinikhi zibalaseleyo ngokubhekisele kwimeko yakho yasimahla.

Umhlaza wolusu yingxaki eqhelekileyo. Kwihlabathi, i-Australia, New Zealand kunye ne-USA bakhokelela kwinani leemeko ezintsha ze-melanoma ezixeliweyo ngonyaka. E-Russia, njengakwenye indawo ehlabathini, amanani-manani omzimba akhula.Ngokwe-World Health Organisation, i-132,000 yeziganeko ezitsha ze-melanoma zibikwa minyaka le emhlabeni. Uninzi lwabaguli ngabantu abadala, emva kweminyaka engama-50 inani lamadoda abagulayo liphindaphindeka ka-2 kunamabhinqa. Kodwa emadodeni nabafazi, umhlaza wolusu ukhula rhoqo. Ngokutsho kweengcali zezifo ezingubhubhani, okuUmhlaza eRashiya ngowesibini kuphela kumhlaza wemiphunga, umhlaza wamabele kunye nomhlaza webele. Ngamanye amagama, oku akukhona malunga nesifo esithile, kodwa malunga nesongelo lokwenene kwimpilo.Iindidi ze-oncology yolusuIsifo somhlaza esiqhelekileyo kubandakanya:I-basal cell carcinoma - le tumor ifunyaniswa kwiimeko ezi-7 zomhlaza wolusu kwezilishumi. I-Basalioma ikhangeleka njenge-nodule okanye ibala le-brown-brown or pink color, edla ngokubonakala ebusweni. Umthungo ngamanye amaxesha unokuwukha, wenzakalise okanye uphalaze- uyanda kancinci ngobukhulu,Ngaphandle kokubangela umntu aveze ukungonwabi, yiyo loo nto utyelelo lukagqirha lungalibazisa. Ngethamsanqa, le tumor ayifane isasazeke emzimbeni wonke (inika i-metastases), ke, inkqubela phambili kwizigulana ihlala intle.I-squcinous cell carcinoma yolusu (squamous cell carcinoma) ihlala ifana ne-mushroom ekwimo: umzimba ojikeleze umlenze omncinci. Esi siswini sifana ne-wart: kwiimeko ezininzi sifumaneka kumphezulu wobuso, kwingingqi yomlomo ongezantsi. Kwezinye iintlobo ze-squamous cell carcinoma, i-neoplasm inokubonwa kuphela ngokutshintsha kombala wolusu: kwindawo yendawo.ubonakala etyheli okanye ebuhlungu. Kumanqanaba amva, i-carcinoma ikhokelela ekusekweni kwe metastases kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ayinakho ukunyangwa.IMelanoma luhlobo oluyingozi kakhulu lwesisu esidala ukubulala uninzi lomhlaza wolusu. Ikhula rhoqo ukusuka kwi-moles - ukuqokelelwa kweeseli ze-pigment, ii-melanocyte, kodwa ayisiyiyo kuphela: i-melanoma inokuthi ichaphazele i-retina, mucous membranes (umlomo womlomo, ubufazi, i-rectum). Le noplasm ibonakaliswa ngokukhula okukhawulezileyo kwaye ithambekele ekubunjweni kweethatastases ezininzi ezikude - kumathambo, ingqondo, amaphaphu, isibindi. Nditshongonyango olusebenza ngexesha elifanelekileyo, abaguli abane-melanoma bahlala benokuphinda babuye - ukukhula okuphindaphindiweyo kwethumba emva kweminyaka eliqela.Kukho iindlela ezisisiseko zokulwa nomhlaza wolusu.Utyando yeyona ndlela ifikelelekayo yokukhupha isimila. Okona kusebenza kakuhle kokusebenza kuqatshelwe kwinqanaba lokuqala, xa i-neoplasm ingachaphazeli ii-lymph node kunye namanye amalungu kunye nezicubu. Emva kokususa isimila, ugqirha utyando wenza i-cauterization (i-electrocoagulation) kunye nonyango lwe-Therapy. Kuba umhlaza wolusu uhlala ukhula ebusweni, kukho ungenelelo oluthambileyo,ezinciphisa iziphene zobuhle. Oku kubandakanya i-cryodestruction, apho ithumba liqanduselekile nge-nitrogen engamanzi kwaye isuswe ngaphandle kokonzakala kwezicubu ezinzima. Nangona kunjalo, kuya kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba kwiimeko ezinobunzima bohlobo lomhlaza - i-squamous cell carcinoma kunye ne-melanoma - akunakwenzeka ukwenza ukhetho ngokuxhasa ubuncinci bevolumu yokuhlinzwa. Unyango lwe-Micrographic, ngokwendlela ye-MOHS (Mohsa), lujongwa njengolukhuselekileyo nolona hlobo lwanamhlanje lwongenelelo ngoncedo lomhlaza wolusu. Ngayo, ulusu oluneseli yesisu esisuswe kwisisele, phantsi kolawulo lwe microscope, kwaye ungqameko ngalunye ngqoNgexesha lokuhlinzwa kuthunyelwa ukuba kuqhubeke uviwo kwilabhoratri. Ugqirha ugqirha ungenela ungenelelo kuphela xa abembali beqinisekisa ukuba inxeba alikho kwiiseli ezinobungozi.I-radiotherapy isetyenziswa njengesihlanganisiyindlela yonyango. Ukukhupha imitha kuyonakalisa iiseli ezithanda ukukhula ngokukhawuleza, ngenxa yoko, imigca ejikelezayo ye-ionizing radiation inokunciphisa ubungakanani besisu, kunye nokutshabalalisa ezo seli zingalunganga ezisinde emva koqhaqho. Ixesha leeseshoni ze-radiotherapy kunye nedosi yeradiation ngumntu ngamnye kwisigulana ngasinye.I-Chemotherapy icwangcisiwe kwaye yeyasekhaya. Ngokuqeshwa kwendlela, cytotoxic (ekhubekisayo kwiiiseli) ikhemikhali itofwe ngaphakathi okanye ngaphakathi ifakwe ngqo kwisisu. Indlela enjalo ibaluleke kakhulu ekuchongeni i-metastases xa ujoliso lomhlaza lubekwe ngaphandle kokufikelela koogqirha.Unyango lwe-Photodynamic lubandakanya ukutshatyalaliswa kwethumba ngumthi we-laser emva kwephotosensitization yangaphambili (ukwandisa ubushushu beeseli ukukhanya). Le ndlela intsha intsha, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngaphandle koqhaqho kuxhomekeke kwingxoxo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphuhliswa kwetekhnoloji kunegalelo kwinto yokuba unyango lwefotodynamic ngokuthe ngcembe luziswa kwinkqubo yezonyango yamaziko onyango.Ukunyanga kunye nokujolisa ekusetyenzisweni - ubugcisa obunobuchule kunye obuthembekileyo obubandakanya ujoliso ekujoliseni.amathumba ngokuvuselela amajoni omzimba okanye ukungenisa iziyobisi ezenzelwe uhlobo oluthile lomhlaza ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zofuzo zomntu ngamnye. Ezinye iingcali ziqinisekile ukuba ekuhambeni kwexesha le ndawo iku-oncology iya kuthatha indawo yazo zonke ezinye iindlela zokunyanga i-neoplasms, kodwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, unyango lwe-immune kunye nejolise kulo lisetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo nezinye iinkqubo kunye nokuthintela ukubuyela umva.Shiya isicelo kwiwebhusayithi yethu kwaye iingcali zethu ziya kunxibelelana nawe kwaye zikuncede ukhethe ezona klinikhi zibalaseleyo ngokubhekisele kwimeko yakho yasimahla.

Ngokomyinge, utshintsho olusuka kwi-precancer luye kwi-tumor enomhlaza lithatha ukusuka kwi-2 ukuya kwi-15 iminyaka. Utshintsho olulandelayo ukusuka kwinqanaba lokuqala lomhlaza liye kwelokugqibela lihlala iminyaka emi-1-2.Umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko sisisu esibuhlungu, ethi ngokwezibalo zonyango phakathi kwezifo zesifo se-oncological ezenzeka ngesondo elifanelekileyo, sithatha indawo yesine (emva komhlaza wesisu, ulusu kunye ne-mammary gland).Umthombo womhlaza womlomo wesibeleko ziiseli eziqhelekileyo ezigubungela umntwana wesibeleko. Ngaphezulu kwe-600 amawaka ezi tumor zifunyanwayo minyaka le.abaguli. Nangona umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko uhlala ufumaneka phakathi kweminyaka engama-40-60 yeminyaka, kodwa, ngelishwa, kutsha kakhulu.Unyango lomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko luhlanganisiwe kwaye lubandakanya utyando, ichemotherapy kunye nonyango lwemitha. Kwimeko nganye nganye, unyango lumiselwe ngokukodwa, luxhomekeka kwinqanaba lesifo, izifo ezihamba kunye, imeko yomlomo wesibeleko, kunye nobukho bezifo ezosulelayo okwangoku.Ngexesha lokuhlinzwa, ithumba lingasuswa nenxalenye yomlomo wesibeleko, ukususwa kwethumba kunyeisibeleko, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngesibeleko ngokwayo. Rhoqo, utyando luxhaswe ngokususa ii-lymph node ze-pelvis (ukuba iiseli zomhlaza zikwazile ukuyiqhela). Umcimbi wokususa i-ovarian ihlala igqitywe ngokukodwa (kwinqanaba lokuqala lomhlaza kubafazi abancinci, ama-ovari angagcinwa).Emva kotyando, ukuba kunyanzelekile, izigulana zimiselwe unyango lwe-radiation. Unyango ngonyango lwe-ionizing radiation zombini lunokuncedisa unyango lokuhlinzwa, kwaye lunokumiselwa ngokwahlukeneyo. Unyango lomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko, ichemotherapy, iziyobisi ezizodwa ezinqumamisa ukukhula zingasetyenziswa.kunye nolwahlulo lweseli yomhlaza. Ngelishwa, amathuba e-chemotherapy kwesi sifo anqongophele.Impumelelo yonyango lomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko ixhomekeka kubudala besi sigulana, ukuchaneka kokukhethwa kwonyango, kwaye, okubaluleke ngakumbi, kuqhaqho lwesifo. Xa umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko ufunyaniswa kwinqanaba lokuqala, ugqirha uthandeka kwaye isifo sinokunyangwa ngeendlela zoqhaqho.Shiya isicelo kwiwebhusayithi yethu kwaye iingcali zethu ziya kunxibelelana nawe kwaye zikuncede ukhethe ezona klinikhi zibalaseleyo ngokubhekisele kwimeko yakho yasimahla.

Uphengululo:Ukuqinisa ulusu lwezandla, okwabizwa ngokuba yi-brachioplasty, yinkqubo yoqhaqho yokutshintsha ubume bezandla nokubanika ukuqina. Ugqirha ugqirha unokusebenzisa i-liposuction ukususa amanqatha kunye nolusu, kunye nokuqinisa ulusu.Nangona uninzi lweeklinikhi zibonelela ngendlela engahlaseliyo, kuhlinzwa lwendabuko, ugqirha utyando wenza ukubonakala kwengalo ukusuka elwistini ukuya elungqamekweni. Kuba kule meko ingqatha ihlala kumphezulu wengalo, ihlala ingabonakali. Nangona kunjalo, izibonelelo zomsebenzi onjalo kufuneka zikalwe ngokuthelekiswa neziphumo zaso, ngakumbi amabala. Ububanzi obumiselweyo bokuhlala kwelinye ilizwe: Iiveki ezi-1Ngamanye amaxesha isigulana kufuneka sibesesibhedlele kude kube kususwe amanxeba. Lo mbuzo kufuneka ucaciswe ngugqirha wotyando. Ukuhamba emoyeni ukuya ekhaya kunokwenzeka kwiintsuku ezingama-7-10.

Yintoni ekufuneka uyazi malunga nenkqubo yokufaka intsholongwane ukuba uthatha isigqibo sokuyenza IVF?Kwizibini ezininzi, i-IVF kuphela kwendlela yokuba nomntwana olindelwe kade. Ngaba le nkqubo yeyiphi na, ikhuselekile, ukulungiselela i-IVF kuhamba njani kwaye iyakubiza malini?Inqobo yenkqubo ye-IVFIVF yinkqubo yokuchumisa ngaphandle komzimba: amaqanda kunye nesidoda asuswe emzimbeni, isichumiso senzeka elabhoratri. Emva koko amaqanda achumileyo abekwa kwi-incubator kwiintsuku ezingama-5-6 kwaye kwinkqubo yokuhlukana atyalwe esibelekweni.Iimpawu zeukuqeshwaIVF iboniswa kwiimeko ezininzi zokungachumi: •apha ngasentla, ihlala incediswa yiteknoloji yokuncedisa.I-ICSI -singeniso sokwaluka kwesidoda kwiqanda kusetyenziswa inaliti ebanzi kakhulu. Kuqhutywa ukuba •iimeko zaselebhu. Isetyenziselwa ukuba ukukhuthaza kungaphumeleli. Ukuthintela ukuvuselelwa kwehomoni.Uncedo oluxhonyiweyo yitekhnoloji eyenza ukuba kufakwe umbungu kwisibeleko. Umbungu ujikelezwe yigobolondo elincinci, elitshabalalisa ngaphambi kokufakwa.Ukulungiselela i-IVF, kuqhuba inkqubo kunye nokubeka iliso emva kwe-IVFUkulungiselela i-IVF kuthatha malunga neeveki ezi-2-3 kwaye kubandakanya iimvavanyo kubo bobabini abatshati. Inkqubo ye-IVF ihlala ibandakanya: •nullUkuba i-IVF ayinikezi isiphumo esifunekayo, abanye abantu abatshatayo baphendukela kwiinkonzo zoomama abasaqalayo.Kwamanye amazwe, ubugqwetha buthintelwe ngumthetho, kodwa kukho amazwe apho u-surrogacy afuneka khona kakhulu, umzekelo, eKazakhstan.Namhlanje eRussia, Kazakhstan nakwamanye amazwe e-CIS, kuyenzeka ukuba kwenziwe i-IVF yasimahla nangaluphi na uhlobo lokuzala.Shiya isicelo kwiwebhusayithi yethu kwaye iingcali zethu ziya kunxibelelana nawe kwaye zikuncede ukhethe ezona klinikhi zibalaseleyo ngokubhekisele kwimeko yakho yasimahla.

Uphengululo:Iibrown zisetyenziselwa ukuqondisa kunye nokulungelelanisa amazinyo. Ngoncedo lwabo, unokulungisa okanye uthintele iingxaki ezininzi ze-orthodontic. Iibrows, njengomgaqo, kufuneka zinxitywe iinyanga ezili-18 ukuya kwezili-24, kwaye qho emva kweenyanga ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu ukutyelela ugqirha wezonyango, ozokulungisa. Ke ngoko, abaguli kufuneka bacwangcise uhambo oluninzi okanye bafumane ugqirha wamazinyo kwilizwe labo oza kulandela. Ububanzi obumiselweyo bokuhlala kwelinye ilizwe: 1 - Iintsuku ezi-4Ixesha elifunekayo kuhambo olunye. Iibrashi kufuneka zilungiswe amaxesha ngamaxesha. Oku kuthetha ukuba kuya kufuneka ucwangcise uhambo oluya kwi-orthodontist phesheya, okanye undwendwele i-orthodontist ekhaya ukuze uyilandele.

Ukufakwa kwamazinyo sisikali esincinci eskroliweyo esisele somhlathi ukuze sibuyisele izinyo lendalo. Isebenza njengeengcambu zezinyo kwaye ekugqibeleni inamathela ngokuqinileyo kwithambo lendalo.Ngokwesiqhelo, ukufakelwa kufakwe emhlathini kwaye ngaphakathi kweenyanga ezi-1.5-6 kuthathwa iingcambu ngaphakathi kuwo, kufakwe ngawo. Ke, iyaphilisa ngaphandle kokubekwa phantsi koxinzelelo ngenxa yohlafuna, olunciphisa umngcipheko wokufakelwa ungaphilisi. Emva kokufakwa, ugqirha wamazinyo wenza umbono wento yokufakelwa isithsaba, esiya kuyibeka phezuluukufakwa kunye nokuhluthwa (isinxibelelanisi sabo).Kuxhomekeke kubunzima bethambo lomhlathi kunye nezinye iimeko, ixesha phakathi kokufakwa kokufakwa kunye nokufakwa kweprosthesis engapheliyo kwimeko eyahlukileyo. Ezinye iiklinikhi zithi iiveki ezi-6 zanele, kwezinye zifaka amazinyo amatsha yonke imihla zisebenzisa ukufakwa kwangoko njengeStraumann.Ukufakwa kwamazinyo kunokusetyenziselwa ukufakelwa izinyo elinye okanye njengenxalenye yokufakwa emanzini. Kwimeko ye-prostheses epheleleyo kwiimilambo ezi-4 kunye nezinye iibhlorho kwayeAmazinyo obuxoki asekwe kwizifakelo asetyenziselwa i-prostheses esekwe kwipateni ethile, exhasa i-arch yamazinyo yonke (ukuya kuthi ga kumazinyo ali-10 okanye ali-12).Izinto zokufakelwa kwamazinyo zisetyenziswa kwizigulana eziphosa amazinyo zifuna isisombululo esisisigxina, esisisigxina esiya kuthi sizenze sizive sinembonakalo kwinkangeleko yazo, kunye nokukwazi ukutya nokuthetha kamnandi.Ngokwesiqhelo, ukufakelwa kubekwe emhlathini kuze kuvunyelwe ukuphilisa (kunye nefuse ukuya kuthi xhaxhe okanye i-osseointegrate) phakathi kweeveki ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-6.Oku kuvumela ukufakelwa amandla okunyanga ngaphandle kokufumana uxinzelelo lokuhlafuna kwaye kunciphisa umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli. Nje ukuba okufakelweyo kuphephe, ugqirha wamazinyo uya kuthatha imbonakalo yomlomo ukuze enze isithsaba sokuhlala ngaphezulu kokufakwa kunye nomda (isixhumi, phakathi kwesibini).Ixesha elifunekayo phakathi kokubekwa kokufakelwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-prosthesis yokugqibela kuya kwahluka ngokwahlukeneyo, ngokuxhomekeka kubungakanani bomhlathi womhlathi kunye nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo. Ezinye iikliniki zinika ingxelo yokuba iiveki ezi-6 zanele, kwaye ezinye iikliniki zibonelela ngamazinyo amatsha ngemini kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ezifanaUkufakwa kwamazinyo kwangoko kwe-Straumann.Ukufakwa kwamazinyo kunokusetyenziselwa ukuxhasa izinyo elinye, kodwa kunokuba yinxalenye yokubuyiselwa komlomo ngokupheleleyo. Izinketho ezinje ngo-All-4 kunye nabanye oomiliselwa-abaxhaswe ngamabhuloho amazinyo axhasayo kunye nokufezekiswa okuxhaswayo usebenzisa amazinyo axhonywe ngobuchule ukubamba i-arch (ukuya kuthi ga kumazinyo ali-10 okanye ali-12).KucetyisiweUkufakwa kwamazinyo kuyacetyiswa kwimeko yokulahleka kwamazinyo, xa isisombululo esisisigxina esisisigxina kufuneka sinike isigulana ukuzithemba kwinkangeleko yabo, siyakubavumela ukuba batye kwaye bathethe ngaphandle kokuthintelwa.