IPrimus Super Specialised Hospital

Uphengululo:I-Abrasion yinkqubo yesibeleko eyenziwa ukuba ifunyanwe kwaye inyange izifo zezifo zesibeleko. Umsele womlomo wesibeleko uxutywe ukubonelela ukufikelela kwisibeleko. Emva koko iindonga zesibeleko ziyahluthwa ngesisixhobo se-vacuum. Inkqubo ihlala yenziwa phantsi kwe-anesthesia ngokubanzi okanye ngokusetyenziswa kwe-sedation enzulu. Ububanzi obumiselweyo bokuhlala kwelinye ilizwe: Iiveki ezi-1

Uphengululo:I-electrocardiogram (ECG) irekhodwa kusetyenziswa ii-electrodes ezibekwe esikhumbeni. Bakhangela imibane yombane yesihlunu sentliziyo, esikuvumela ukuba usete ubungakanani bamagumbi entliziyo, ukuguquguquka kwesiqhelo sentliziyo kunye nezinye iiparamitha. I-electrocardiogram inokubona ukuphazamiseka kwentliziyo, kubandakanya isifo sentliziyo, ukungaphumeleli kwentliziyo, isifo sentliziyo, isiphoso sentliziyo, i-pathologies yentliziyo, okanye i-pericarditis. Ububanzi obumiselweyo bokuhlala kwelinye ilizwe: 1 - 2 iintsukuUkuba i-electrocardiogram ayisivezi isifo sentliziyo, isigulana sinokuhamba ngenqwelomoya emva nje kwenkqubo.

Ukuxhaphaka kwesifoIsifo sokuwa, esichaphazela abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50 kwihlabathi liphela, sinika ingxelo yesabelo esikhulu kumthwalo wehlabathi wezifo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba umyinge wabemi bebonke abanendlela yokusebenza esebenzayo (oko kukuthi, ukubanjwa okuqhubekayo okanye imfuneko yonyango) ngexesha elinikiweyo lisusela kwi-4 ukuya kwi-10 kubantu abayi-1000. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zohlolisiso olwenziwe kumazwe aphantsi kunye nakwinqanaba eliphakathi libonisa ukuba lo mgangatho uphezulu kakhulu - ukusuka kwi-7 ukuya kwi-15 ngabantu abayi-1000.Kuqikelelwa ukuba kwilizwe jikelele, isifo sokuxhuzula kufunyaniswa minyaka leAbantu abazizigidi ezi-2,4. Kumazwe anengeniso ephezulu, inani lezinto ezintsha ezenzeka minyaka le ngezifo ziphakathi kwama-30 nama-50 nge-100,000. Kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi kunye nephakathi, eli nani linokuphinda kabini ukuphakama.Amaxabiso aphezulu kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi kunye naphakathi anokubakho kunxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko wokwanda kwezifo ezifana nesifo seengcongconi kunye ne-neurocysticercosis; ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ezithuthi ezindleleni; ukulimala kokuzalwa, kunye nolwahluko kwiziseko zonyango, ukubakho kweenkqubo zokuthintela kunye noncedo lwezonyango olufikelelekayo.nullnullnullnullamayeza, utyando lunokunceda.UthinteloIsifo sokuxhuzula (i-demiopathic epilepsy) asithinteleki. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yezizathu ezaziwayo zesifo sokuwa kwesibini, amanyathelo othintelo anokuthathwa.    Ukuthintela ukwenzakala entloko kuyeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuthintela isifo sentloko.     Ukhathalelo olufanelekileyo lwengqondo lubanceda ukunciphisa imeko ye-epilepsy entsha ngenxa yokulimala kokuzalwa.     Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nezinye iindlela zokunciphisa ubushushu bomzimba kubantwana abanomkhuhlane kunokunciphisa ukubakho kokuthuthumbiswa.     Usulelo lwenkqubo ye-nerve ephakathi luyeyona nto ixhaphakileyo kuxhwalekile kwiindawo ezinobushushu aphomaninzi amazwe asakhulayo. Ukupheliswa kwezigulo eziphantsi kwezi meko kunye nomsebenzi wokufundisa ngokubhekisele kuthintelo losuleleko ziindlela ezifanelekileyo zokunciphisa umthwalo wesifo sokuwa emhlabeni wonke, umzekelo, isithuthwane ngenxa ye-neurocysticercosis.U-Allhospital angathanda ukucebisa uNjingalwazi Antonio Russi (Teklin Kiron Clinic, Barcelona), omnye wabalondolozi bezonyango abaseYurophu. NgokukaNjingalwazi Russi, kwizigulana ezingama-95 kwezili-100 ezikwaziyo ukusiphelisa isifo sokuwa emzimbeni emva koncedo olufanelekileyo.Shiya isicelo kwiwebhusayithi yethu kwaye iingcali zethu ziya kunxibelelana nawe kwaye zikuncede ukhethe ezona klinikhi zibalaseleyo ngokubhekisele kwimeko yakho yasimahla.

Uphengululo:Unyango lwe-aneurysm yengqondo yinkqubo yoqhaqho eyenziwa apho umngcipheko wokuqhekeka kwe-aneurysm uphakamileyo. Ububanzi obumiselweyo bokuhlala kwelinye ilizwe: iivekiIxesha elichithwe ekliniki lixhomekeka kuhlobo lwe-aneurysm. Nge-aneurysm engafakwanga mntu, ixesha lokubuyisela emva konyango lihlala lifutshane kunasemva kokuqhekeka.

Uphengululo:Umsebenzi wokususa ithumba lobuchopho lwenziwa yingcali ye-neurosurgeon ukwenzela ukuba inxenye okanye isuse ngokupheleleyo ithumba. Ububanzi obumiselweyo bokuhlala kwelinye ilizwe: Kwiiveki ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-8Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lomsebenzi, kwiimfuno kunye nexesha lokuhlaziya kunye nezifundo zenkqubo yokuhlaziya isigulana.

Uvavanyo lonyango olunokuthintelwa luhlala lubizwa ngokuba kukuhlolwa okanye kuvavanyo, kuvavanyo lwesiNgesi, uvavanyo ngokubanzi lwempilo lwesigulana. Uvavanyo kunyango lunokunceda ekuchongeni iingxaki zempilo kwasekuqaleni, nangaphambi kokuqala kweempawu, kwaye kwaye nokubaqinisekisa abaguli abaxhalabileyo ngempilo yabo okanye baneempawu ezikrokrelayo.Uvavanyo ngokubanzi lonyango (jonga-up) luyacetyiswa ukwenziwa rhoqo kwiminyaka embalwa. Ingakumbi kwabo baguli abagqithisileyoubunzima, imikhwa emibi, okanye imbali yosapho yezifo ezifana nesifo sentliziyo, umhlaza, okanye isifo seswekile. Ukukhangelwa kunokunceda ukuqaphela iingxaki ezinje ngexinzelelo lwegazi okanye isifo sentliziyo. Izigulana ziya kukwazi ukwenza utshintsho oluyimfuneko kwindlela yokuphila nakwindlela oziphatha ngayo, kwaye ukuba kufanelekile, qalisa ukuthatha amayeza, ukuthintela ukuqhubela phambili kwezifo.Zininzi iimvavanyo novavanyo ezahlukeneyo ezingabandakanywa kuvavanyo lwezonyango, kubandakanyakuvavanyo lwegazi, ukucingela isifo, iimviwo zentliziyo kunye nabanye abaninzi. Ukuhlolwa kunokubandakanya uvavanyo lwegazi lokumakishwa kweempawu zeempawu zesifo somhlaza emzimbeni.Ukukhangela-kunconyelwa kuye nakubani na onamathandabuzo ngemeko yabo yezempilo okanye abaneempawu ezifuna ukubekwa esweni rhoqo.KucetyisiweUvavanyo rhoqo lwezonyango luyacetyiswa kubo bonke abaguli, ngakumbi abo basemngciphekweni omkhulu wokuhlaselwa zizifo ezithile.

Into yokuqala ekufuneka beyazi abaguli kunye nawo wonke umntu obhinqileyo malunga nomhlaza wamabele (njengoko, eneneni, malunga naluphi na uhlobo lomhlaza): namhlanje esi ayisosigwebo, isigaba sangaphambi sesi sifo, ayanda amathuba wokoyisa umhlaza ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye kwizigaba ezilandelayo, kukho amathuba ngakumbi okulwa nesi sifo ngokubulela kweendlela zonyango zangoku (jonga ngezantsi).Ngubani osengozini? Umhlaza webele sisifo esingalunganga esibi esenzeka phantse kumfazi omnye kwabalishumi. Umhlaza wesifuba unokufunyaniswa nangaliphi na ixesha, kodwa emva kweminyaka engama-65 ubudala, umngciphekoUkwenziwa kwethumba kukuphindwe kasi-6 kunangaphambili. Abaphandi bafumanisa ezona zinto zibangela ukukhula kwesi sifo:1) Ukufumana inzala: ukuba izalamane, ngakumbi kwicala loomama, ziye zafunyaniswa ukuba zinomhlaza webele, izitho zangasese zabasetyhini, kunye nezinye izifo ze-oncological, ke umngcipheko wokukhula komhlaza webele unyuke;2) ukuqala kokuqala kokuya esikhathini (ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka eli-12) kunye nokuqala kade kokuyeka ukuya esikhathini (emva kweminyaka engama-55);I-3) ukungabikho komntwana, ukuzala kade emva kwexesha (emva kweminyaka engama-30), ukunqongophala kokuzala okanye ixesha elifutshane lokuncancisa, isifo sokudumba kwasemva kokubeletha;4) ubomi besondo ngokungaqhelekanga;5) ukulimala kwe-mammary gland;I-6) Ukuchongwa kwe-"dishormonali-mammary gland hyperplasia ”;7) ukukhuluphala;8) ukungasebenzi kwe-thyroid;9) Unyango olungena endaweni yehomoni.Iimpawu zomhlaza wamabele Kwinkqubo yezonyango, ithumba elikwi-gland ye-mammary kwiimeko ezininzi lifunyaniswa ngumfazi okanye iqabane, okwenzekileyo. Isimila sinokufunyanwa xa kubhalwa uviwo lwe-mammologist, ugqirha wezifo zengqondo, okanye ugqirha ofumaneke ngengozi ngexesha lovavanyo.Zeziphi iimpawu ekufuneka ulumkise:    Ukongeza kwimvakalelo kwimfundo ebeleni, umfazi unokujonga utshintsho kwi-nipple: ulceration, retraction, spoting from the nipple. Eli lithuba lokudibana nodokotela kwangoko!     kumanqanaba kamva uphawuukukhula kobuthathaka, ukonakala kwempilo, ukukhohlela, ukuphefumla okunzima, iintlungu zamathambo zinokwenzeka.Unyango lomhlaza webele Unyango lomhlaza webele lwenziwa ngamanqanaba aliqela kusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Iindlela ezintathu eziphambili zisetyenziswa namhlanje:Unyango lwe-antitumor yamayeza.Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango olunje, ezizezi:* ichemotherapy: kule meko, iziyobisi ezijolise ekutshatyalalisweni kweeseli ze-tumor zisetyenzisiwe;* Unyango lwehomoni, oko kukuthi, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezixinzelela umsebenzi wehomoni wesisu kunye nomzimba;* Unyango olujolisiweyo luhambo olutsha, indlela apho amachiza “abukhali” kwiziphumo ekujolise kuzo kwiseli yesisu kwaye enze ngokungacacanga kwimpiloizicubu zomntu;* I-Immunotherapy lulwalona lwalathiso lutsha, abathi namhlanje kwiingqungquthela zamazwe amaninzi ze-oncologists babizwe yenye yeendlela eziphambili nezikhuthazayo zokulwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza. Umxholo we-immunotherapy ukwinkqubo ekhethekileyo yeeseli zomzimba zokuzikhusela. Ngenxa yetekhnoloji yabo eyahlukileyo, bajika baba sisixhobo esinamandla esikwaziyo nokutshabalalisa ngokuchanekileyo iiseli zomhlaza.Ngokuxilongwa komhlaza wamabele, unyango lokuhlinzwa kunye nonyango lweradiation luyasetyenziswa.Shiya isicelo kwiwebhusayithi yethu kwaye iingcali zethu ziya kunxibelelana nawe kwaye zikuncede ukhethe ezona klinikhi zibalaseleyo ngokubhekisele kwimeko yakho yasimahla.

Ukunyanga ngamayeza ukubulala intsholongwane kunyango. Ukunyanga ngamayeza inokuba yenye yezinto ezisetyenziswayo kunyango kwaye inokudityaniswa nonyango lwe-radiation okanye ukususwa kwesibeleko. Injongo ye-chemotherapy ingaba kukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwesisu somhlaza kunye nokucothisa ukukhula nokukhula kwakhona kweeseli ezinomhlaza. Ukucutha ukukhula kunye nokuveliswa kwakhona kweeseli kukhokelela ekunciphiseni kwesayizi yesisu kunye nokuphuculwa komgangatho wobomi besigulana kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, kukonyusa amathuba okususa ngokupheleleyo isimila.Kucetyisiwe    Unyango lomhlaza     Umhlaza wobomi bomhlaza

Emva kokuba isigulana sifunyaniswe sinomhlaza kwaye saye saxilongwa, sithunyelwa kubahlohli. Le yincoko kunye nogqirha ngexesha lokuxoxwa kwesicwangciso sonyango.Emva kokuba isigulana sifunyaniswe sinomhlaza kwaye saye saxilongwa, sithunyelwa kubahlohli. Le yincoko kunye nogqirha ngexesha lokuxoxwa kwesicwangciso sonyango. Ingcali ye-oncologist iya kuyenza. Uyokuxelela yonke into oyidingayo malunga nesifo sakho kunye nonyango lwayo. Ixesha, iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, iziphumo ezilindelekileyo, kunye nethemba lakho. Ngokwemvelo, unokubuza i-oncologist yonke imibuzo yakho.Ngexesha lonyango, uya kubonisana nodokotela wakho oncologist, oza kujonga inkqubela phambili kunyango.Kucetyisiwe    Umhlaza

Umhlaza we-bladder ngumhlaza wesine oxhaphakileyo phakathi kwamadoda; kubafazi, yinto eqhelekileyo. Njengomthetho, ithumba lesinyi liyakhula kancinci, kwaye linokulawulwa ngempumelelo ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa okukhulu. Ngapha koko, kwiimeko ezininzi zomhlaza webangela, umngcipheko wokuhlaselwa sisifo esisongela ubomi buncinci kakhulu. Ukuxilongwa kwangoko kunye noviwo oluqhelekileyo kubalulekile kwimpumelelo yonyango.Iimpawu zomhlaza we-bladderOlona phawu luqhelekileyo lomhlaza weblack9 kukubonakala kwegazi emchameni. Ngamanye amaxesha inokuthi ibonwe ngamehlo agudileyo, kodwa ubukho beeseli zegazi bunokubonwa kuphela ngexesha ngokubanziUkuchama. Ukubonakala kwegazi kumchamo kunokuhamba kunye nokuziva okungathandekiyo ngexesha lokuchama (okuhlala kuchazwa ngokuthi “ukutshisa”). Ukongeza, ukuchama kunokuba yinto ethe rhoqo kwaye kungxamiseke ngakumbi kunesiqhelo. Kwinqanaba lokuqala lesi sifo, ezinye iimpawu azikho. Ke ngoko, ukuba kukho igazi emchameni okanye kwimeko yokuchamachama, uviwo kufuneka lwenziwe ngoko nangoko. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ezi mpawu azibonisi ubukho besibeleko - zinokubangelwa nangamatye, ukuvuvukala kwe-urethra, i-prostate eyandisiweyo njl njl. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, unobangela wezi mpawu kufuneka umiselwe ngokuchanekileyo.Njani?Ngaba ufumanisa ukuba unomdlavuza webhedi?Ukuba igazi lifunyenwe kumchamo, kufuneka kwenziwe iimvavanyo ezininzi ukuze kungabandakanywa isimhumba. Esi sifo luxanduva lwe-urology, ngoko nokuba ukhe waya kwagqirha wosapho, kuya kufuneka utyelele ugqirha ongu-urologist. Emva kokucacisa imbali yezonyango kunye novavanyo lomzimba, kuyakufuneka uhambe ngetshekhi ezongeziweyo, ngesiqhelo awudingi ukuba esibhedlela.Ngexesha le-cystoscopy, i-endoscope emxinwa ifakwa kwi-urethra (urethra) kwisinye. Ngalo, unokuvavanya ngononophelo indawo yangaphakathi yesinye kunye nokujonga amathumba okanye ezinye izifo. Unokuthatha isampula eludongeni.i-bladder (biopsy). Uviwo lwenziwa ukuba ulele phantsi, phantsi kwe-anesthesia yendawo, kwaye ayifuni kulaliswa esibhedlele. Emva kwe-cystoscopy, ukuziva kancinci okuvuthayo ngexesha lokuchama kunokwenzeka, okuya kudlula emva kosuku okanye ezimbini. Ukusela amanzi amaninzi kule mihla kuyacetyiswa.I-urology ye-CT yikhomputha ye-Tomogra eyicomputer yokuvavanya ixesha apho iarhente yokuchasana ifakwe emzimbeni kwaye igxile ngokukhawuleza kwi-urethra. Emva koku, i-tomography ehlanganisiweyo ibonisa imeko yezintso, i-ureters kunye ne-bladder. Ukuba isigulana sinokugula sisifo i-asthma okanye sibangelwa ziyobisi okanye iodine, amayeza akhethekileyo kufuneka athatyathwe ngaphambi kwenkqubo yokuthintela ukungahambi kakuhle. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-ultrasound kunye ne-compact tomographyizintso azonelanga ukunika ingcaciso egqibeleleyo nengathandabuzekiyo yoonobangela begazi kumchamo.Unyango lomhlaza webladderInyathelo lokuqala kukususa ithumba. Izicubu ezisusiweyo zithunyelwa elabhoratri ukuze zichonge uhlobo lwesisu kunye nobunzulu bokungena kwalo eludongeni lwesinye. Ukukhupha isisu (okanye ukuphinda kusetyenziswe), kudla ngokwenzeka xa usesibhedlela. Ukusetyenzwa ngokutsha kwenziwa phantsi kwe-anesthesia kusetyenziswa isixhobo esifana ne-cystoscope esifakwe kwi-urethra (urethra), ngaphandle kokufaka okanye ukuvula isisu esiswini. Kwiimeko ezininzi, emva kokuba ithumba libhaqiwe, isiguli simenyiwe kwisicelo esimiselweyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko apho ithumba likhokelelaukopha okungapheliyo, kufuneka ngokukhawuleza utyando. Njengomthetho, ukuvela kwakhona kwe-tumor kukhokelela ekuyekeni kokopha. Ngamanye amaxesha ukususwa ngokupheleleyo kwe-tumor akunakwenzeka ngenxa yobukhulu bayo okanye ubunzulu bokungena kudonga lwesinye. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, i-biopsy iya kwenziwa ukumisela uhlobo lwesisu kunye nobunzulu bokungena kwalo, emva koko kuya kusetyenziswa ezinye iindlela zonyango. Emva koqhaqho, i-catheter iyakushiyeka kwi-bladder kwi-urethra kangangeentsuku ezininzi ukuze inxeba lokuhlinzwa liphilise. Kwiintsuku zokuqala emva koqhaqho, kunokubakho ukopha okuncinci ukusuka kwisinye, ekuyekeni kancinci kancinci. Emva kokususwa kwe-catheterUkuziva ungxamisekile kwaye uvutha, okanye buhlungu xa uchama. Ngokwesiqhelo, oku kuphazamiseka yinto yethutyana. Kwiimeko ezininzi, isiguli siya kuba nakho ukubuyela ekusebenzeni ekhaya okuqhelekileyo kwiintsuku ezingama-2-3 emva kotyando. Isigqibo sokuqhubeka nonyango kuxhomekeke kwiziphumo zovavanyo lwe-histological (uhlobo lwe-tumor kunye nobunzulu bokungena).Inqanaba lesibini lonyango linokubandakanya iindlela ezintathu.    Isityholo esingathethekiyo, esingangeni ngaphezulu kune-epithelium yotshintsho. Kule meko, unyango oluqhubekayo aludingeki. Ngaphandle koku, amathumba anjalo ahlala evela kwakhona, ngakumbi kwiminyaka yokuqala emva koqhaqho. Ngesi sizathu, ngakumbiKubalulekile ukuba ihlolwe rhoqo kwikliniki ye-urological.     Isigaxa singene ngaphaya kwe-epithelium yotshintsho, kodwa singangeni kwisisipha. Kule meko, sithetha malunga nes tumor esingaqhelekanga, kodwa kufuneka unyango olungaphezulu. Njengomthetho, amayeza akhethekileyo afakwa kwi-bladder. Esona siyobisi siqhelekileyo nesisebenzayo sibizwa ngokuba yi-BCG. Injongo yayo kukwandisa impendulo yendawo yokulwa izifo. Iziyobisi zeCytotoxic ezibulala iiseli zomhlaza ziyasetyenziswa. Injongo ye-BCG kunye namanye amachiza kukuthintela ukuvela kwakhona kwe-tumor emva kokuphinda usele. Olu nyango lukwacetyiswa kwiimeko ezinje ngobukho bamaqhubu angawona aphezulu.okanye ukubuyela ngokukhawuleza kwethumba kwiinyanga ezininzi emva kotyando. Eli chiza lihanjiswa kanye ngeveki kangangeeveki ezintandathu, kwiklinikhi ye-urological, isebenzisa i-catheter emncinci efakwe kwisinye. Emva kokuphatha iyeza, isiguli sicelwa ukuba siyeke ukuchitha iiyure ezimbini. Isigulana sinokufumana imvakalelo evuthayo xa uchama kunye nemvakalelo engathandekiyo kwisisu esisezantsi, nangona kunjalo, badlula ngokukhawuleza.     Isundu singene emngxunyeni, singene kwiindonga zesinye. Kule meko, ukuvela kwakhona kwe-tumor kwi-urethra akwanele. Ngokwesiqhelo, kuya kufuneka ukuba ususe ibhedi yonke ngaphambiliukuvula isisu esiswini. Injongo yokuphinda i-bladder isuse ngokupheleleyo iiseli zomhlaza emzimbeni ukuze ziphinde ziphile.     Emva kokumiswa kwakhona kwe-bladder, kufuneka kufakwe enye endaweni yakhe ukumvumela ukuba achame. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokukhetha ezinokuthi zitshintshe    Umchamo ungena ngokuthe ngqo kwiibhegi ezixhonywe eludongeni lwesisu.     Ukwenza enye ipokhethi yomchamo kwindawo yomzimba (kufuna ukwenziwa kwe-catheter kaninzi ngemini ukukhupha ipokotho yomchamo).     Enye ipokhethi yomchamo kwindawo yomzimba evumela ukuchama okuqhelekileyo ngokusebenzisa urethra.MhlawumbiNgaba kukho ukubuyela kwakhona ngokupheleleyo?Impendulo ayithandabuzi: ewe. Uninzi lwamaqhubu ebadinadethi zizinto ezingaphezulu nje. Ukukhupha ithumba ngokuhamba kwe-urethra (ngamanye amaxesha ngokudibeneyo kunye nokuqaliswa kwe-BCG kwisinye) kukhokelela ekunyamalaleni kwayo ngokupheleleyo. Rhoqo, emva kwexesha elithile, ithumba liyavela, kodwa ngokuhlolwa rhoqo, unokuyifumana kwasekuqaleni kwaye uyixhathise ngempumelelo. Uvavanyo lweklinikhi lubandakanya i-urinalysis, i-cystoscopy kunye ne-tomography ye-urethra. Ixesha elininzi lidlulile kunyango lokugqibela, kuya kufuneka ukuba uhlolwe rhoqo. Kubalulekile ukuba ukhumbule ukuba ukutshaya kuyayandisa ingozi yakho.ukuphinda uvele esibelekweni; ke, ukuba uyatshaya, kufuneka uyeke lo mkhwa ombi.Amaqumza angena nzulu eludongeni lwebhedi anokunyangeka ngokupheleleyo ngoncedo lokuvela kwakhona. Kwiimeko ezininzi, kuyenzeka ukuba kubekho enye ibladder evumela ukuchama okuqhelekileyo ngokusebenzisa urethra. Ndiyabulela kule nto, isiguli asikwazi kuphela ukululama ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kwakhona sibuyele ekusebenzeni kwesiqhelo esiqhelekileyo kuye.Shiya isicelo kwiwebhusayithi yethu kwaye iingcali zethu ziya kunxibelelana nawe kwaye zikuncede ukhethe ezona klinikhi zibalaseleyo ngokubhekisele kwimeko yakho yasimahla.

Umhlaza we-Prostate ngumhlaza wesithathu oxhaphakileyo kumadoda eRussia emva komhlaza wemiphunga kunye nomhlaza wesisu. Ifunyanwa kwenye yamadoda alishumi elinesihlanu ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-40. Rhoqo ngonyaka kwihlabathi liphela, kufunyaniswa isifo esisisu esinyabilikisayo kwisifo, kwaye malunga nesinye kwisithathu sabo basweleka ngenxa yesi sifo.Kutheni usiba nomhlaza wesibindi?Kuyaziwa ukuba oku kunxulunyaniswa notshintsho kwimvelaphi yehomoni, imeko-bume yofuzo, ukungondleki kunye neempembelelo zezinye izinto, indima engekazinziswa ngokupheleleyo. Ukususela ngalo mhlaza wokuqalaiiseli ngaphambi kokuphuhliswa kweempawu ezikhokelela kwindoda kudliwanondlebe nodokotela ihlala ithatha iminyaka eliqela. Ngesi sizathu, rhoqo isigulana sibonwa ngugqirha oncologist ongaqwalaselwanga, otyhafileyo kunobunzima bokunyanga. Lilonke, kusisiko ukwahlula amanqanaba amane omhlaza webele:Inqanaba loku-1 libonakaliswa ngobukhulu obuncinci besisu, ukungabikho kokuzibandakanya kwe-lymph node kwinkqubo ye-pathological (iiseli zomhlaza zinokufika apho ngokuhamba kwe-lymph) kunye nokuphila kakuhle kwesigulana. Njengomthetho, kweli nqanaba, umhlaza we-Prostate ufumanisa ithuba - ngexesha lokunyanga esinye isifo sesibindi. Ubomi besigulana buyathandeka,nullnullukuxhamla kunyango oluthambileyo olwandisa ubomi kunye nokunciphisa ukubandezeleka komguli, nangona kungazukunceda ukohlula umhlaza.Unyango lomhlaza wamathumbuUnyango lomhlaza wesifo sokuqina (Prostate cancer) luya kuxhomekeka kuphela kwinqanaba lesifo. Uhlobo lwesikhumba lubalulekile-kugqitywa nge-biopsy, ukuthatha iisampulu zeetiski ezininzi kwaye uzivavanye phantsi kwemicroscope. Ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza - umzekelo, umhlaza we-polymorphic cell Prostate - zithambekele ekukhulekeni okukhaliphileyo, ukukhula kwabanye kuphenjelelwa ngamahomoni. I-oncologist enamava ithathela ingqalelo zonke ezi meko, kunye noluvo lwesigulana ngokwakhe, ngaphambi kokuthathaisigqibo kwiindlela zonyango.Indima ebalulekileyo idlalwa ngezixhobo zeklinikhi. Akuyonto iyimfihlo ukuba iitekhnoloji ezininzi zanamhlanje kunye namayeza ngokulula azifumaneki kumaziko omhlaza wasekhaya okanye kwinqanaba lokuphumeza. Kwaye neendlela zodidi olufana nokususwa kokuhlinzwa kweprostate kungahluka kakhulu, okuchaphazela kuphela impumelelo yonyango, kodwa nomgangatho wobomi besi sigulana.Unyango lonyangoIsifo se-Prostate gland sisitho esibalulekileyo, kodwa eyindoda endala iyakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwayo. Ke ngoko, ukuba umhlaza awuzange usasazeke kwizitho eziseduze kunye nezicubu, kwaye imeko yesigulana ivumelaimisebenzi, i-oncologist iya kuphakamisa i-radical prostatectomy kwindoda-ukususwa kweprostate. Kumanqanaba okuqala esi sifo, le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba uphilime ngokupheleleyo ngexesha elifutshane (ukuhlala esibhedlela kuthatha iintsuku ezisi-7).Okwangoku, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba sithetha ngophazamiso olunzulu lomzimba, olunxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko wobomi, kwaye lukhokelela nakwiziphumo ezingathandekiyo. Ke, abaguli bahlala behlangabezana neengxaki zokuchama kwiinyanga ezininzi emva koqhaqho, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha samadoda akhalaza ngokunyamalala kwe-erection.Inketho ezithambileyo zonyango lokunyanga umhlaza we-Prostate kukuhlinzwa kwe-laparoscopic, aphoI-Prostate iyasuswa ngenxa yokuncipha okuncinci - iimitha ezimbalwa ubude. Ngenxa yoko, umngcipheko weengxaki zomsebenzi ophelileyo uyancitshiswa, kwaye inkqubo ngokwayo inyamezelwa sisigulana ngokulula ngakumbi.UkukhalaEnye indlela yotyando lwesintu inokuba kukukrala kwesisu. Le ndlela iyasebenza kwizigaba zokuqala zesifo, xa umhlaza ungakadluli kwilungu. Ngexesha lokuqunjelwa, isigulana sifakwa kwi-Prostate ngenaliti ekhethekileyo ekungena kuyo i-argon okanye i-nitrogen. Amaqondo obushushu asezantsi atshabalalisa izicubu zesisu, kwaye ugqirha, esebenzisa i-ultrasound, elawula ukuba isiphumo asonakalisi amalungu angabamelwane. Ngenxa yoko, i-ironakufuneki ukuba ucinywe (nangona imisebenzi yayo isaphulwa ngokungenakulungiswa). Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-cryosurgery iye yanikezelwa ngakumbi njengonyango oluphambili lomhlaza we-prostate, olulungele abaguli bayo yonke iminyaka.IrediyoEnye yezona ndawo ziphambili zonyango ezinokusetyenzwa ngumhlaza webele. Kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yeCyber-Knife. Indlela isekwe kwisiphumo seglasi egxile ekutsaleni imitha kwisibungu, esikhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni kwayo yendawo ngelixa igcina ukuthembeka kwezicubu ezikufutshane. Inzuzo ebalulekileyo yendlela kukungabikho kwentlungu ngokupheleleyo kunye nokungabikho kwengozi: ngokukhawuleza emva kwenkqubo, isiguli sinokuphuma esibhedlele.RadiotherapyUkuba ithumba linobukrakra okanye sele likhulile ngaphandle kweprostate,kwaye nakwiimeko apho isigulana sibuthathaka kakhulu ukuba senziwe utyando, izixhobo zonyango lwe-radiation zinokuba yindawo yesikali. Okokuqala, ii-X-rays zibulala ngokukhawuleza ukwahlula iiseli - kwaye iiseli zomhlaza zithambekele ekukhuleni okungalawulwa. Ke ngoko, ngexesha leseshoni ye-radiotherapy, ithumba liyancipha, kwaye izicubu ezichaphazelekayo ziiseli ezinobungozi "ziyahlanjwa".Unyango lwe-radiation lumiselwe njengendlela eyahlukileyo yonyango, kunye nokongezelelwa kokusebenza: ngaphambi okanye emva kongenelelo. Singathetha ngazo zombini i-radiotherapy yangaphandle (xa isigulana silele phantsi kwe-emitter) kunye nonyango lwangaphakathi lwe-radiation, niniIzixhobo ezikhethekileyo zeradiyo yaziswa emzimbeni wesigulana.Unyango lwangaphandle lwe-radiation lwangaphandle luneentlobo zalo. I-Oncologists ifuna ukunciphisa impembelelo eyonakalisayo yemisebe kwizicubu zomzimba, ngoko ke bazama ukuqondisa uburharha bemitha kwisithambisi ngokuchanekileyo ngokusemandleni. Bancedwa ngeendlela ezifana ne-3D eyimfihlo yokusasazeka ngemitha, unyango lwe-radiation ngamandla (i-IMRT), unyango lwe-stereotoxic radiation (SBRT), kunye ne-proton radiation radiation. Yonke yezi ndlela ineengenelo kunye nezinto ezingalunganga. Rhoqo, i-radiotherapy ikhokelela ekuphazanyisweni kokuchama kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-erectile.Unyango lwangaphakathi lwe-radiation yangaphakathi (i-brachytherapy) inyusa kakhulu imiphumo yemitha ngokunciphisaumgama ukusuka kumthombo ukuya kwiiseli zomhlaza. I granules zeradiyo esetyenziselwa inkqubo iqulethe iodine enomathotholo, ipalladium kunye nezinye iikhemikhali ezinokuchaphazela izicubu ezirhangqiweyo ixesha elide. Kuxhomekeka kwindlela, ezi granules zinokuba semzimbeni kangangeenyanga ezininzi (i-brachytherapy eqhubekayo) okanye kuphela ngeeseshoni zonyango (i-brachytherapy yethutyana).Ukunyanga ngamayezaI-Chemotherapy isetyenziswa, njengomthetho, kwiimeko xa umhlaza usasazeke emzimbeni wonke, ke kufuneka ujongane nesi sifo kwihlabathi liphela. Iziyobisi ezisetyenziselwa ukunyanga i-prostate tumor egwenxa zimiselwe kwizifundo, kulandela iziphumo zonyango kunye nophuhliso lweziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.Iiarhente zekhemotherapeutic zinefuthe elibi hayi kumhlaza kuphela, kodwa nakwizicubu ezinempilo. Ke ngoko, izigulana ezifumana unyango olunje zihlala zineengxaki zokugaya ukutya, ubuthathaka, ukulahleka kweenwele kunye nezifo ezosulelayo.Unyango lwasemzimbeniOlu hlobo lonyango lujolise ekwenzeni amandla omzimba wokungaguli. Iiseli zomhlaza zingaqhelekanga emzimbeni wethu, kodwa ngenxa yendlela ekhethekileyo esebenza ngayo, bayakwazi ukuphepha impendulo yomzimba.Amalungiselelo onyango lokuzikhusela kwizifo enziwa ngokukodwa - kwilabhoratri, iiseli zegazi zezigulana "ziqeqeshelwe" ukubona i-tumor, emva koko ke kungeniswe iyeza emzimbeni. Ngelishwa, i-oncologists aykakwazanga ukufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezuluukusebenza kwale ndlela, ke, rhoqo isetyenziswa njengendibano, kunye namanqanaba okugqibela esi sifo.Unyango lweHormone kumhlaza webeleKuba ukukhula kwes tumor kuhlala kusenziwa isenzo sehomoni zesini zowesilisa, kwizigaba eziphambili zomhlaza wesifo se-Prostate, ogqirha banokunika amayeza athintela ukwanda kwezi zinto. Ngokwesiqhelo sithetha malunga nolawulo lobomi bonke kumachiza amayeza. Olo nyango luthetha ukungcungcuthekiswa ngonyango: Ukusebenza ngokwesondo kuhla ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yayo. Ngokudibana nezinye iindlela-umzekelo, i-radiotherapy- ukuthatha iihormoni kunokukhokelela kunyango olupheleleyo kwizigulana ezichazwe kwi-radical prostatectomy. Kwangelo xeshaukuthunyelwa kwezonyango kuya kubuya umva-emva kokurhoxiswa kweziyobisi.Iindlela zokunyanga umhlaza we-Prostate ziyohluka, kwaye rhoqo ngonyaka kukho ulwazi malunga neendlela ezintsha ezisebenzayo. Ngamanye amagama, phantse akukho ziimeko ezingenathemba xa amayeza engenamandla okunceda isigulana. Kubalulekile ukufumana ugqirha okhetha iqhinga elifanelekileyo lokonyango. Ungaphelelwa lithemba-ukuphumelela umhlaza kuxhomekeke kuwe.Shiya isicelo kwiwebhusayithi yethu kwaye iingcali zethu ziya kunxibelelana nawe kwaye zikuncede ukhethe ezona klinikhi zibalaseleyo ngokubhekisele kwimeko yakho yasimahla.

nullOnke amathumba ezintso afunyaniswa ukuba awafumene, kunye ne-ultrasound ecwangcisiweyo ngokungabikho ngokupheleleyo kweempawu.Iimpawu zesifo sesi sifo ngoku aziqhelekanga.    1. Igazi kumchamo (hematuria). Inkangeleko yakhe inokuba ngequbuliso kunye neprofayili.     2. Ubuhlungu kumqolo ongezantsi kunye nomqolo ongezantsi: ezi zikhalazo zinxulunyaniswa nokuhluma kwesisu kwizitho ezikufuphi okanye ukuphuma kwe-ureter.     3. Ukutywina esiswini (palpation palpates the tumor).     4. Ukonyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi (le yokugqibela inokubangelwa kukucinezelwa kwemithambo yegazi okanye ukuveliswa kwethumba lesen).5. I-Varicocele.     6. Ukuphulukana nobunzima, ubuthathaka ngokubanzi, isifo seengcongconi, ukujuluka ebusuku, kunye nokudinwa okugqithisileyo.Ngelishwa, amaxesha amaninzi iimpawu zomhlaza wezintso aziveli ngokukhawuleza, esi sifo siqhubeka kwifom ye-asymptomatic ixesha elide. Kungenxa yoko le nto kubaluleke kakhulu ukwenza uvavanyo rhoqo lokuthintela, yenza uvavanyo lwe-ultrasound kwaye uthathe uvavanyo lwegazi kunye nomchamo.Uxilongo lomhlaza wezintsoUxilongo lomhlaza wezintso lubandakanya uluhlu lonke lweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuxhaphaza, ekuvumela ukuba uqinisekise ngokuchonga ngokuchanekileyo nangokuchanekileyo.   1. Eyona ndlela yokufumana isifo inokufikeleleka ngeyona ndlela.    2. Imigangatho yegolide yokuxilongwa kwamathumbu ezintso yikhompyuterTomogra ngokwahlukileyo. I-Tomogra efikelelweyo inika umfanekiso ogcweleyo malunga nesikhundla se-tumor, ubungakanani bayo, inqanaba leklinikhi kunye nokukhula kwe-tumor kwizitho ezikufutshane.   3. Ukuhlolwa kwe-urinal kutyhila ubukho bokungacoceki kwegazi kumchamo.   4. Uvavanyo lwegazi lukuvumela ukuba uchonge imiqondiso engangqalanga yesifo: i-anemia, amanqanaba aphezulu e-alkaline phosphatase, urea egazini, njl.   5. I-MRI yokufumanisa isifo samathumbu ezintso isetyenziswa kancinane kune-CT, eyona nto iphambili yokwenza iMRI kukuchasana nokwenza i-CT.   6. I-biopsy yamathumba ezintso yenzelwa ukungqina isifo.kunye nokumisela amaqhinga okunyanga ngakumbi. Ngelishwa, kwezinye iimeko, i-biopsy yesibeleko sezintso ayisiyoyikisi, ngenxa yesi sizathu, olu phononongo ngoku lwenziwa ngokungaqhelekanga.  7. Ukufumanisa metastases emiphungeni kunye namathambo emathambo, isifuba x-ray kunye ne-osteoscintigraphy ziyasetyenziswa.  8. I-angiography engokoqobo-kuvavanyo lwe-X-ray kwiarhente eyahlukileyo.Ngokusekelwe kuluphi uphawu lokubonakalisa umhlaza wezintso, imeko yesigulana kunye neziphumo zovavanyo lwangaphambili, ugqirha ukhetha iindlela ezithile zokufumanisa umhlaza wezintso ukwenza owona mfanekiso uphambili.Amanqanaba omhlaza wezintsoKukho amanqanaba ama-4 omhlaza wezintso oboniswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyonullokanye ithumba lisasazeka kwi-renal vein / vena cava.     4. Inqanaba lomhlaza wezintso. Isimila sihluma iqhekeza lezintso.Unyango lomhlaza wezintsoUnyango lomhlaza wezintso lusekwe ngeendlela ezininzi ezamkelweyo ezisetyenziswa ngokukodwa okanye ngokubanzi. Ugqirha okhoyo, ngokusekwe kuhlobo lwesibeleko, inqanaba lekliniki yobudala kunye nokuphila kakuhle, ukuchasana okukhoyo kunye nezinye izinto, banokubhenela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango. Olona nyango lusebenzayo kumhlaza wezintso kukususa ithumba. I-nephrectomy yokujikeleza kukususa ngokupheleleyo izintso ezichaphazelekayo, zihlala zidibene nezicubu zomjikelezo ze-perirenal, ii-lymph node, kwaye ngamanye amaxeshai-adrenal gland. Ukuba ubungakanani bes tumor abudluli kwi-7 cm, kusenziwa ngokwenxalenye yezintso. Kunye nendlela yesiqhelo, apho kususwa khona izintso okanye ukwenziwa kwayo kwakhona ngenxa yokuvela okukhulu, kukho i-laparoscopic enye. Kule meko, i-tumor isuswa okanye iphinde isetyenziswe kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezizodwa ezifakwe kwisisu sesisu ngokusebenzisa iincinci ezincinci (2 cm). Indlela ye-laparoscopic inxulunyaniswa nobuncinci beengxaki. Ukongeza, ukubuyisela isigulana kwisigulana ngokukhawuleza. Olunye unyango olunokuthi lusebenze kwi-tumor yezintso. Umxholo wendlela kukukhulula i-tumor ngoncedo lwekristalu elikhethekileyo elifakwe kwi-tumor. Tumorkufakwe enye yokuqandusela kunye nokucwilisa, okukhokelela ekufeni kweeseli zomhlaza. Le ndlela yeyona nto ihlupheka kakhulu kwisigulana kwaye ibonakalisiwe xa utyando lungenzeki, amathumba amazinyo omabini kunye nesibeleko sentso enye. Unyango ngamachiza (ichemotherapy, unyango lwehomoni okanye i-immunotherapy) lumiselwe ukuba ngaba kufunyaniswe ukuba unomdlavuza wezintso (inqanaba 4), xa utyando alunakwenzeka.Ukuthintela uMhlaza woMngundoUkuthintela umhlaza wezintso, kubalulekile ukuyeka ukutshaya, ukulawula ubunzima kunye nokutya ukutya okulingeneyo (kunye nemfuno yeziqhamo nemifuno). Ke, indlela yokuphila esempilweni yeyona ndlela iphambili yokuthintela esi sifo.

nullumthamo womonakalo kwi-larynx. Ukutshatisa kwelizwi luphawu lwangaphambili xa iklcincinoma ikwimilo yegama, kodwa ivele kumanqanaba kamva xa ifunyenwe kumacandelo amakhulu e-supraclad kunye ne-subclad. Izigulana ezinomdlavuza ongalinganiyo zihlala zithintela umoya kwaye ukubetha kwawo kuyimpawu eqhelekileyo kumanqanaba alandelayo. Izigulana ezinomdlavuza ogqithisileyo we-ligamentous zihlala zine-dysphagia; Ezinye iimpawu ezibonakalayo zesi sifo kukuthintelwa kweendlela zomoya, i-otalgia, ukukhula kwesisu emqaleni, ilizwi eliqhunyisiweyo. Isigulana esinezi mpawu kufuneka sithunyelwe ngoko nangoko kwi-laryngoscopy.UxilongoI-LaryngoscopyUnyango lwe-endoscopy kunyenullnullI-Endoscopic laser resection kunye nonyango lwe-radiation, njengomthetho, ukuvumela ukuba ugcine izwi lezigulana. Ukusetyenziswa konyango lomhlaza womhlaza wokubeletha kwinqanaba lokuqala loqhaqho okanye unyango lweradiation, njengomthetho, kuxhomekeke kukhetho loogqirha beziko kunye nesigulana.Kwamanqanaba akudala e-vocal fold carcinoma, bayabanjiswa okanye babandakanyeke kwinkqubo yolwimi; Izigulana ziboniswa ichemotherapy okanye unyango lwe-radiation. Ukuba ithumba lesigulana liye lasasazeka ngaphaya kwe-larynx okanye langena kwi-cartilage, i-laryngectomy inikezela ngezona ziphumo ze-oncological; I-laryngectomy ihlala ibanzi, kodwa kwezinye iimekoI-endoscopic laser resection of the tumor okanye i-laryngectomy evulekileyo yenxalenye inokusetyenziswa. I-laryngectomy ebanzi isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiimeko ezinzima ukusindisa isiguli; Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha kwiimeko ezinjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwe-endoscopic okanye i-laryngectomy evulekileyo isenokusetyenziswa.Kumanqanaba okuqala e-carcinoma ye-supraclavicular larynx, unyango lwe-radiation okanye ukubekwa ngokutsha kwenxalenye ye-larynx kuyasebenza. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-laser resection kumanqanaba okuqala e-squamous cell carcinoma kubonise iziphumo ezilungileyo. Ukuba i-carcinoma iyaqhubeka ukukhula, kodwa ayichaphazeli ntambo yelizwi lokwenyani, emva koko inokwenza ilaryngectomy yempumlo yenzelwa ukugcina izwi kunyesphincter yeglottis. Ukuba isiguli sikwanayo neentambo zelizwi, i-laryngectomy ngaphezulu kwe-cricoid cartilage okanye i-laryngectomy iyadingeka, ukuba kugqitywe kwelokuba kwenziwe unyango. Njengakwimeko ye-laryngocarcinoma, uninzi lwamanqanaba aqhubekayo omhlaza onqabileyo we-ligament oqala ukunyangwa nge-chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwe-radiation. Ingingqi ye-ligamentous inethiwekhi ecebileyo ye-lymphatic, ke ngoko, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka inikezwe kwingingqi yentamo kuzo zonke izigulana ezinomhlaza we-ligamentous.Nge-carcinoma ye-pharynx esezantsi, unyango luyafana nomhlaza we-larynx. Kwinqanaba lokuqala, umonakalo uhlala uphathwa kuphelaUnyango lwe-radiation, okanye i-endoscopic resection njengenye indlela. Nangona kunjalo, kwizigulana ezininzi ezinomhlaza wesibeleko, inkqubela phambili inxulunyaniswa nemeko yesi sifo njengesifo kunye nokusasazeka kwenkqubo yasekhaya ngenkqubo ye-lymphatic; Izigulana ezinjalo ziphathwa ikakhulu nge-chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwe-radiation, kwaye kwangoko-ngokweempawu ezibalulekileyo.Ukubuyisela kwimeko yesiqheloUkuhlaziywa kunokufuneka emva kolunye uhlobo lonyango. Ngokwesiqhelo, kuvela ubunzima obukhulu kunye nenkqubo yokuginya ukutya emva kwechemotherapy okanye iradiation radiation, enokufuna ukuncitshiswa kweesophagus, kwiimeko ezibuthathaka ngakumbi - iplasitiki yepharynx okanye ukumiselwa kwe-gastrostomy. Ngexesha lokuhlinzwaUngenelelo lungaphazamisa nenkqubo yokuginya, kwaye unyango luyafuneka, kubandakanya ukwandiswa komendo wokugwinya.Utyando, kwelinye icala, ichaphazela intetho ngakumbi. Emva kwe-laryngectomy iyonke, isiguli kufuneka senze ilizwi elitsha ngo:    Ilizwigealal izwi    I-Esophageal punctual punct    Umqala (electropharynx)Ngazo zontathu iindlela, intetho iyilwa ngokuthatha inxaxheba pharynx, palate ezithambileyo, ulwimi, amazinyo nemilebe.Isiseko sokusekwa kwelizwi "lesophageal izwi" (izwi lokulinganisa) kukudala isikhewu selizwi kwimbonakalo kunye nophuhliso lwayoukuvalwa okungenalusini.Nge-tracheoesophageal fistula, ivalve ibekwa phakathi kwe-trachea kunye ne-esophagus ukwenzela ukuphucula isandi. Isivalo sinceda ukupompa umoya ungene kwi-esophagus ngexesha lesenzo sokuphefumla. Izigulana ziyavuselelwa emzimbeni, kwizifundo zendlela yokuthetha, zifundiswa imigaqo yonyango lwefistula, kwaye zonke izigulana ziyalumkiswa ngomngcipheko wokufuna ukutya namanzi.I-larynx yombane sisixhobo esinebhetri ebekwe kumphezulu wentamo. Ngaphandle kokungonwabi okwenziwe kukubekwa esweni kwezoluntu xa kunxitywa abaguli abaninzi, kulula ukuphatha kwaye akufuneki uqeqesho olulodwa.

nullzibonakalise kumanqanaba okuqala esi sifo (ngaphandle kokuqaqamba kwesisu).Izinto eziphambili zomngcipheko zibandakanya:     ukwaluphala-njengommiselo, esi sifo sikhula kubafazi emva kokuyeka ukuya exesheni, iminyaka engama-50 kuye kwengama-60 (iimeko ezisi-8 kwezili-10);      abasetyhini abaqala ukuya esikhathini (ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka eli-12 ubudala) kunye nokuyeka ukuya esikhathini (emva kweminyaka engama-52);      ukutshaya      ukutyeba kakhulu      ukuthatha iziyobisi zokungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nonyango lokubuyisela endaweni yehomoni;      i-polycystic;      i-endometriosis (ukwanda okungaqhelekanga kwesibeleko esingaphakathi esibelekweni);Into eyindlalifa (ubume bendawo) - ubukho bosapho olusondeleyo lomhlaza we-ovary, ibele okanye umhlaza webala.Abafazi abangenabantwana kwaye abangazange bancancise nabo basengozini.Amanqanaba kunye neentlobo zomhlaza we-ovarianKukho amanqanaba ama-4:    Kwinqanaba loku-1, isilonda sifunyanwa kwelinye okanye kuwo mabini amaqanda. Ugqirha uqinisekile ukuba uphilile, unyango luyanyangeka, uninzi lwezigulana luhamba ngokuxolelwa ngaphandle kokubuyisa isifo.    Kwinqanaba le-2, i-neoplasm isasazeka kwamanye amalungu e-pelvic cavity. Ngokubanzi, kwaye kweli nqanaba, uqikelelo lwekamva luhle, ngokwezibalo kudidi lweminyaka emihlanunullngokomgangatho wokungalunganga:    iklasi A (ukungalunganga okuphantsi) -ukukhula kancinci ukukhula, iiseli ezinokungalingani okuncinci (zahlulwe kakhulu);     iklasi B (ukulimala okungalunganga) -ukubhengezwa ngakumbi kokutshintsha kwezemvelo kwiiseli ze-tumor ngokuthelekiswa kakhulu;     iklasi C (ukungalunganga okukhulu) - ithumba elikhula ngokukhawuleza, iiseli ezikumgangatho ophantsi.Unyango lwe-Ovarian CancerUnyango lokudibanisa luhlala lubandakanya indibaniselwano yendlela yokuhlinzwa (utyando) kunye ne-chemotherapy.UtyandoNjengomthetho, ngexesha lotyando lomhlaza we-ovary, omabini amalungu abhangqileyo, iityhubhu zokuwa kunye nesibeleko, ii-lymph node ezikufuphi kunye nezihlunu zezicubu ze-adipose kwisisu sesisu ziyasuswa,usasazeke kuwo umhlaza.Ukuba ibhinqa eliselula linokusifumana esi sifo kwasekuqaleni (kwinqanaba loku-1), kwezinye iimeko ungenelelo olucothayo lwenziwa ngokususa ityhubhu ye-ovary kunye ne-fallopian kwelinye icala. Ukongeza kwinyani yokuba i-prognosis yokunyanga kule meko inezinto, oku kukuvumela ukuba ugcine ithemba lokukhulelwa.Ukunciphisa umngcipheko kunye nobunzima beengxaki, kunye neenjongo zokuthambisa, utyando lomhlaza wamathambo lunokwenziwa kusetyenziswa inkqubo yeRobot da Vinci ekrelekrele.Ukunyanga ngamayezaUkunyanga ngamayeza anyanga intsholongwane yomhlaza wesibeleko ihlala imiselwe emva koqhaqho njengenxalenye yonyango olunzima. Iziyobisi zihlala zilawulwaemthanjeni okanye ngqo esibelekweni sesisu, indibaniselwano yezi ndlela ikwasetyenziswa.Kumanqanaba amva, ichemotherapy inokukhethwa njengeyona ndlela iphambili yokunyanga.Unyango lwe-radiationKwiimeko ezinqabileyo (zineentlungu eziqatha, ukopha okuvela kwisisu), unyango lwangaphandle lwe-radiation okanye i-brachytherapy (uqhakamshelwano ngemitha) lubandakanywa kwirejimeni yonyango yomhlaza we-ovarian.Ukubuyiselwa kwimeko yesiqhelo emva konyangoKwikhosi eqhelekileyo yokuvuselela umzimba, ukuphilisa ngokupheleleyo emva kokunyanga umhlaza wesibeleko kwabasetyhini kuthatha iiveki ezi-6. Ukuba isibeleko sikhutshiwe, kwiiveki ezi-3-4 ziyimfuneko ukushiya isondo. Ngamanye amaxesha, ugqirha wakho unokukunika iihomoni kunye nevithamini D.

I-Brachytherapy, ekwabizwa ngokuba lonyango lwangaphakathi lwe-radiation, yindlela yokunyanga umhlaza apho iicuba ezinezinto ezinomathotholo zifakwa emzimbeni. Le ndlela yonyango inciphisa isiphumo sokwenza imisebe kwizicubu ezingqonge kunye namalungu, ngokuchaseneyo neradi yangaphandle, xa kungekuphela ithumba eliveliswe yimitha.I-brachytherapy yenziwa kulawulo lweedosi eziphakamileyo okanye ezisezantsi, xa irediyo ilawulwa okwethutyana okanye ngokuqhubekayo (kwimeko yokugqibela, izinto ezinomathotholo zilahlekelwa ngumsebenzi wazo ngokwazo). Uhlobo lonyango olusetyenzisiweyo luxhomekeke kuhlobo lomhlaza kunye neempawu zesigulana ngasinye. Iidosi ezinkulu kunye nokufakwa ngokusisigxina kwezinto ezinokusasazeka kwezinto kusetyenziswa, njengomgaqo, womhlaza webele.Kucetyisiwe-Umhlaza wolusu - Umhlaza we-Prostate - Umhlaza webele - Umhlaza wesibeleko - Umhlaza welungu lobufazi - Umhlaza weColorectal - Umhlaza

Uphengululo:Ukuphakamisa iBrazil yinkqubo ebandakanya ukufakela amanqatha amanqatha empahleni ukuze ibanike imilo ejikeleze ngakumbi kwaye ibenze bomebe ngakumbi. Ukusebenzisa amanqatha isigulana kunciphisa umngcipheko wokukhatywa. Ububanzi obumiselweyo bokuhlala kwelinye ilizwe: Iiveki ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3Emva kotyando, awuyi kuba nakho ukuhlala, kwaye ngenxa yoko awuyi kuba namandla okushiya ikhaya kwangoko. Ukongeza, kuya kufuneka uye kwiindibano zokubonisana emva kwentsebenzo.

Uphengululo:Ukuqinisa ulusu lwezandla, okwabizwa ngokuba yi-brachioplasty, yinkqubo yoqhaqho yokutshintsha ubume bezandla nokubanika ukuqina. Ugqirha ugqirha unokusebenzisa i-liposuction ukususa amanqatha kunye nolusu, kunye nokuqinisa ulusu.Nangona uninzi lweeklinikhi zibonelela ngendlela engahlaseliyo, kuhlinzwa lwendabuko, ugqirha utyando wenza ukubonakala kwengalo ukusuka elwistini ukuya elungqamekweni. Kuba kule meko ingqatha ihlala kumphezulu wengalo, ihlala ingabonakali. Nangona kunjalo, izibonelelo zomsebenzi onjalo kufuneka zikalwe ngokuthelekiswa neziphumo zaso, ngakumbi amabala. Ububanzi obumiselweyo bokuhlala kwelinye ilizwe: Iiveki ezi-1Ngamanye amaxesha isigulana kufuneka sibesesibhedlele kude kube kususwe amanxeba. Lo mbuzo kufuneka ucaciswe ngugqirha wotyando. Ukuhamba emoyeni ukuya ekhaya kunokwenzeka kwiintsuku ezingama-7-10.

Uphengululo:Ukwandiswa kwesifuba yinkqubo yoqhaqho yokutshintsha ubungakanani kunye nokuma kweethambo le-mammary. Ihlala yenziwa kusetyenziswa ukufakelwa okufakwe ebeleni, kodwa ke kuyasetyenziswa into yokuhambisa izicubu zesisu. Kwimeko yesibini, ngoncedo lwe-liposuction, amanqatha afunyenwe esiswini nasezinkalweni, emva koko angeniswe kwi-mammary gland. Njengomthetho, ukuhanjiswa kwezicubu ze-adipose kukuvumela ukuba unyuse ubungakanani bebele ngeesentimitha ezingama-200 (malunga nobukhulu obuthile). Ububanzi obumiselweyo bokuhlala kwelinye ilizwe: Iiveki ezi-1

Yintoni ekufuneka uyazi malunga nenkqubo yokufaka intsholongwane ukuba uthatha isigqibo sokuyenza IVF?Kwizibini ezininzi, i-IVF kuphela kwendlela yokuba nomntwana olindelwe kade. Ngaba le nkqubo yeyiphi na, ikhuselekile, ukulungiselela i-IVF kuhamba njani kwaye iyakubiza malini?Inqobo yenkqubo ye-IVFIVF yinkqubo yokuchumisa ngaphandle komzimba: amaqanda kunye nesidoda asuswe emzimbeni, isichumiso senzeka elabhoratri. Emva koko amaqanda achumileyo abekwa kwi-incubator kwiintsuku ezingama-5-6 kwaye kwinkqubo yokuhlukana atyalwe esibelekweni.Iimpawu zeukuqeshwaIVF iboniswa kwiimeko ezininzi zokungachumi: •apha ngasentla, ihlala incediswa yiteknoloji yokuncedisa.I-ICSI -singeniso sokwaluka kwesidoda kwiqanda kusetyenziswa inaliti ebanzi kakhulu. Kuqhutywa ukuba •iimeko zaselebhu. Isetyenziselwa ukuba ukukhuthaza kungaphumeleli. Ukuthintela ukuvuselelwa kwehomoni.Uncedo oluxhonyiweyo yitekhnoloji eyenza ukuba kufakwe umbungu kwisibeleko. Umbungu ujikelezwe yigobolondo elincinci, elitshabalalisa ngaphambi kokufakwa.Ukulungiselela i-IVF, kuqhuba inkqubo kunye nokubeka iliso emva kwe-IVFUkulungiselela i-IVF kuthatha malunga neeveki ezi-2-3 kwaye kubandakanya iimvavanyo kubo bobabini abatshati. Inkqubo ye-IVF ihlala ibandakanya: •nullUkuba i-IVF ayinikezi isiphumo esifunekayo, abanye abantu abatshatayo baphendukela kwiinkonzo zoomama abasaqalayo.Kwamanye amazwe, ubugqwetha buthintelwe ngumthetho, kodwa kukho amazwe apho u-surrogacy afuneka khona kakhulu, umzekelo, eKazakhstan.Namhlanje eRussia, Kazakhstan nakwamanye amazwe e-CIS, kuyenzeka ukuba kwenziwe i-IVF yasimahla nangaluphi na uhlobo lokuzala.Shiya isicelo kwiwebhusayithi yethu kwaye iingcali zethu ziya kunxibelelana nawe kwaye zikuncede ukhethe ezona klinikhi zibalaseleyo ngokubhekisele kwimeko yakho yasimahla.

Ukufakwa kwamazinyo sisikali esincinci eskroliweyo esisele somhlathi ukuze sibuyisele izinyo lendalo. Isebenza njengeengcambu zezinyo kwaye ekugqibeleni inamathela ngokuqinileyo kwithambo lendalo.Ngokwesiqhelo, ukufakelwa kufakwe emhlathini kwaye ngaphakathi kweenyanga ezi-1.5-6 kuthathwa iingcambu ngaphakathi kuwo, kufakwe ngawo. Ke, iyaphilisa ngaphandle kokubekwa phantsi koxinzelelo ngenxa yohlafuna, olunciphisa umngcipheko wokufakelwa ungaphilisi. Emva kokufakwa, ugqirha wamazinyo wenza umbono wento yokufakelwa isithsaba, esiya kuyibeka phezuluukufakwa kunye nokuhluthwa (isinxibelelanisi sabo).Kuxhomekeke kubunzima bethambo lomhlathi kunye nezinye iimeko, ixesha phakathi kokufakwa kokufakwa kunye nokufakwa kweprosthesis engapheliyo kwimeko eyahlukileyo. Ezinye iiklinikhi zithi iiveki ezi-6 zanele, kwezinye zifaka amazinyo amatsha yonke imihla zisebenzisa ukufakwa kwangoko njengeStraumann.Ukufakwa kwamazinyo kunokusetyenziselwa ukufakelwa izinyo elinye okanye njengenxalenye yokufakwa emanzini. Kwimeko ye-prostheses epheleleyo kwiimilambo ezi-4 kunye nezinye iibhlorho kwayeAmazinyo obuxoki asekwe kwizifakelo asetyenziselwa i-prostheses esekwe kwipateni ethile, exhasa i-arch yamazinyo yonke (ukuya kuthi ga kumazinyo ali-10 okanye ali-12).Izinto zokufakelwa kwamazinyo zisetyenziswa kwizigulana eziphosa amazinyo zifuna isisombululo esisisigxina, esisisigxina esiya kuthi sizenze sizive sinembonakalo kwinkangeleko yazo, kunye nokukwazi ukutya nokuthetha kamnandi.Ngokwesiqhelo, ukufakelwa kubekwe emhlathini kuze kuvunyelwe ukuphilisa (kunye nefuse ukuya kuthi xhaxhe okanye i-osseointegrate) phakathi kweeveki ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-6.Oku kuvumela ukufakelwa amandla okunyanga ngaphandle kokufumana uxinzelelo lokuhlafuna kwaye kunciphisa umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli. Nje ukuba okufakelweyo kuphephe, ugqirha wamazinyo uya kuthatha imbonakalo yomlomo ukuze enze isithsaba sokuhlala ngaphezulu kokufakwa kunye nomda (isixhumi, phakathi kwesibini).Ixesha elifunekayo phakathi kokubekwa kokufakelwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-prosthesis yokugqibela kuya kwahluka ngokwahlukeneyo, ngokuxhomekeka kubungakanani bomhlathi womhlathi kunye nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo. Ezinye iikliniki zinika ingxelo yokuba iiveki ezi-6 zanele, kwaye ezinye iikliniki zibonelela ngamazinyo amatsha ngemini kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ezifanaUkufakwa kwamazinyo kwangoko kwe-Straumann.Ukufakwa kwamazinyo kunokusetyenziselwa ukuxhasa izinyo elinye, kodwa kunokuba yinxalenye yokubuyiselwa komlomo ngokupheleleyo. Izinketho ezinje ngo-All-4 kunye nabanye oomiliselwa-abaxhaswe ngamabhuloho amazinyo axhasayo kunye nokufezekiswa okuxhaswayo usebenzisa amazinyo axhonywe ngobuchule ukubamba i-arch (ukuya kuthi ga kumazinyo ali-10 okanye ali-12).KucetyisiweUkufakwa kwamazinyo kuyacetyiswa kwimeko yokulahleka kwamazinyo, xa isisombululo esisisigxina esisisigxina kufuneka sinike isigulana ukuzithemba kwinkangeleko yabo, siyakubavumela ukuba batye kwaye bathethe ngaphandle kokuthintelwa.