La Clinique de l'Infirmerie Protestante

Dilation and curettage, also referred to as D&C, is a procedure performed to diagnosis and treat problems with the uterus. The procedure can help to diagnose uterine cancer, the cause of heavy bleeding, and is also performed as part of the process for diagnosing the cause of infertility. In addition to be performed for diagnosis purposes, the procedure is also performed to treat uterine polyps, remove parts of the placenta which may remain in the uterus after childbirth, remove fibroid tumors, and remove tissue that may be causing bleeding or infection. The procedure involves dilating the cervix to gain access to the uterus and clearing the uterus out by scraping the tissue out using an instrument known as a curette. The procedure is usually performed under a general anesthetic and may sometimes be performed in combination with other procedures such as hysteroscopy. Recommended for Removing uterine polyps Removing remaining placenta after childbirth Diagnosing heavy bleeding Diagnosing pelvic pain Diagnosing uterine cancer

A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove the uterus (womb). It is performed to treat a variety of different conditions, heavy periods, pelvic pain, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, fibroids (benign tumors), endometriosis, and chronic pelvic pain. Hysterectomies are most commonly performed in women above the age of 40. There are different types of hysterectomy that can be performed, depending on the patient's individual case. A total hysterectomy, which is the most commonly performed hysterectomy, involves removing the uterus and cervix. A subtotal hysterectomy is the removal of the uterus. A total hysterectomy with BSO (bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy) involves removing the uterus, cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. A radical hysterectomy is the same as a total hysterectomy with BSO, with the addition of removing surrounding tissue, fat, lymph glands, and part of the vagina. There are 3 different surgical approaches to performing a hysterectomy which include laparoscopic hysterectomy, abdominal hysterectomy, and vaginal hysterectomy. Once a hysterectomy is performed, it is no longer possible for a woman become pregnant, therefore patients should be sure that they do not want to become pregnant before undergoing surgery. Having a hysterectomy can take 6 to 8 weeks to recover from, as it is a major operation. Recommended for Severe endometriosis Chronic pelvic pain Painful uterine fibroids Uterine prolapse Abnormal bleeding (when other treatments have been unsuccessful) Cancer of the uterus, cervix or ovaries

A myomectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove fibroids from the uterus. Uterine fibroids are growths which are non-cancerous that form on the uterus. Fibroids are removed as they can cause vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, lower back pain, pain during sexual intercourse, and constipation. Recommended for Patients who experience symptoms of uterine fibroids Patients who are trying to conceive

Ovarian cyst removal is a surgical procedure performed to remove large, cancerous or painful cysts from the ovaries. An ovarian cyst is a sac filled with fluid that can form on the ovaries. There are 2 different types of ovarian cysts, functional cysts and pathological cysts. Functional cysts occur in women who have not yet gone through the menopause. A functional cyst forms when the follicle in the ovary, which is responsible for releasing the eggs, does not release the egg or becomes swollen. This type of cyst is usually harmless and non-cancerous, and in most cases goes away without requiring treatment. Recommended for Large ovarian cysts Cancerous ovarian cysts Ovarian cysts that are causing pain

An echocardiogram, commonly referred to as an echo, is a test that uses sound waves to assess the heart by creating 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional images of the heart. It is a diagnostic test that is used to detect any problems with the heart valves and chambers. The test may be performed in conjunction with an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) as part of a stress test. Recommended for Detecting congenital heart defects in a fetus Assessing the heart's ability to circulate blood throughout the body Detecting problems with heart valves or chambers

An electrocardiogram (also called an ECG or EKG) is performed to identify problems with the heart, such as heart disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart defects, heart valve disease, or pericarditis. An electrocardiogram is a painless and non-invasive. The procedure is performed by attaching electrodes to the skin, which detect electrical impulses from the heart, indicating the size of the heart chambers, regularity of the heartbeat, and other details. Recommended for Chest pain Fast or irregular heartbeat Breathing problems Tiredness and weakness Unusual sounds from the heart

A medical examination, also called medical checkup or health checkup, is a general examination of a patient's health. Having a medical checkup can help to identify problems early on, even before symptoms show. A checkup can also give patients peace of mind if they are worried about their health. It is recommended to have a general health checkup every few years. This is especially for people who are overweight, unhealthy, or who have a family history of diseases like heart disease, cancer, or diabetes. A health checkup can help to identify problems early on, such as high blood pressure or heart disease, so that patients can make necessary lifestyle changes and if needed, take medication. There are many different tests that may be performed in a health checkup, including blood tests, diagnostic imaging, cardiac studies and more. A medical checkup may also include cancer marker blood tests, to detect any signs of cancerous cells in the body. A checkup is recommended if you have concerns about your health, and wish to put your mind at ease, or if you have health problems which require ongoing monitoring. Recommended for A medical checkup is recommended for anyone, in particular people who are at risk of developing certain health conditions.

Overview: Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood cells in the body. It usually begins in the bone marrow where an abnormality occurs in the white blood cells. Normal blood cells form, divide, and die to make room for new cells. Leukemia disrupts this process and prevents the blood cells from functioning properly. Average length of stay abroad: weeks The length of stay abroad will depend on the treatment plan and the patient's response to treatment.

Overview: Breast cancer treatment varies depending on the stage of the cancer and whether or not the cancer has spread. Cancer occurs when there is an abnormality in cell growth, which causes the cells to divide and grow quickly when the cell should die to make room for new cells. Average length of stay abroad: weeks The time spent abroad will depend on the treatment. If chemotherapy or radiotherapy are the methods of treatment, then multiple sessions are likely to be required which may mean a longer stay than with surgery.

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer among men; in women, it is less common. As a rule, a bladder tumor develops slowly, and it can be successfully managed without major surgery. Moreover, in most cases of bladder cancer, the risk of developing a life-threatening tumor is extremely small. Early diagnosis and regular examinations are key to the success of treatment.Bladder cancer symptomsThe most common sign of bladder cancer is the appearance of blood in the urine. Sometimes it can be seen with the naked eye, but often the presence of blood cells can only be detected during the generalurinalysis. The appearance of blood in the urine may be accompanied by unpleasant sensations during urination (usually described as “burning”). In addition, urination may be more frequent and more urgent than usual. In the early stages of the disease, other symptoms are absent. Therefore, if there is blood in the urine or in case of obstruction in urination, an examination should be immediately taken. It is important to remember that these symptoms do not necessarily indicate the presence of a tumor - they can also be caused by stones, inflammation of the urethra, enlarged prostate, etc. In any case, the cause of these symptoms must first be precisely determined.howare diagnosed with bladder cancer?If blood is found in the urine, several examinations should be performed to exclude a tumor of the bladder. This disease is the responsibility of urology, so even if you have been to a family doctor, you should visit a urologist. After clarifying the medical history and physical examination, you will have to go through several additional checks, usually not requiring hospitalization.During cystoscopy, a thin endoscope is inserted through the urethra (urethra) into the bladder. With it, you can carefully examine the inner space of the bladder and check for tumors or other diseases. You can also take a sample from the wall.bladder (biopsy). The examination is carried out lying down, under local anesthesia, and does not require hospitalization. After cystoscopy, a slight burning sensation during urination is possible, which will pass after a day or two. Drinking plenty of fluids these days is recommended.CT urography is a computed tomography scan during which a contrast agent is injected into the body and quickly concentrates in the urethra. After this, computed tomography shows the condition of the kidneys, ureters and bladder. If the patient suffers from asthma or is allergic to drugs or iodine, special medications should be taken before the procedure to prevent an allergic reaction. It is important to note that ultrasound and computed tomographykidneys are not enough to give an exhaustive and unambiguous explanation of the causes of blood in the urine.Bladder cancer treatmentThe first step is to remove the tumor. The removed tissue is sent to the laboratory to determine the type of tumor and the depth of its penetration into the wall of the bladder. Removal of the tumor (or its resection) usually occurs during hospitalization. The resection is performed under anesthesia using a cystoscope-like apparatus that is inserted through the urethra (urethra), without incisions or opening the abdominal cavity. In most cases, after a tumor is detected, the patient is invited to a scheduled operation. However, in cases where the tumor leadsto constant bleeding, urgent surgery is required. As a rule, tumor resection leads to a stop of bleeding. Sometimes the complete removal of the tumor is not possible due to its size or the depth of penetration into the wall of the bladder. In such cases, a biopsy will be performed to determine the type of tumor and the depth of its penetration, after which other treatment methods will be used. After surgery, a catheter will be left in the bladder through the urethra for several days so that the surgical wound can heal. In the first days after surgery, there may be slight bleeding from the bladder, which should gradually stop. After removal of the catheterfeeling urgent and burning, or pain when urinating. Typically, this interference is temporary. In most cases, the patient will be able to return to normal home functioning 2-3 days after surgery. The decision to continue treatment depends on the results of a histological examination (tumor type and penetration depth).The second stage of treatment may include three options.    Superficial tumor, not penetrating further than the transitional epithelium. In this case, continued treatment is not required. Despite this, such tumors often occur again, especially in the first years after surgery. For this reason, especiallyIt is important to be examined regularly in a urological clinic.     The tumor penetrated beyond the transitional epithelium, but did not enter the muscle. In this case, we are also talking about a superficial tumor, but further treatment is required. As a rule, special medications are injected into the bladder. The most common and effective drug is called BCG. Its goal is to enhance the local immune response. Cytotoxic drugs that kill cancer cells are also used. The purpose of BCG and other drugs is to prevent tumor recurrence after resection. This treatment is also recommended in cases such as the presence of multiple superficial tumors.or rapid relapse of the tumor several months after surgery. The drug is administered once a week for approximately six weeks, in a urological clinic, using a thin catheter that is inserted into the bladder. After administering the drug, the patient is asked to refrain from urinating for two hours. The patient may experience a burning sensation when urinating and an unpleasant feeling in the lower abdomen, however, they quickly pass.     The tumor penetrated into the muscle, deep into the walls of the bladder. In this case, resection of the tumor through the urethra is not enough. Usually, you need to remove the entire bladder beforeopening the abdominal cavity. The goal of bladder resection is to completely remove cancer cells from the body in order to fully recover.     After resection of the bladder, a replacement should be created to allow him to urinate. There are several options for such replacements:    Urine enters directly into the bag attached to the wall of the abdominal cavity.     Creating an alternative urinary pocket in the body cavity (requires the introduction of a catheter several times a day to empty the pocket of urine).     An alternative urinary pocket in the body cavity that allows normal urination through the urethra.maybeIs there a complete recovery?The answer is unequivocal: yes. Most bladder tumors are superficial tumors. Removal of the tumor through the urethra (sometimes in combination with the introduction of BCG into the bladder) leads to its complete disappearance. Often, after some time, the tumor recurs, but with regular examination, you can detect it at an early stage and successfully resist it. Clinical examination includes urinalysis, cystoscopy and computed tomography of the urethra. The more time has passed since the last treatment, the less often you need to be examined. It is important that you remember that smoking increases your risk.relapse of a bladder tumor; therefore, if you smoke, you should give up this bad habit.Tumors that penetrate deep into the wall of the bladder can also be completely cured with the help of its resection. In most cases, it is possible to create an alternative bladder that allows normal urination through the urethra. Thanks to this, the patient can not only fully recover, but also return to the normal functioning that is familiar to him.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

On average, transformation from precancer into a cancerous tumor takes from 2 to 15 years. The subsequent transition from the initial stage of cancer to the final one lasts 1-2 years.Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor, which according to medical statistics among oncological diseases that occur in the fair sex, takes fourth place (after cancer of the stomach, skin and mammary glands).The source of a cervical cancer is normal cells that cover the cervix. More than 600 thousand of these tumors are detected annually.patients. Although cervical cancer usually occurs between the ages of 40-60 years, but, unfortunately, it has recently become very young.The treatment of cervical cancer is combined and includes surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In each case, treatment is prescribed individually, it depends on the stage of the disease, concomitant diseases, the condition of the cervix, and the presence of inflammatory diseases at present.During a surgical operation, a tumor can be removed with part of the cervix, removal of the tumor along withthe cervix, and sometimes with the uterus itself. Often, the operation is supplemented by removal of the lymph nodes of the pelvis (if cancer cells have managed to get used to it). The issue of ovarian removal is usually decided individually (in the early stages of cancer in young women, the ovaries can be preserved).After surgery, if necessary, patients are prescribed radiation therapy. Treatment with ionizing radiation can both complement surgical treatment, and can be prescribed separately. In the treatment of cervical cancer, chemotherapy, special drugs that stop growth can be used.and cancer cell division. Unfortunately, the possibilities of chemotherapy for this disease are very limited.The success of cervical cancer treatment depends on the age of the patient, the correctness of the selection of therapy, and, most importantly, on the early diagnosis of the disease. When cervical cancer is detected at an early stage, the prognosis is very favorable and the disease can be cured by surgical methods alone.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

Overview: Chemotherapy is the use of medicine or drugs that contain chemical substances to treat cancer. It can be used in combination with other cancer treatments such as radiotherapy or surgery. Chemotherapy works by destroying cancerous cells that quickly develop or multiply. Average length of stay abroad: weeks The amount of time abroad will depend on how many chemotherapy cycles are required.

Overview: Chronic leukemia treatment aims to cure or alleviate and manage symptoms of leukemia. Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood cells in the body. It usually begins in the bone marrow where an abnormality occurs in the white blood cells. Normal blood cells form, divide, and die to make room for new cells. Leukemia disrupts this process and prevents the blood cells from functioning properly. Average length of stay abroad: weeks The amount of time abroad will depend on how many chemotherapy or radiotherapy cycles are required.

Overview: Colon/bowel cancer treatment, which may also be referred to as colorectal cancer treatment, varies depending on the location and stage of the cancer. Cancer occurs when there is an abnormality in cell growth, which causes the cells to divide and grow quickly when the cell should die to make room for new cells.

nulldrug and radiation therapy are connected to the operation. The choice of the leading method of treatment is dictated by the size and location of the tumor, the patient's condition and concomitant diseases.With a very small tumor that does not germinate the mucosa, only the mucosa with the underlying layer is resected with a gastroscope, and the treatment results are very good.At stage I – II of the cancer, part of the esophagus is removed, the defect is filled with a segment of the intestine or a tube is formed from the stomach. Today it is possible to use endoscopic equipment for these operations.With the spread of the tumor into the muscle layer and further, an operation is also performed, but thisnullSometimes chemoradiotherapy is carried out with insufficient radical surgery. Chemotherapy can be performed if surgery is not possible, when the tumor is too large, or with a small tumor, but with general contraindications for surgery. In this conservative option, survival is comparable to surgical treatment. In the presence of fistulas, chemoradiotherapy is not possible. Chemotherapy may be complicated by acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, which will require a meal through a dropper.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

Malignant neoplasms of the gallbladder. The disease belongs to a rather rare disease, most often women aged 50 years and older.Symptoms of gall bladderThe main symptomatic manifestations include nausea and vomiting, jaundice, pain in the upper third of the abdomen, fever, fever, decreased body weight, decreased appetite, bloating, and the development of tumors in the abdominal cavity. As a rule, in the early stages of the disease, the patient does not have any discomfort, which significantly reduces the patient’s chances ofrecovery.Diagnosis of gallbladder cancerA number of laboratory and instrumental studies are carried out: a general blood test, blood biochemistry, an x-ray of the abdominal organs, a magnetic resonance diagnosis of the abdominal organs, transdermal transhepatic cholangiography, a biopsy of the gallbladder with further histological examination of samples of affected tissues.Gallbladder Cancer TreatmentThe treatment of this disease, like most malignant neoplasms, involves surgical removal of the tumor and conservative therapy. The main treatment method is surgery, the most popular cholecystectomy. Today, it is carried out in a more gentle operational way.- laparoscopic method. During the complex treatment, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are used, and patients are also prescribed radiosensitizer preparations that contain active components that increase the sensitivity of atypical cells to certain types of radiation.Gallbladder Cancer PreventionThere are no specific methods for the prevention of this pathology. General recommendations include: normalization of weight indicators, proper nutrition, a decrease in the amount of food of animal origin and an increase in the diet of vegetables and fruits. It is also recommended to abandon bad habits, exercise regularly, and temper the body.

nullall kidney tumors are diagnosed randomly, with a planned ultrasound with the complete absence of any symptoms.The characteristic symptoms of the disease are now less common.    1. Blood in the urine (hematuria). Her appearance may be sudden and profuse.     2. Pain in the back and lower back: these complaints are associated with the germination of a tumor in neighboring organs or blockage of the ureter.     3. Compaction in the abdomen (palpation palpates a tumor).     4. An increase in temperature and blood pressure (the latter may be caused by compression of the arteries or the production of a renin tumor).5. Varicocele.     6. Losing weight, general weakness, anemia, night sweats, and excessive fatigue.Unfortunately, often signs of kidney cancer do not appear immediately, the disease proceeds in an asymptomatic form for a long time. That is why it is so important to undergo a regular preventive examination, do an ultrasound scan and take a blood and urine test.Diagnosis of kidney cancerDiagnosis of kidney cancer involves a whole range of different manipulations, which allows you to establish the correct diagnosis with maximum accuracy.   1. The most affordable diagnostic method is ultrasound.    2. The gold standard for the diagnosis of kidney tumors is computertomography with contrast. Computed tomography gives a complete picture of the position of the tumor, its size, clinical stage and tumor growth in adjacent organs.   3. A urinalysis reveals the presence of an impurity of blood in the urine.   4. A blood test allows you to identify indirect signs of the disease: anemia, elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase, urea in the blood, etc.   5. MRI for the diagnosis of kidney tumors is used less often than CT, the main indication for performing MRI is a contraindication to performing CT.   6. A biopsy of kidney tumors is performed to confirm the diagnosis.and determining further treatment tactics. Unfortunately, in some cases, a biopsy of a kidney tumor is non-invasive, for this reason this study is now rarely performed.  7. To determine metastases in the lungs and bones of the skeleton, chest x-ray and osteoscintigraphy are used.  8. Renal angiography - an X-ray examination with a contrast agent.Based on what are the manifestations of kidney cancer, the patient’s condition and the results of preliminary tests, the doctor chooses certain methods for diagnosing kidney cancer to form the most objective picture.Stages of kidney cancerThere are 4 stages of kidney cancer characterized by variousnullor the tumor spreads to the renal vein / vena cava.     4. Kidney cancer grade 4. A tumor sprouts a kidney capsule.Kidney cancer treatmentKidney cancer treatment is based on several generally accepted methods that are used individually or comprehensively. The attending physician, based on the type of tumor, the clinical stage of the patient’s age and well-being, the existing contraindications and other factors, can resort to various treatment methods. The most effective way to treat kidney cancer is by surgical removal of the tumor. Radical nephrectomy is the complete removal of the affected kidney, usually together with the surrounding perirenal tissue, lymph nodes, and sometimesadrenal gland. If the size of the tumor does not exceed 7 cm, a partial resection of the kidney is performed. Along with the traditional method, in which the removal of the kidney or its resection is performed through a large incision, there is a laparoscopic one. In this case, the tumor is removed or resected using special tools inserted into the abdominal cavity through small incisions (2 cm). The laparoscopic method is associated with a lower frequency of complications. In addition, patient rehabilitation is faster. An alternative treatment for kidney tumors is cryoablation. The essence of the method is to freeze the tumor with the help of special cryoprobe inserted into the tumor. Tumorsubjected to alternate freezing and thawing, which ultimately leads to the death of cancer cells. This method is the least traumatic for the patient and is indicated when surgery is not possible, tumors of both kidneys and a tumor of a single kidney. Drug therapy (chemotherapy, hormone therapy or immunotherapy) is prescribed if advanced kidney cancer is diagnosed (stage 4), when surgery is not possible.Kidney Cancer PreventionTo prevent kidney cancer, it is important to quit smoking, control weight and eat a balanced diet (with a predominance of fruits and vegetables). Thus, a healthy lifestyle is the main method of preventing this disease.

nullvolume of damage to the larynx. Hoarseness of the voice is an early sign when the carcinoma is located on the vocal folds, but appears in the later stages when localized in the supraclad and subclad sections. Patients with sublingual cancer often have airway obstruction and hoarseness is a common symptom in the later stages. Patients with over-ligamentous cancer often have dysphagia; other characteristic symptoms of this disease are airway obstruction, otalgia, the development of a tumor in the neck, a muffled voice. Patients with these symptoms should be immediately referred for indirect laryngoscopy.DiagnosticsLaryngoscopySurgical endoscopy andnullnullEndoscopic laser resection and radiation therapy, as a rule, allow you to save the voice of patients. The use for the treatment of laryngeal cancer in the early stages of surgery or radiation therapy, as a rule, depends on the preferences of the doctors of the institution and the patient.In the later stages of vocal fold carcinoma, they are immobilized or involved in the process of the tongue; patients are shown chemotherapy or radiation therapy. If the patient's tumor has spread beyond the larynx or has penetrated into the cartilage, laryngectomy provides the best oncological results; laryngectomy is most often extensive, but in some casesendoscopic laser resection of the tumor or open partial laryngectomy can be used. Extensive laryngectomy is also widely used in difficult situations to save the patient; however, sometimes in such situations, endoscopic resection or open partial laryngectomy may be used.In the early stages of carcinoma of the supraclavicular larynx, radiation therapy or partial resection of the larynx are effective. The use of laser resection in the early stages of squamous cell carcinoma has shown quite good results. If the carcinoma continues to develop, but does not affect the real vocal cords, then a partial nasal laryngectomy can be performed to preserve the voice andsphincter of glottis. If the patient also has vocal cords, laryngectomy over the cricoid cartilage or total laryngectomy is required, if it is decided to carry out surgical treatment. As in the case of laryngocarcinoma, most of the progressive stages of supermucosal cancer are initially treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The ligamentous region has a rich lymphatic network, therefore, special attention should be given to the neck region in all patients with ligamentous cancer.With carcinoma of the lower pharynx, the treatment is the same as with cancer of the larynx. In the early stages, damage is usually treated with onlyradiation therapy, or endoscopic resection as an alternative. However, in most patients with submaryngeal cancer, progress is associated with the asymptomatic nature of the disease and frequent local spread through the lymphatic system; such patients are treated mainly with chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and promptly - according to vital indicators.RehabilitationRehabilitation may be required after any type of treatment. Usually, serious difficulties arise with the process of swallowing food after chemotherapy or radiation therapy, which may require dilatation of the esophagus, in more severe cases, plastic of the pharynx or application of a gastrostomy. During surgicalthe intervention may also interfere with the swallowing process, and treatment may be required, including expansion of the swallowing pathways.Surgery, on the other hand, affects speech more significantly. After total laryngectomy, the patient needs to create a new voice by:    Esophageal voice    Esophageal tracheal puncture    E-throat (electropharynx)With all three methods, speech is formed with the participation of the pharynx, soft palate, tongue, teeth and lips.The basis for the formation of the “esophageal voice” (pseudo-voice) is the creation of a pseudo-voice gap in the esophagus and its developmentarbitrary closure.With tracheoesophageal fistula, a valve is placed between the trachea and esophagus in order to enhance phonation. The valve helps pump air into the esophagus during the inspiration act. Patients undergo physical rehabilitation, courses on speech techniques, they are taught the rules for handling fistula, and all patients are warned about the risk of aspiration of food and water.The electric larynx is a battery-powered device located on the surface of the neck. Despite the discomfort created by social stigma when worn for many patients, it is easy to handle and does not require special training.

Overview: Once a patient has been diagnosed with cancer, the first step in getting treatment is to make an oncology consultation, to discuss the treatment options with a specialist. Average length of stay abroad: 1 days The patient may choose to return home after the consultation and return to the clinic once the treatment is scheduled to begin.

nullmanifest themselves in the early stages of the disease (with the exception of stromal).Key risk factors include:     advanced age - as a rule, the disease develops in women after menopause, aged 50 to 60 years (8 out of 10 cases);      women with early onset of menstruation (up to 12 years old) and late menopause (after 52 years);      smoking;      obesity;      taking drugs for infertility and hormone replacement therapy;      polycystic;      endometriosis (abnormal proliferation of the inner lining of the uterus);hereditary factor (genetic predisposition) - the presence of close relatives of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer.Women who have no children and have never breast-fed are also at risk.Stages and types of ovarian cancerThere are 4 stages:    At stage 1, the lesion is found in one or both ovaries. The prognosis is positive, the cure is positive, most patients go into stable remission without returning the disease.    At stage 2, the neoplasm spreads to other parts of the pelvic cavity. In general, and at this stage, the forecast is positive, according to statistics in the five-year rangenullaccording to the degree of malignancy:    class A (low malignancy) - a slowly growing tumor, cells with minor anomalies (highly differentiated);     class B (moderate malignancy) - more pronounced morphological changes in tumor cells compared with highly differentiated;     class C (high malignancy) - a fast-growing tumor, low-grade cells.Ovarian Cancer TreatmentsCombination therapy usually involves a combination of the surgical method (surgery) and chemotherapy.SurgeryAs a rule, during surgery for ovarian cancer, both paired organs, the fallopian tubes and the uterus, nearby lymph nodes and folds of adipose tissue in the abdominal cavity are removed,to which the cancer has spread.If a young woman can detect the disease at the very beginning (at stage 1), in some cases a gentle surgical intervention is performed with removal of the ovary and fallopian tube on one side. In addition to the fact that the prognosis for cure in this case is positive, this allows you to keep hope of pregnancy.To reduce trauma and the likelihood of complications, as well as for cosmetic purposes, surgery for ovarian cancer can be performed using the Robot da Vinci intelligent robotic system.ChemotherapyChemotherapy for ovarian cancer is usually prescribed after surgery as part of complex therapy. Drugs are usually administeredinto a vein or directly into the abdominal cavity, a combination of these methods is also used.In the later stages, chemotherapy can be chosen as the main method of therapy.Radiation therapyIn rare cases (with severe pain, bleeding from a tumor), external radiation therapy or brachytherapy (contact radiation) are included in the treatment regimen for ovarian cancer.Recovery after treatmentWith a normal course of rehabilitation, full recovery after treatment of ovarian cancer in women takes up to 6 weeks. If the uterus has been removed, within 3-4 weeks it is necessary to abandon sex. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe hormones and vitamin D.

Skin cancer is a very common problem. In the world, Australia, New Zealand and the USA lead in the number of new cases of melanoma reported per year. In Russia, as elsewhere in the world, morbidity statistics are growing.According to the World Health Organization, 132,000 new cases of melanoma are reported annually in the world. Most patients are elderly people, after 50 years the number of sick men is 2-3 times higher than women. But in young men and women, skin cancer develops quite often. According to epidemiologists, thisCancer in Russia is second only to lung cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer. In other words, this is not about some exotic disease, but about a real threat to health.Types of skin oncologyCommon skin cancers include:Basal cell carcinoma - this tumor is diagnosed in 7 cases of skin cancer out of 10. Basalioma looks like a nodule or scar of red-brown or pink color, which usually appears on the face. A neoplasm can sometimes itch, hurt or bleed - it slowly increases in size,without causing a person expressed discomfort, which is why a visit to a doctor may be delayed. Fortunately, this tumor rarely spreads throughout the body (gives metastases), therefore, the prognosis for patients is usually favorable.Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (squamous cell carcinoma) often resembles a mushroom in shape: a round body with a thin leg. This tumor is similar to a wart: in most cases it is found on the surface of the face, in the region of the lower lip. In some varieties of squamous cell carcinoma, a neoplasm can be recognized only by a change in skin color: in the pathological areashe looks pale or sore. In the later stages, carcinoma leads to the formation of metastases and is sometimes incurable.Melanoma is an extremely dangerous type of tumor that causes most deaths in skin cancer. It develops most often from moles - accumulations of pigment cells, melanocytes, but not only: melanoma can also affect the retina, mucous membranes (oral cavity, vagina, rectum). This neoplasm is characterized by rapid growth and is prone to the formation of numerous distant metastases - in the bones, brain, lungs, liver. Evenwith timely treatment, patients with melanoma often have relapses - repeated tumor growth after several years.There are several basic methods for fighting skin cancer.Surgery is the most affordable way to get rid of a tumor. The greatest effectiveness of the operation is noted in the early stages, when the neoplasm does not affect the lymph nodes and other organs and tissues. After removal of the tumor, the surgeon performs cauterization (electrocoagulation) and curettage (curettage) of the wound surface to destroy the residual cancer cells. Since skin cancer often develops on the face, there are gentle interventions,which minimize aesthetic defects. These include cryodestruction, in which the tumor is frozen with liquid nitrogen and removed without severe tissue injury. However, it should be understood that in cases with aggressive types of cancer - squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma - it is impossible to make a choice in favor of the minimum volume of surgery. Micrographic surgery, according to the MOHS method (Mohsa), is considered the safest and most effective modern type of surgical intervention for skin cancer. With it, skin with tumor cells is removed in layers, under the control of a microscope, and each layer is directly induring the operation is sent for further examination to the laboratory. The surgeon stops the intervention only at the moment when histologists confirm that the wound is free of malignant cells.Radiotherapy is used as an adjunct to the surgical method. Radiation is detrimental to cells prone to rapid growth, therefore, directed beams of ionizing radiation can reduce the size of the tumor, as well as destroy those malignant cells that survived after surgery. The duration of radiotherapy sessions and the radiation dose is individual for each patient.Chemotherapy is systemic and local. With the appointment of this technique, cytotoxic (detrimental tocells) a chemical is injected intravenously or applied directly to the tumor. Such an approach is extremely important in identifying metastases when the foci of cancer are located outside the reach of surgeons.Photodynamic therapy involves the destruction of a tumor by a laser beam after preliminary photosensitization (increasing the sensitivity of cells to light). This method is relatively new, and its use without surgery is subject to discussion. However, the development of technology contributes to the fact that photodynamic therapy is gradually being introduced into the clinical practice of medical institutions.Immune and targeted therapy - sophisticated and promising techniques involving targeted targeting.tumors by stimulating the immune system or the introduction of drugs created specifically for a particular type of cancer based on the individual genetic characteristics of the patient. Some experts are sure that over time this area in oncology will replace all other methods of treating neoplasms, but so far, immune and targeted therapy are used in combination with other procedures and - for the prevention of relapses.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

Liposuction is a surgical procedure to remove fat from beneath the skin. The procedure is performed with a narrow suction device. Some devices use ultrasound to help break down fat. Liposuction can be used to target a range of areas, including abdomen, hips, thighs, calves, arms, buttocks, back, neck, or face. Liposuction can target stubborn, unwanted fat deposits in patients who are slightly overweight or who have a normal weight, but have fat build-ups in one area. Liposuction is not recommended as a treatment for obesity, as surgeons can only remove a limited amount of fat. Recommended for Patients with stubborn deposits of fat

An arm lift, also referred to as a brachioplasty, is a surgical procedure to firm and reshape the upper arms. The surgeon may use liposuction to remove excess fat and skin and reposition the remaining skin to tighten it. An arm lift procedure may be recommended for patients with a lot of loose skin on the arms, or patients with large hanging fat deposits. Loose arm skin (often called "bingo wings") is common after considerable weight loss. Patients with small amounts of loose skin should not consider surgery as it can leave a big scar. Generally, the surgery is only recommended if the transformation will be dramatic enough to justify the scarring. Many clinics offer minimally invasive options however, traditionally the surgeon makes an incision in the arm extending from the elbow, up to the armpit. As the scar is on the inside of the arm, it is hidden a lot of the time but may still be seen. Patients should consider whether the benefits of the surgery outweigh the potential scarring. Recommended for Removing loose arm skin and fat deposits

A body lift is a combination of surgical procedures designed to improve the overall appearance of the patient's body, by removing excess skin and tightening the remaining skin. A body lift also involves the removal of underlying excess fat and can treat cellulite. The procedure is most commonly performed on patients who have undergone bariatric surgery to lose weight, or who have lost significant amounts of weight through diet and exercise, and are left with excess skin around the body. A lower body lift is the most popular type of body lift which can include an abdominoplasty (tummy tuck), thigh and butt lift. Other surgeries can also be combined in a body lift, such as a breast lift or arm lift. Recommended for Weight loss patients with excess skin