Primus Super Specialty Hospital

Dilation and curettage, also referred to as D&C, is a procedure performed to diagnosis and treat problems with the uterus. The procedure can help to diagnose uterine cancer, the cause of heavy bleeding, and is also performed as part of the process for diagnosing the cause of infertility. In addition to be performed for diagnosis purposes, the procedure is also performed to treat uterine polyps, remove parts of the placenta which may remain in the uterus after childbirth, remove fibroid tumors, and remove tissue that may be causing bleeding or infection. The procedure involves dilating the cervix to gain access to the uterus and clearing the uterus out by scraping the tissue out using an instrument known as a curette. The procedure is usually performed under a general anesthetic and may sometimes be performed in combination with other procedures such as hysteroscopy. Recommended for Removing uterine polyps Removing remaining placenta after childbirth Diagnosing heavy bleeding Diagnosing pelvic pain Diagnosing uterine cancer

An electrocardiogram (also called an ECG or EKG) is performed to identify problems with the heart, such as heart disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart defects, heart valve disease, or pericarditis. An electrocardiogram is a painless and non-invasive. The procedure is performed by attaching electrodes to the skin, which detect electrical impulses from the heart, indicating the size of the heart chambers, regularity of the heartbeat, and other details. Recommended for Chest pain Fast or irregular heartbeat Breathing problems Tiredness and weakness Unusual sounds from the heart

Disease prevalenceEpilepsy, which affects more than 50 million people worldwide, accounts for a significant share of the global burden of disease. It is estimated that the proportion of the total population with an active form of epilepsy (that is, with ongoing seizures or the need for treatment) at a given time is from 4 to 10 per 1000 people. However, the results of some studies in low- and middle-income countries suggest that this proportion is much higher - from 7 to 15 per 1000 people.It is estimated that globally, epilepsy is diagnosed annually in2.4 million people. In high-income countries, the number of new annual cases of the disease at the general population level is between 30 and 50 per 100,000. In low- and middle-income countries, this figure may be twice as high.Higher rates in low- and middle-income countries are likely to be associated with an increased risk of endemic diseases such as malaria and neurocysticercosis; increased rates of road traffic injuries; birth injuries, as well as differences in medical infrastructure, the availability of prevention programs and affordable medical care.nullnullnullnullmedication, surgery may help.PreventionIdiopathic epilepsy is not preventable. However, for known causes of secondary epilepsy, preventative measures can be taken.    Preventing head injuries is the most effective way to prevent post-traumatic epilepsy.     Proper perinatal care helps reduce the incidence of new epilepsy due to birth injuries.     The use of drugs and other methods to lower body temperature in children with fever can reduce the likelihood of febrile seizures.     Central nervous system infections are a common cause of epilepsy in tropical areas wherethere are many developing countries. The eradication of parasites under these conditions and educational work regarding the prevention of infections are effective ways to reduce the burden of epilepsy worldwide, for example, epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis.Allhospital would like to recommend Professor Antonio Russi (Teknon Kiron Clinic, Barcelona), one of Europe's top epileptologists. According to Professor Russi, 95 out of 100 patients manage to completely get rid of the epilepsy disease after proper treatment.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

Overview: Brain aneurysm repair is a surgical procedure performed to repair a brain aneurysm that has the potential to rupture, or has already ruptured. Average length of stay abroad: weeks Time spent abroad depends on the type of brain aneurysm being treated. Unruptured aneurysms tend to have a quicker recovery process than ruptured aneurysms.

Overview: Brain tumor surgery is performed by a neurosurgeon to remove all or part of a tumor from the brain. Average length of stay abroad: 6 - 8 weeks This depends on the surgery performed, whether the patient needs rehabilitation, and on how well the patient recovers.

A medical examination, also called medical checkup or health checkup, is a general examination of a patient's health. Having a medical checkup can help to identify problems early on, even before symptoms show. A checkup can also give patients peace of mind if they are worried about their health. It is recommended to have a general health checkup every few years. This is especially for people who are overweight, unhealthy, or who have a family history of diseases like heart disease, cancer, or diabetes. A health checkup can help to identify problems early on, such as high blood pressure or heart disease, so that patients can make necessary lifestyle changes and if needed, take medication. There are many different tests that may be performed in a health checkup, including blood tests, diagnostic imaging, cardiac studies and more. A medical checkup may also include cancer marker blood tests, to detect any signs of cancerous cells in the body. A checkup is recommended if you have concerns about your health, and wish to put your mind at ease, or if you have health problems which require ongoing monitoring. Recommended for A medical checkup is recommended for anyone, in particular people who are at risk of developing certain health conditions.

Overview: Breast cancer treatment varies depending on the stage of the cancer and whether or not the cancer has spread. Cancer occurs when there is an abnormality in cell growth, which causes the cells to divide and grow quickly when the cell should die to make room for new cells. Average length of stay abroad: weeks The time spent abroad will depend on the treatment. If chemotherapy or radiotherapy are the methods of treatment, then multiple sessions are likely to be required which may mean a longer stay than with surgery.

Overview: Chemotherapy is the use of medicine or drugs that contain chemical substances to treat cancer. It can be used in combination with other cancer treatments such as radiotherapy or surgery. Chemotherapy works by destroying cancerous cells that quickly develop or multiply. Average length of stay abroad: weeks The amount of time abroad will depend on how many chemotherapy cycles are required.

Overview: Once a patient has been diagnosed with cancer, the first step in getting treatment is to make an oncology consultation, to discuss the treatment options with a specialist. Average length of stay abroad: 1 days The patient may choose to return home after the consultation and return to the clinic once the treatment is scheduled to begin.

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer among men; in women, it is less common. As a rule, a bladder tumor develops slowly, and it can be successfully managed without major surgery. Moreover, in most cases of bladder cancer, the risk of developing a life-threatening tumor is extremely small. Early diagnosis and regular examinations are key to the success of treatment.Bladder cancer symptomsThe most common sign of bladder cancer is the appearance of blood in the urine. Sometimes it can be seen with the naked eye, but often the presence of blood cells can only be detected during the generalurinalysis. The appearance of blood in the urine may be accompanied by unpleasant sensations during urination (usually described as “burning”). In addition, urination may be more frequent and more urgent than usual. In the early stages of the disease, other symptoms are absent. Therefore, if there is blood in the urine or in case of obstruction in urination, an examination should be immediately taken. It is important to remember that these symptoms do not necessarily indicate the presence of a tumor - they can also be caused by stones, inflammation of the urethra, enlarged prostate, etc. In any case, the cause of these symptoms must first be precisely determined.howare diagnosed with bladder cancer?If blood is found in the urine, several examinations should be performed to exclude a tumor of the bladder. This disease is the responsibility of urology, so even if you have been to a family doctor, you should visit a urologist. After clarifying the medical history and physical examination, you will have to go through several additional checks, usually not requiring hospitalization.During cystoscopy, a thin endoscope is inserted through the urethra (urethra) into the bladder. With it, you can carefully examine the inner space of the bladder and check for tumors or other diseases. You can also take a sample from the wall.bladder (biopsy). The examination is carried out lying down, under local anesthesia, and does not require hospitalization. After cystoscopy, a slight burning sensation during urination is possible, which will pass after a day or two. Drinking plenty of fluids these days is recommended.CT urography is a computed tomography scan during which a contrast agent is injected into the body and quickly concentrates in the urethra. After this, computed tomography shows the condition of the kidneys, ureters and bladder. If the patient suffers from asthma or is allergic to drugs or iodine, special medications should be taken before the procedure to prevent an allergic reaction. It is important to note that ultrasound and computed tomographykidneys are not enough to give an exhaustive and unambiguous explanation of the causes of blood in the urine.Bladder cancer treatmentThe first step is to remove the tumor. The removed tissue is sent to the laboratory to determine the type of tumor and the depth of its penetration into the wall of the bladder. Removal of the tumor (or its resection) usually occurs during hospitalization. The resection is performed under anesthesia using a cystoscope-like apparatus that is inserted through the urethra (urethra), without incisions or opening the abdominal cavity. In most cases, after a tumor is detected, the patient is invited to a scheduled operation. However, in cases where the tumor leadsto constant bleeding, urgent surgery is required. As a rule, tumor resection leads to a stop of bleeding. Sometimes the complete removal of the tumor is not possible due to its size or the depth of penetration into the wall of the bladder. In such cases, a biopsy will be performed to determine the type of tumor and the depth of its penetration, after which other treatment methods will be used. After surgery, a catheter will be left in the bladder through the urethra for several days so that the surgical wound can heal. In the first days after surgery, there may be slight bleeding from the bladder, which should gradually stop. After removal of the catheterfeeling urgent and burning, or pain when urinating. Typically, this interference is temporary. In most cases, the patient will be able to return to normal home functioning 2-3 days after surgery. The decision to continue treatment depends on the results of a histological examination (tumor type and penetration depth).The second stage of treatment may include three options.    Superficial tumor, not penetrating further than the transitional epithelium. In this case, continued treatment is not required. Despite this, such tumors often occur again, especially in the first years after surgery. For this reason, especiallyIt is important to be examined regularly in a urological clinic.     The tumor penetrated beyond the transitional epithelium, but did not enter the muscle. In this case, we are also talking about a superficial tumor, but further treatment is required. As a rule, special medications are injected into the bladder. The most common and effective drug is called BCG. Its goal is to enhance the local immune response. Cytotoxic drugs that kill cancer cells are also used. The purpose of BCG and other drugs is to prevent tumor recurrence after resection. This treatment is also recommended in cases such as the presence of multiple superficial tumors.or rapid relapse of the tumor several months after surgery. The drug is administered once a week for approximately six weeks, in a urological clinic, using a thin catheter that is inserted into the bladder. After administering the drug, the patient is asked to refrain from urinating for two hours. The patient may experience a burning sensation when urinating and an unpleasant feeling in the lower abdomen, however, they quickly pass.     The tumor penetrated into the muscle, deep into the walls of the bladder. In this case, resection of the tumor through the urethra is not enough. Usually, you need to remove the entire bladder beforeopening the abdominal cavity. The goal of bladder resection is to completely remove cancer cells from the body in order to fully recover.     After resection of the bladder, a replacement should be created to allow him to urinate. There are several options for such replacements:    Urine enters directly into the bag attached to the wall of the abdominal cavity.     Creating an alternative urinary pocket in the body cavity (requires the introduction of a catheter several times a day to empty the pocket of urine).     An alternative urinary pocket in the body cavity that allows normal urination through the urethra.maybeIs there a complete recovery?The answer is unequivocal: yes. Most bladder tumors are superficial tumors. Removal of the tumor through the urethra (sometimes in combination with the introduction of BCG into the bladder) leads to its complete disappearance. Often, after some time, the tumor recurs, but with regular examination, you can detect it at an early stage and successfully resist it. Clinical examination includes urinalysis, cystoscopy and computed tomography of the urethra. The more time has passed since the last treatment, the less often you need to be examined. It is important that you remember that smoking increases your risk.relapse of a bladder tumor; therefore, if you smoke, you should give up this bad habit.Tumors that penetrate deep into the wall of the bladder can also be completely cured with the help of its resection. In most cases, it is possible to create an alternative bladder that allows normal urination through the urethra. Thanks to this, the patient can not only fully recover, but also return to the normal functioning that is familiar to him.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

Prostate cancer is the third most common cancer among men in Russia after lung cancer and stomach cancer. It is found in one of fifteen men over 40 years old. Every year in the world, malignant prostate tumors are diagnosed in a million people, and about one in three of them die due to this pathology.Why does prostate cancer develop?It is known that this is associated with changes in the hormonal background, genetic predisposition, malnutrition and the impact of some other factors, the role of which is still not fully established. From the moment the first cancercells before the development of symptoms that lead a man to a consultation with a doctor usually takes several years. For this reason, often the patient is seen by an oncologist with a neglected, overgrown tumor that is difficult to cure. In total, it is customary to distinguish four stages of prostate cancer:Stage 1 is characterized by the small size of the tumor, the absence of involvement of lymph nodes in the pathological process (cancer cells can get there with lymph flow) and the patient's well-being. As a rule, at this stage, prostate cancer is detected by chance - during the treatment of another disease of the gland. The prognosis for the patient’s life is favorable,nullnullthe benefit of gentle therapies that prolong life and ease the suffering of the patient, although they will not help to defeat cancer.Prostate Cancer TreatmentsHow the treatment of prostate cancer will go depends not only on the stage of the disease. The type of tumor is important - it is determined by biopsy, taking several tissue samples and examining them under a microscope. Some types of cancer - for example polymorphic cell carcinoma of the prostate gland - are prone to rapid aggressive growth, the development of others is influenced by hormones. An experienced oncologist takes into account all these circumstances, as well as the opinion of the patient himself, before takingdecision on medical tactics.An important role is played by the technical equipment of the clinic. It is no secret that many modern technologies and medicines are simply not available in domestic cancer centers or are at the implementation stage. And even such classical approaches as surgical removal of the prostate can differ significantly, which affects not only the success of treatment, but also the quality of life of the patient.SurgeryThe prostate gland is an important organ, but an adult male is quite capable of living without it. Therefore, if the cancer has not spread to neighboring organs and tissues, and the condition of the patient allowsoperations, the oncologist will recommend a radical prostatectomy to the man - removal of the prostate. In the initial stages of the disease, this approach allows you to fully recover in a short time (stay in the hospital takes about 7 days).Meanwhile, it is important to remember that we are talking about serious interference with the body, which is associated with a risk to life, and also leads to some unpleasant consequences. So, patients often experience problems with urination for many months after surgery, more than half of men complain of the disappearance of an erection.A gentle option for surgical treatment of prostate cancer is laparoscopic surgery, in whichThe prostate is removed through small incisions - just a few millimeters long. As a result, the risk of postoperative complications is reduced, and the procedure itself is tolerated by the patient much more easily.CryosurgeryAn alternative to traditional surgery can be prostate tumor cryosurgery. This method is applicable in the early stages of the disease, when the cancer has not yet gone beyond the organ. During the manipulation, special needles are inserted into the prostate through the patient, through which liquid argon or nitrogen enters. Low temperatures destroy the tissues of the gland, and the doctor, using ultrasound, controls that the effect does not damage neighboring organs. As a result, irondo not have to be deleted (although its functions are irreversibly violated). In recent years, cryosurgery has been increasingly offered as the main treatment for prostate cancer, which is suitable for patients of all ages.RadiosurgeryOne of the foremost areas of operable treatment for prostate cancer. It involves the use of the Cyber-Knife system. The method is based on the effect of a focused beam of radiation on the tumor, which leads to its local destruction while maintaining the integrity of adjacent tissues. An important advantage of the method is its absolute painlessness and non-injuries: immediately after the procedure, the patient can leave the hospital.RadiotherapyIf the tumor is aggressive or has grown outside the prostate,and also in cases where the patient is too weak for surgery, the radiation therapy apparatus can become an alternative to a scalpel. First of all, X-rays kill rapidly dividing cells - and cancer cells are prone to uncontrolled growth. Therefore, during the sessions of radiotherapy, the tumor decreases, and the tissues affected by the malignant cells are “cleaned”.Radiation therapy is prescribed as a separate treatment method, and as a supplement to the operation: before or after the intervention. We can talk about both external radiotherapy (when the patient lies under the emitter) and internal radiation therapy, whenspecial radioactive granules are introduced into the patient’s body.External radiation therapy also has its own varieties. Oncologists seek to minimize the detrimental effect of radiation on body tissues, so they try to direct the beam of radiation to the tumor as accurately as possible. They are assisted by methods such as 3D conformal radiation therapy, modulated intensity radiation therapy (IMRT), stereotoxic radiation therapy (SBRT), and proton radiation therapy. Each of these approaches has advantages and disadvantages. Radiotherapy often leads to persistent urination disorders and erectile dysfunction.Internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy) significantly increases the effect of radiation by reducingthe distance from its source to cancer cells. The radioactive granules used for the procedure contain radioactive iodine, palladium and other chemicals that can affect surrounding tissues for a long time. Depending on the method, these granules can be in the body for many months (continuous brachytherapy) or only during treatment sessions (temporary brachytherapy).ChemotherapyChemotherapy is used, as a rule, in situations when the cancer has spread throughout the body, so you need to deal with the disease globally. Drugs used to treat malignant prostate tumors are prescribed in courses, following the results of therapy and the development of side effects.Chemotherapeutic agents have a bad effect not only on cancer, but also on healthy tissues. Therefore, patients undergoing such treatment often suffer from digestive disorders, weakness, hair loss and infectious diseases.Immune therapyThis type of treatment is aimed at activating the patient’s immunity. Cancer cells are foreign to our body, but thanks to special adaptive mechanisms, they are able to evade the immune response.Preparations for immune therapy are made individually - in the laboratory, the patient’s blood cells are “trained” to recognize a tumor, and then the resulting vaccine is introduced into the body. Unfortunately, oncologists have not yet managed to achieve highthe effectiveness of this technique, therefore, it is often used as an auxiliary, as well as in the late stages of the disease.Hormone treatment for prostate cancerSince tumor growth is often triggered by the action of male sex hormones, in the advanced stages of prostate cancer, doctors can prescribe drugs to the patient that block the synthesis of these substances. Usually we are talking about lifelong administration of pharmaceuticals. Such treatment means medical castration: sexual function decays against its background. In combination with other methods - for example, radiotherapy - taking hormones can lead to a complete cure for patients who are contraindicated in radical prostatectomy. Whereinmedical castration is reversible - after drug withdrawal.The treatment options for prostate cancer are diverse, and every year there is information about new effective approaches. In other words, there are almost no hopeless cases when medicine is powerless to help the patient. It is important to find a doctor who selects an effective therapeutic tactic. Do not despair - the victory over cancer is largely up to you.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

nullall kidney tumors are diagnosed randomly, with a planned ultrasound with the complete absence of any symptoms.The characteristic symptoms of the disease are now less common.    1. Blood in the urine (hematuria). Her appearance may be sudden and profuse.     2. Pain in the back and lower back: these complaints are associated with the germination of a tumor in neighboring organs or blockage of the ureter.     3. Compaction in the abdomen (palpation palpates a tumor).     4. An increase in temperature and blood pressure (the latter may be caused by compression of the arteries or the production of a renin tumor).5. Varicocele.     6. Losing weight, general weakness, anemia, night sweats, and excessive fatigue.Unfortunately, often signs of kidney cancer do not appear immediately, the disease proceeds in an asymptomatic form for a long time. That is why it is so important to undergo a regular preventive examination, do an ultrasound scan and take a blood and urine test.Diagnosis of kidney cancerDiagnosis of kidney cancer involves a whole range of different manipulations, which allows you to establish the correct diagnosis with maximum accuracy.   1. The most affordable diagnostic method is ultrasound.    2. The gold standard for the diagnosis of kidney tumors is computertomography with contrast. Computed tomography gives a complete picture of the position of the tumor, its size, clinical stage and tumor growth in adjacent organs.   3. A urinalysis reveals the presence of an impurity of blood in the urine.   4. A blood test allows you to identify indirect signs of the disease: anemia, elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase, urea in the blood, etc.   5. MRI for the diagnosis of kidney tumors is used less often than CT, the main indication for performing MRI is a contraindication to performing CT.   6. A biopsy of kidney tumors is performed to confirm the diagnosis.and determining further treatment tactics. Unfortunately, in some cases, a biopsy of a kidney tumor is non-invasive, for this reason this study is now rarely performed.  7. To determine metastases in the lungs and bones of the skeleton, chest x-ray and osteoscintigraphy are used.  8. Renal angiography - an X-ray examination with a contrast agent.Based on what are the manifestations of kidney cancer, the patient’s condition and the results of preliminary tests, the doctor chooses certain methods for diagnosing kidney cancer to form the most objective picture.Stages of kidney cancerThere are 4 stages of kidney cancer characterized by variousnullor the tumor spreads to the renal vein / vena cava.     4. Kidney cancer grade 4. A tumor sprouts a kidney capsule.Kidney cancer treatmentKidney cancer treatment is based on several generally accepted methods that are used individually or comprehensively. The attending physician, based on the type of tumor, the clinical stage of the patient’s age and well-being, the existing contraindications and other factors, can resort to various treatment methods. The most effective way to treat kidney cancer is by surgical removal of the tumor. Radical nephrectomy is the complete removal of the affected kidney, usually together with the surrounding perirenal tissue, lymph nodes, and sometimesadrenal gland. If the size of the tumor does not exceed 7 cm, a partial resection of the kidney is performed. Along with the traditional method, in which the removal of the kidney or its resection is performed through a large incision, there is a laparoscopic one. In this case, the tumor is removed or resected using special tools inserted into the abdominal cavity through small incisions (2 cm). The laparoscopic method is associated with a lower frequency of complications. In addition, patient rehabilitation is faster. An alternative treatment for kidney tumors is cryoablation. The essence of the method is to freeze the tumor with the help of special cryoprobe inserted into the tumor. Tumorsubjected to alternate freezing and thawing, which ultimately leads to the death of cancer cells. This method is the least traumatic for the patient and is indicated when surgery is not possible, tumors of both kidneys and a tumor of a single kidney. Drug therapy (chemotherapy, hormone therapy or immunotherapy) is prescribed if advanced kidney cancer is diagnosed (stage 4), when surgery is not possible.Kidney Cancer PreventionTo prevent kidney cancer, it is important to quit smoking, control weight and eat a balanced diet (with a predominance of fruits and vegetables). Thus, a healthy lifestyle is the main method of preventing this disease.

nullvolume of damage to the larynx. Hoarseness of the voice is an early sign when the carcinoma is located on the vocal folds, but appears in the later stages when localized in the supraclad and subclad sections. Patients with sublingual cancer often have airway obstruction and hoarseness is a common symptom in the later stages. Patients with over-ligamentous cancer often have dysphagia; other characteristic symptoms of this disease are airway obstruction, otalgia, the development of a tumor in the neck, a muffled voice. Patients with these symptoms should be immediately referred for indirect laryngoscopy.DiagnosticsLaryngoscopySurgical endoscopy andnullnullEndoscopic laser resection and radiation therapy, as a rule, allow you to save the voice of patients. The use for the treatment of laryngeal cancer in the early stages of surgery or radiation therapy, as a rule, depends on the preferences of the doctors of the institution and the patient.In the later stages of vocal fold carcinoma, they are immobilized or involved in the process of the tongue; patients are shown chemotherapy or radiation therapy. If the patient's tumor has spread beyond the larynx or has penetrated into the cartilage, laryngectomy provides the best oncological results; laryngectomy is most often extensive, but in some casesendoscopic laser resection of the tumor or open partial laryngectomy can be used. Extensive laryngectomy is also widely used in difficult situations to save the patient; however, sometimes in such situations, endoscopic resection or open partial laryngectomy may be used.In the early stages of carcinoma of the supraclavicular larynx, radiation therapy or partial resection of the larynx are effective. The use of laser resection in the early stages of squamous cell carcinoma has shown quite good results. If the carcinoma continues to develop, but does not affect the real vocal cords, then a partial nasal laryngectomy can be performed to preserve the voice andsphincter of glottis. If the patient also has vocal cords, laryngectomy over the cricoid cartilage or total laryngectomy is required, if it is decided to carry out surgical treatment. As in the case of laryngocarcinoma, most of the progressive stages of supermucosal cancer are initially treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The ligamentous region has a rich lymphatic network, therefore, special attention should be given to the neck region in all patients with ligamentous cancer.With carcinoma of the lower pharynx, the treatment is the same as with cancer of the larynx. In the early stages, damage is usually treated with onlyradiation therapy, or endoscopic resection as an alternative. However, in most patients with submaryngeal cancer, progress is associated with the asymptomatic nature of the disease and frequent local spread through the lymphatic system; such patients are treated mainly with chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and promptly - according to vital indicators.RehabilitationRehabilitation may be required after any type of treatment. Usually, serious difficulties arise with the process of swallowing food after chemotherapy or radiation therapy, which may require dilatation of the esophagus, in more severe cases, plastic of the pharynx or application of a gastrostomy. During surgicalthe intervention may also interfere with the swallowing process, and treatment may be required, including expansion of the swallowing pathways.Surgery, on the other hand, affects speech more significantly. After total laryngectomy, the patient needs to create a new voice by:    Esophageal voice    Esophageal tracheal puncture    E-throat (electropharynx)With all three methods, speech is formed with the participation of the pharynx, soft palate, tongue, teeth and lips.The basis for the formation of the “esophageal voice” (pseudo-voice) is the creation of a pseudo-voice gap in the esophagus and its developmentarbitrary closure.With tracheoesophageal fistula, a valve is placed between the trachea and esophagus in order to enhance phonation. The valve helps pump air into the esophagus during the inspiration act. Patients undergo physical rehabilitation, courses on speech techniques, they are taught the rules for handling fistula, and all patients are warned about the risk of aspiration of food and water.The electric larynx is a battery-powered device located on the surface of the neck. Despite the discomfort created by social stigma when worn for many patients, it is easy to handle and does not require special training.

nullmanifest themselves in the early stages of the disease (with the exception of stromal).Key risk factors include:     advanced age - as a rule, the disease develops in women after menopause, aged 50 to 60 years (8 out of 10 cases);      women with early onset of menstruation (up to 12 years old) and late menopause (after 52 years);      smoking;      obesity;      taking drugs for infertility and hormone replacement therapy;      polycystic;      endometriosis (abnormal proliferation of the inner lining of the uterus);hereditary factor (genetic predisposition) - the presence of close relatives of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer.Women who have no children and have never breast-fed are also at risk.Stages and types of ovarian cancerThere are 4 stages:    At stage 1, the lesion is found in one or both ovaries. The prognosis is positive, the cure is positive, most patients go into stable remission without returning the disease.    At stage 2, the neoplasm spreads to other parts of the pelvic cavity. In general, and at this stage, the forecast is positive, according to statistics in the five-year rangenullaccording to the degree of malignancy:    class A (low malignancy) - a slowly growing tumor, cells with minor anomalies (highly differentiated);     class B (moderate malignancy) - more pronounced morphological changes in tumor cells compared with highly differentiated;     class C (high malignancy) - a fast-growing tumor, low-grade cells.Ovarian Cancer TreatmentsCombination therapy usually involves a combination of the surgical method (surgery) and chemotherapy.SurgeryAs a rule, during surgery for ovarian cancer, both paired organs, the fallopian tubes and the uterus, nearby lymph nodes and folds of adipose tissue in the abdominal cavity are removed,to which the cancer has spread.If a young woman can detect the disease at the very beginning (at stage 1), in some cases a gentle surgical intervention is performed with removal of the ovary and fallopian tube on one side. In addition to the fact that the prognosis for cure in this case is positive, this allows you to keep hope of pregnancy.To reduce trauma and the likelihood of complications, as well as for cosmetic purposes, surgery for ovarian cancer can be performed using the Robot da Vinci intelligent robotic system.ChemotherapyChemotherapy for ovarian cancer is usually prescribed after surgery as part of complex therapy. Drugs are usually administeredinto a vein or directly into the abdominal cavity, a combination of these methods is also used.In the later stages, chemotherapy can be chosen as the main method of therapy.Radiation therapyIn rare cases (with severe pain, bleeding from a tumor), external radiation therapy or brachytherapy (contact radiation) are included in the treatment regimen for ovarian cancer.Recovery after treatmentWith a normal course of rehabilitation, full recovery after treatment of ovarian cancer in women takes up to 6 weeks. If the uterus has been removed, within 3-4 weeks it is necessary to abandon sex. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe hormones and vitamin D.

Overview: Brachytherapy, which may be also referred to as internal radiotherapy, is a type of radiation therapy designed to treat cancer by placing a device with radioactive material inside the body. The treatment reduces the exposure of surrounding tissues and organs to the radiation, unlike external radiation treatment which exposes more than the targeted area to radiation. Average length of stay abroad: 1 weeks The length of stay abroad will vary with each patient as it depends on how many sessions are necessary.

A Brazilian butt lift is a procedure which grafts fat from one area of the body and transfers this to the butt, in order to create a fuller bottom. By removing the patient's own fat and transferring it, it reduces the risk of the body rejecting it. The fat is removed via liposuction from one area of the body, usually from the lower back, flanks, stomach or thighs, and transferred to the buttocks to create a rounder, firmer, and fuller look. By using fat, it is easier to shape than butt implants, making it easier to create the desired look. In addition, using fat means getting rid of fat from unwanted areas, while transferring it the buttocks to get a better shape. The patient will need to have enough fat in order to remove it, therefore the procedure is not suitable for patients who are very thin and unable to gain weight, therefore butt implants may be considered to be a better option. The procedure may be performed in conjunction with hip augmentation, abdominoplasty and breast augmentation. Once the Brazilian lift is complete, usually around 70% of the fat that is transferred is retained in the buttocks and the other 30% is usually reabsorbed by the body. Patients should try to maintain their weight after the procedure as gaining or losing weight may impact the buttocks and the results of the surgery. Recommended for Patients who are unhappy with the size or shape of their butt

An arm lift, also referred to as a brachioplasty, is a surgical procedure to firm and reshape the upper arms. The surgeon may use liposuction to remove excess fat and skin and reposition the remaining skin to tighten it. An arm lift procedure may be recommended for patients with a lot of loose skin on the arms, or patients with large hanging fat deposits. Loose arm skin (often called "bingo wings") is common after considerable weight loss. Patients with small amounts of loose skin should not consider surgery as it can leave a big scar. Generally, the surgery is only recommended if the transformation will be dramatic enough to justify the scarring. Many clinics offer minimally invasive options however, traditionally the surgeon makes an incision in the arm extending from the elbow, up to the armpit. As the scar is on the inside of the arm, it is hidden a lot of the time but may still be seen. Patients should consider whether the benefits of the surgery outweigh the potential scarring. Recommended for Removing loose arm skin and fat deposits

Breast augmentation is a surgical procedure to change the size and shape of the breasts. While many patients opt to have breast implants inserted to increase breast size, breast augmentation more commonly refers to the enlargement of the breasts using fat transfer. When opting for breast augmentation with the use of fat transfer, the fat is first removed from the stomach or thighs using liposuction, and then injected into the breasts. Surgeons can usually increase the size by around 200cc maximum (around 1 cup size) with fat transfer. A breast augmentation procedure using fat transfer is recommended for patients who want larger breasts, and have fat available on their stomach or thighs. Recommended for Patients who want larger breasts without using breast implants Patients who want to increase breast size and have available fat on their stomach or thighs

What you need to know about the artificial insemination procedure If you decide to do IVF?For many couples, IVF is the only way to have a long-awaited child. What kind of procedure is this, is it safe, how is preparation for IVF going and how much will it cost?The essence of the IVF procedureIVF is a procedure of fertilization outside the body: eggs and sperm are removed from the body, fertilization occurs in the laboratory. Then the fertilized eggs are placed in the incubator for 5-6 days and in the process of division they are planted in the uterus.Indications forappointmentIVF is indicated in many cases of infertility: •above, often complemented by assistive technology.ICSI - the artificial introduction of a sperm into the egg using a very thin needle. Carried out if •laboratory conditions. It is used if stimulation fails. Avoids hormonal stimulation.Assisted hatching is a technology that facilitates the implantation of an embryo into the uterus. The embryo is surrounded by a thin shell, which is destroyed before implantation.Preparation for IVF, carrying out the procedure and monitoring after IVFPreparation for IVF takes about 2-3 weeks and includes tests for both spouses. The IVF program often includes: •nullIf IVF does not give the desired result, some couples turn to the services of surrogate mothers.In some countries, surrogacy is prohibited by law, but there are countries where surrogacy is in great demand, for example, in Kazakhstan.Today in Russia, Kazakhstan and some CIS countries, it is possible to do IVF for free with almost any form of infertility.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

A dental implant is a small screw-like device that is placed into the jawbone, to replace a natural tooth. The implant acts like a tooth's roots, and over time the dental implant becomes fused to the natural bone, making it stable. Dental implants are used on patients who are missing teeth and are looking for a fixed, permanent solution which will enable them to feel confident in their looks, as well as being able to eat and talk comfortably. Normally, the implant is placed into the jawbone and then allowed to heal (and fuse to the bone or "osseointegrate") for between 6 weeks to 6 months. This allows the implant to heal without coming under pressure from chewing, and reduces the risk of implant failure. Once the implant is secure, the dentist will take an impression of the mouth in order to create a crown to sit on top of the implant and abutment (the connector in between the two). The time needed between implant placement and the attachment of the final prosthesis may vary case by case, based on the density of the jawbone and other variables. Some clinics advise that 6 weeks is enough, and other clinics offer new teeth in a day, using systems such as Straumann's Instant Load dental implants. A dental implant can be used to support a single tooth, but can also form part of a full mouth restoration. Options like All-on-4 and other Implant-Supported Dental Bridges and Implant-Supported Overdentures use a few strategically placed dental implants to hold a full arch (up to 10 or 12 teeth). Recommended for Patients with missing teeth Patients with teeth that cannot be saved and require extraction