Asan Medical Center

An echocardiogram, commonly referred to as an echo, is a test that uses sound waves to assess the heart by creating 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional images of the heart. It is a diagnostic test that is used to detect any problems with the heart valves and chambers. The test may be performed in conjunction with an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) as part of a stress test. Recommended for Detecting congenital heart defects in a fetus Assessing the heart's ability to circulate blood throughout the body Detecting problems with heart valves or chambers

A medical examination, also called medical checkup or health checkup, is a general examination of a patient's health. Having a medical checkup can help to identify problems early on, even before symptoms show. A checkup can also give patients peace of mind if they are worried about their health. It is recommended to have a general health checkup every few years. This is especially for people who are overweight, unhealthy, or who have a family history of diseases like heart disease, cancer, or diabetes. A health checkup can help to identify problems early on, such as high blood pressure or heart disease, so that patients can make necessary lifestyle changes and if needed, take medication. There are many different tests that may be performed in a health checkup, including blood tests, diagnostic imaging, cardiac studies and more. A medical checkup may also include cancer marker blood tests, to detect any signs of cancerous cells in the body. A checkup is recommended if you have concerns about your health, and wish to put your mind at ease, or if you have health problems which require ongoing monitoring. Recommended for A medical checkup is recommended for anyone, in particular people who are at risk of developing certain health conditions.

Dilation and curettage, also referred to as D&C, is a procedure performed to diagnosis and treat problems with the uterus. The procedure can help to diagnose uterine cancer, the cause of heavy bleeding, and is also performed as part of the process for diagnosing the cause of infertility. In addition to be performed for diagnosis purposes, the procedure is also performed to treat uterine polyps, remove parts of the placenta which may remain in the uterus after childbirth, remove fibroid tumors, and remove tissue that may be causing bleeding or infection. The procedure involves dilating the cervix to gain access to the uterus and clearing the uterus out by scraping the tissue out using an instrument known as a curette. The procedure is usually performed under a general anesthetic and may sometimes be performed in combination with other procedures such as hysteroscopy. Recommended for Removing uterine polyps Removing remaining placenta after childbirth Diagnosing heavy bleeding Diagnosing pelvic pain Diagnosing uterine cancer

A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove the uterus (womb). It is performed to treat a variety of different conditions, heavy periods, pelvic pain, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, fibroids (benign tumors), endometriosis, and chronic pelvic pain. Hysterectomies are most commonly performed in women above the age of 40. There are different types of hysterectomy that can be performed, depending on the patient's individual case. A total hysterectomy, which is the most commonly performed hysterectomy, involves removing the uterus and cervix. A subtotal hysterectomy is the removal of the uterus. A total hysterectomy with BSO (bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy) involves removing the uterus, cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. A radical hysterectomy is the same as a total hysterectomy with BSO, with the addition of removing surrounding tissue, fat, lymph glands, and part of the vagina. There are 3 different surgical approaches to performing a hysterectomy which include laparoscopic hysterectomy, abdominal hysterectomy, and vaginal hysterectomy. Once a hysterectomy is performed, it is no longer possible for a woman become pregnant, therefore patients should be sure that they do not want to become pregnant before undergoing surgery. Having a hysterectomy can take 6 to 8 weeks to recover from, as it is a major operation. Recommended for Severe endometriosis Chronic pelvic pain Painful uterine fibroids Uterine prolapse Abnormal bleeding (when other treatments have been unsuccessful) Cancer of the uterus, cervix or ovaries

A myomectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove fibroids from the uterus. Uterine fibroids are growths which are non-cancerous that form on the uterus. Fibroids are removed as they can cause vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, lower back pain, pain during sexual intercourse, and constipation. Recommended for Patients who experience symptoms of uterine fibroids Patients who are trying to conceive

Ovarian cyst removal is a surgical procedure performed to remove large, cancerous or painful cysts from the ovaries. An ovarian cyst is a sac filled with fluid that can form on the ovaries. There are 2 different types of ovarian cysts, functional cysts and pathological cysts. Functional cysts occur in women who have not yet gone through the menopause. A functional cyst forms when the follicle in the ovary, which is responsible for releasing the eggs, does not release the egg or becomes swollen. This type of cyst is usually harmless and non-cancerous, and in most cases goes away without requiring treatment. Recommended for Large ovarian cysts Cancerous ovarian cysts Ovarian cysts that are causing pain

Disease prevalenceEpilepsy, which affects more than 50 million people worldwide, accounts for a significant share of the global burden of disease. It is estimated that the proportion of the total population with an active form of epilepsy (that is, with ongoing seizures or the need for treatment) at a given time is from 4 to 10 per 1000 people. However, the results of some studies in low- and middle-income countries suggest that this proportion is much higher - from 7 to 15 per 1000 people.It is estimated that globally, epilepsy is diagnosed annually in2.4 million people. In high-income countries, the number of new annual cases of the disease at the general population level is between 30 and 50 per 100,000. In low- and middle-income countries, this figure may be twice as high.Higher rates in low- and middle-income countries are likely to be associated with an increased risk of endemic diseases such as malaria and neurocysticercosis; increased rates of road traffic injuries; birth injuries, as well as differences in medical infrastructure, the availability of prevention programs and affordable medical care.nullnullnullnullmedication, surgery may help.PreventionIdiopathic epilepsy is not preventable. However, for known causes of secondary epilepsy, preventative measures can be taken.    Preventing head injuries is the most effective way to prevent post-traumatic epilepsy.     Proper perinatal care helps reduce the incidence of new epilepsy due to birth injuries.     The use of drugs and other methods to lower body temperature in children with fever can reduce the likelihood of febrile seizures.     Central nervous system infections are a common cause of epilepsy in tropical areas wherethere are many developing countries. The eradication of parasites under these conditions and educational work regarding the prevention of infections are effective ways to reduce the burden of epilepsy worldwide, for example, epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis.Allhospital would like to recommend Professor Antonio Russi (Teknon Kiron Clinic, Barcelona), one of Europe's top epileptologists. According to Professor Russi, 95 out of 100 patients manage to completely get rid of the epilepsy disease after proper treatment.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

Overview: Brain aneurysm repair is a surgical procedure performed to repair a brain aneurysm that has the potential to rupture, or has already ruptured. Average length of stay abroad: weeks Time spent abroad depends on the type of brain aneurysm being treated. Unruptured aneurysms tend to have a quicker recovery process than ruptured aneurysms.

Overview: Brain tumor surgery is performed by a neurosurgeon to remove all or part of a tumor from the brain. Average length of stay abroad: 6 - 8 weeks This depends on the surgery performed, whether the patient needs rehabilitation, and on how well the patient recovers.

Overview: Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood cells in the body. It usually begins in the bone marrow where an abnormality occurs in the white blood cells. Normal blood cells form, divide, and die to make room for new cells. Leukemia disrupts this process and prevents the blood cells from functioning properly. Average length of stay abroad: weeks The length of stay abroad will depend on the treatment plan and the patient's response to treatment.

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer among men; in women, it is less common. As a rule, a bladder tumor develops slowly, and it can be successfully managed without major surgery. Moreover, in most cases of bladder cancer, the risk of developing a life-threatening tumor is extremely small. Early diagnosis and regular examinations are key to the success of treatment.Bladder cancer symptomsThe most common sign of bladder cancer is the appearance of blood in the urine. Sometimes it can be seen with the naked eye, but often the presence of blood cells can only be detected during the generalurinalysis. The appearance of blood in the urine may be accompanied by unpleasant sensations during urination (usually described as “burning”). In addition, urination may be more frequent and more urgent than usual. In the early stages of the disease, other symptoms are absent. Therefore, if there is blood in the urine or in case of obstruction in urination, an examination should be immediately taken. It is important to remember that these symptoms do not necessarily indicate the presence of a tumor - they can also be caused by stones, inflammation of the urethra, enlarged prostate, etc. In any case, the cause of these symptoms must first be precisely determined.howare diagnosed with bladder cancer?If blood is found in the urine, several examinations should be performed to exclude a tumor of the bladder. This disease is the responsibility of urology, so even if you have been to a family doctor, you should visit a urologist. After clarifying the medical history and physical examination, you will have to go through several additional checks, usually not requiring hospitalization.During cystoscopy, a thin endoscope is inserted through the urethra (urethra) into the bladder. With it, you can carefully examine the inner space of the bladder and check for tumors or other diseases. You can also take a sample from the wall.bladder (biopsy). The examination is carried out lying down, under local anesthesia, and does not require hospitalization. After cystoscopy, a slight burning sensation during urination is possible, which will pass after a day or two. Drinking plenty of fluids these days is recommended.CT urography is a computed tomography scan during which a contrast agent is injected into the body and quickly concentrates in the urethra. After this, computed tomography shows the condition of the kidneys, ureters and bladder. If the patient suffers from asthma or is allergic to drugs or iodine, special medications should be taken before the procedure to prevent an allergic reaction. It is important to note that ultrasound and computed tomographykidneys are not enough to give an exhaustive and unambiguous explanation of the causes of blood in the urine.Bladder cancer treatmentThe first step is to remove the tumor. The removed tissue is sent to the laboratory to determine the type of tumor and the depth of its penetration into the wall of the bladder. Removal of the tumor (or its resection) usually occurs during hospitalization. The resection is performed under anesthesia using a cystoscope-like apparatus that is inserted through the urethra (urethra), without incisions or opening the abdominal cavity. In most cases, after a tumor is detected, the patient is invited to a scheduled operation. However, in cases where the tumor leadsto constant bleeding, urgent surgery is required. As a rule, tumor resection leads to a stop of bleeding. Sometimes the complete removal of the tumor is not possible due to its size or the depth of penetration into the wall of the bladder. In such cases, a biopsy will be performed to determine the type of tumor and the depth of its penetration, after which other treatment methods will be used. After surgery, a catheter will be left in the bladder through the urethra for several days so that the surgical wound can heal. In the first days after surgery, there may be slight bleeding from the bladder, which should gradually stop. After removal of the catheterfeeling urgent and burning, or pain when urinating. Typically, this interference is temporary. In most cases, the patient will be able to return to normal home functioning 2-3 days after surgery. The decision to continue treatment depends on the results of a histological examination (tumor type and penetration depth).The second stage of treatment may include three options.    Superficial tumor, not penetrating further than the transitional epithelium. In this case, continued treatment is not required. Despite this, such tumors often occur again, especially in the first years after surgery. For this reason, especiallyIt is important to be examined regularly in a urological clinic.     The tumor penetrated beyond the transitional epithelium, but did not enter the muscle. In this case, we are also talking about a superficial tumor, but further treatment is required. As a rule, special medications are injected into the bladder. The most common and effective drug is called BCG. Its goal is to enhance the local immune response. Cytotoxic drugs that kill cancer cells are also used. The purpose of BCG and other drugs is to prevent tumor recurrence after resection. This treatment is also recommended in cases such as the presence of multiple superficial tumors.or rapid relapse of the tumor several months after surgery. The drug is administered once a week for approximately six weeks, in a urological clinic, using a thin catheter that is inserted into the bladder. After administering the drug, the patient is asked to refrain from urinating for two hours. The patient may experience a burning sensation when urinating and an unpleasant feeling in the lower abdomen, however, they quickly pass.     The tumor penetrated into the muscle, deep into the walls of the bladder. In this case, resection of the tumor through the urethra is not enough. Usually, you need to remove the entire bladder beforeopening the abdominal cavity. The goal of bladder resection is to completely remove cancer cells from the body in order to fully recover.     After resection of the bladder, a replacement should be created to allow him to urinate. There are several options for such replacements:    Urine enters directly into the bag attached to the wall of the abdominal cavity.     Creating an alternative urinary pocket in the body cavity (requires the introduction of a catheter several times a day to empty the pocket of urine).     An alternative urinary pocket in the body cavity that allows normal urination through the urethra.maybeIs there a complete recovery?The answer is unequivocal: yes. Most bladder tumors are superficial tumors. Removal of the tumor through the urethra (sometimes in combination with the introduction of BCG into the bladder) leads to its complete disappearance. Often, after some time, the tumor recurs, but with regular examination, you can detect it at an early stage and successfully resist it. Clinical examination includes urinalysis, cystoscopy and computed tomography of the urethra. The more time has passed since the last treatment, the less often you need to be examined. It is important that you remember that smoking increases your risk.relapse of a bladder tumor; therefore, if you smoke, you should give up this bad habit.Tumors that penetrate deep into the wall of the bladder can also be completely cured with the help of its resection. In most cases, it is possible to create an alternative bladder that allows normal urination through the urethra. Thanks to this, the patient can not only fully recover, but also return to the normal functioning that is familiar to him.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

Overview: Brachytherapy, which may be also referred to as internal radiotherapy, is a type of radiation therapy designed to treat cancer by placing a device with radioactive material inside the body. The treatment reduces the exposure of surrounding tissues and organs to the radiation, unlike external radiation treatment which exposes more than the targeted area to radiation. Average length of stay abroad: 1 weeks The length of stay abroad will vary with each patient as it depends on how many sessions are necessary.

Overview: Breast cancer treatment varies depending on the stage of the cancer and whether or not the cancer has spread. Cancer occurs when there is an abnormality in cell growth, which causes the cells to divide and grow quickly when the cell should die to make room for new cells. Average length of stay abroad: weeks The time spent abroad will depend on the treatment. If chemotherapy or radiotherapy are the methods of treatment, then multiple sessions are likely to be required which may mean a longer stay than with surgery.

On average, transformation from precancer into a cancerous tumor takes from 2 to 15 years. The subsequent transition from the initial stage of cancer to the final one lasts 1-2 years.Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor, which according to medical statistics among oncological diseases that occur in the fair sex, takes fourth place (after cancer of the stomach, skin and mammary glands).The source of a cervical cancer is normal cells that cover the cervix. More than 600 thousand of these tumors are detected annually.patients. Although cervical cancer usually occurs between the ages of 40-60 years, but, unfortunately, it has recently become very young.The treatment of cervical cancer is combined and includes surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In each case, treatment is prescribed individually, it depends on the stage of the disease, concomitant diseases, the condition of the cervix, and the presence of inflammatory diseases at present.During a surgical operation, a tumor can be removed with part of the cervix, removal of the tumor along withthe cervix, and sometimes with the uterus itself. Often, the operation is supplemented by removal of the lymph nodes of the pelvis (if cancer cells have managed to get used to it). The issue of ovarian removal is usually decided individually (in the early stages of cancer in young women, the ovaries can be preserved).After surgery, if necessary, patients are prescribed radiation therapy. Treatment with ionizing radiation can both complement surgical treatment, and can be prescribed separately. In the treatment of cervical cancer, chemotherapy, special drugs that stop growth can be used.and cancer cell division. Unfortunately, the possibilities of chemotherapy for this disease are very limited.The success of cervical cancer treatment depends on the age of the patient, the correctness of the selection of therapy, and, most importantly, on the early diagnosis of the disease. When cervical cancer is detected at an early stage, the prognosis is very favorable and the disease can be cured by surgical methods alone.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

Overview: Chemotherapy is the use of medicine or drugs that contain chemical substances to treat cancer. It can be used in combination with other cancer treatments such as radiotherapy or surgery. Chemotherapy works by destroying cancerous cells that quickly develop or multiply. Average length of stay abroad: weeks The amount of time abroad will depend on how many chemotherapy cycles are required.

Overview: Chronic leukemia treatment aims to cure or alleviate and manage symptoms of leukemia. Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood cells in the body. It usually begins in the bone marrow where an abnormality occurs in the white blood cells. Normal blood cells form, divide, and die to make room for new cells. Leukemia disrupts this process and prevents the blood cells from functioning properly. Average length of stay abroad: weeks The amount of time abroad will depend on how many chemotherapy or radiotherapy cycles are required.

Overview: Colon/bowel cancer treatment, which may also be referred to as colorectal cancer treatment, varies depending on the location and stage of the cancer. Cancer occurs when there is an abnormality in cell growth, which causes the cells to divide and grow quickly when the cell should die to make room for new cells.

Overview: CyberKnife treatment is non-surgical treatment for cancerous or non-cancerous tumors, by using image guidance software to locate tumors and deliver high doses of radiation to the target area of treatment. Average length of stay abroad: 1 weeks

nulldrug and radiation therapy are connected to the operation. The choice of the leading method of treatment is dictated by the size and location of the tumor, the patient's condition and concomitant diseases.With a very small tumor that does not germinate the mucosa, only the mucosa with the underlying layer is resected with a gastroscope, and the treatment results are very good.At stage I – II of the cancer, part of the esophagus is removed, the defect is filled with a segment of the intestine or a tube is formed from the stomach. Today it is possible to use endoscopic equipment for these operations.With the spread of the tumor into the muscle layer and further, an operation is also performed, but thisnullSometimes chemoradiotherapy is carried out with insufficient radical surgery. Chemotherapy can be performed if surgery is not possible, when the tumor is too large, or with a small tumor, but with general contraindications for surgery. In this conservative option, survival is comparable to surgical treatment. In the presence of fistulas, chemoradiotherapy is not possible. Chemotherapy may be complicated by acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, which will require a meal through a dropper.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

Malignant neoplasms of the gallbladder. The disease belongs to a rather rare disease, most often women aged 50 years and older.Symptoms of gall bladderThe main symptomatic manifestations include nausea and vomiting, jaundice, pain in the upper third of the abdomen, fever, fever, decreased body weight, decreased appetite, bloating, and the development of tumors in the abdominal cavity. As a rule, in the early stages of the disease, the patient does not have any discomfort, which significantly reduces the patient’s chances ofrecovery.Diagnosis of gallbladder cancerA number of laboratory and instrumental studies are carried out: a general blood test, blood biochemistry, an x-ray of the abdominal organs, a magnetic resonance diagnosis of the abdominal organs, transdermal transhepatic cholangiography, a biopsy of the gallbladder with further histological examination of samples of affected tissues.Gallbladder Cancer TreatmentThe treatment of this disease, like most malignant neoplasms, involves surgical removal of the tumor and conservative therapy. The main treatment method is surgery, the most popular cholecystectomy. Today, it is carried out in a more gentle operational way.- laparoscopic method. During the complex treatment, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are used, and patients are also prescribed radiosensitizer preparations that contain active components that increase the sensitivity of atypical cells to certain types of radiation.Gallbladder Cancer PreventionThere are no specific methods for the prevention of this pathology. General recommendations include: normalization of weight indicators, proper nutrition, a decrease in the amount of food of animal origin and an increase in the diet of vegetables and fruits. It is also recommended to abandon bad habits, exercise regularly, and temper the body.

nullall kidney tumors are diagnosed randomly, with a planned ultrasound with the complete absence of any symptoms.The characteristic symptoms of the disease are now less common.    1. Blood in the urine (hematuria). Her appearance may be sudden and profuse.     2. Pain in the back and lower back: these complaints are associated with the germination of a tumor in neighboring organs or blockage of the ureter.     3. Compaction in the abdomen (palpation palpates a tumor).     4. An increase in temperature and blood pressure (the latter may be caused by compression of the arteries or the production of a renin tumor).5. Varicocele.     6. Losing weight, general weakness, anemia, night sweats, and excessive fatigue.Unfortunately, often signs of kidney cancer do not appear immediately, the disease proceeds in an asymptomatic form for a long time. That is why it is so important to undergo a regular preventive examination, do an ultrasound scan and take a blood and urine test.Diagnosis of kidney cancerDiagnosis of kidney cancer involves a whole range of different manipulations, which allows you to establish the correct diagnosis with maximum accuracy.   1. The most affordable diagnostic method is ultrasound.    2. The gold standard for the diagnosis of kidney tumors is computertomography with contrast. Computed tomography gives a complete picture of the position of the tumor, its size, clinical stage and tumor growth in adjacent organs.   3. A urinalysis reveals the presence of an impurity of blood in the urine.   4. A blood test allows you to identify indirect signs of the disease: anemia, elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase, urea in the blood, etc.   5. MRI for the diagnosis of kidney tumors is used less often than CT, the main indication for performing MRI is a contraindication to performing CT.   6. A biopsy of kidney tumors is performed to confirm the diagnosis.and determining further treatment tactics. Unfortunately, in some cases, a biopsy of a kidney tumor is non-invasive, for this reason this study is now rarely performed.  7. To determine metastases in the lungs and bones of the skeleton, chest x-ray and osteoscintigraphy are used.  8. Renal angiography - an X-ray examination with a contrast agent.Based on what are the manifestations of kidney cancer, the patient’s condition and the results of preliminary tests, the doctor chooses certain methods for diagnosing kidney cancer to form the most objective picture.Stages of kidney cancerThere are 4 stages of kidney cancer characterized by variousnullor the tumor spreads to the renal vein / vena cava.     4. Kidney cancer grade 4. A tumor sprouts a kidney capsule.Kidney cancer treatmentKidney cancer treatment is based on several generally accepted methods that are used individually or comprehensively. The attending physician, based on the type of tumor, the clinical stage of the patient’s age and well-being, the existing contraindications and other factors, can resort to various treatment methods. The most effective way to treat kidney cancer is by surgical removal of the tumor. Radical nephrectomy is the complete removal of the affected kidney, usually together with the surrounding perirenal tissue, lymph nodes, and sometimesadrenal gland. If the size of the tumor does not exceed 7 cm, a partial resection of the kidney is performed. Along with the traditional method, in which the removal of the kidney or its resection is performed through a large incision, there is a laparoscopic one. In this case, the tumor is removed or resected using special tools inserted into the abdominal cavity through small incisions (2 cm). The laparoscopic method is associated with a lower frequency of complications. In addition, patient rehabilitation is faster. An alternative treatment for kidney tumors is cryoablation. The essence of the method is to freeze the tumor with the help of special cryoprobe inserted into the tumor. Tumorsubjected to alternate freezing and thawing, which ultimately leads to the death of cancer cells. This method is the least traumatic for the patient and is indicated when surgery is not possible, tumors of both kidneys and a tumor of a single kidney. Drug therapy (chemotherapy, hormone therapy or immunotherapy) is prescribed if advanced kidney cancer is diagnosed (stage 4), when surgery is not possible.Kidney Cancer PreventionTo prevent kidney cancer, it is important to quit smoking, control weight and eat a balanced diet (with a predominance of fruits and vegetables). Thus, a healthy lifestyle is the main method of preventing this disease.

nullvolume of damage to the larynx. Hoarseness of the voice is an early sign when the carcinoma is located on the vocal folds, but appears in the later stages when localized in the supraclad and subclad sections. Patients with sublingual cancer often have airway obstruction and hoarseness is a common symptom in the later stages. Patients with over-ligamentous cancer often have dysphagia; other characteristic symptoms of this disease are airway obstruction, otalgia, the development of a tumor in the neck, a muffled voice. Patients with these symptoms should be immediately referred for indirect laryngoscopy.DiagnosticsLaryngoscopySurgical endoscopy andnullnullEndoscopic laser resection and radiation therapy, as a rule, allow you to save the voice of patients. The use for the treatment of laryngeal cancer in the early stages of surgery or radiation therapy, as a rule, depends on the preferences of the doctors of the institution and the patient.In the later stages of vocal fold carcinoma, they are immobilized or involved in the process of the tongue; patients are shown chemotherapy or radiation therapy. If the patient's tumor has spread beyond the larynx or has penetrated into the cartilage, laryngectomy provides the best oncological results; laryngectomy is most often extensive, but in some casesendoscopic laser resection of the tumor or open partial laryngectomy can be used. Extensive laryngectomy is also widely used in difficult situations to save the patient; however, sometimes in such situations, endoscopic resection or open partial laryngectomy may be used.In the early stages of carcinoma of the supraclavicular larynx, radiation therapy or partial resection of the larynx are effective. The use of laser resection in the early stages of squamous cell carcinoma has shown quite good results. If the carcinoma continues to develop, but does not affect the real vocal cords, then a partial nasal laryngectomy can be performed to preserve the voice andsphincter of glottis. If the patient also has vocal cords, laryngectomy over the cricoid cartilage or total laryngectomy is required, if it is decided to carry out surgical treatment. As in the case of laryngocarcinoma, most of the progressive stages of supermucosal cancer are initially treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The ligamentous region has a rich lymphatic network, therefore, special attention should be given to the neck region in all patients with ligamentous cancer.With carcinoma of the lower pharynx, the treatment is the same as with cancer of the larynx. In the early stages, damage is usually treated with onlyradiation therapy, or endoscopic resection as an alternative. However, in most patients with submaryngeal cancer, progress is associated with the asymptomatic nature of the disease and frequent local spread through the lymphatic system; such patients are treated mainly with chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and promptly - according to vital indicators.RehabilitationRehabilitation may be required after any type of treatment. Usually, serious difficulties arise with the process of swallowing food after chemotherapy or radiation therapy, which may require dilatation of the esophagus, in more severe cases, plastic of the pharynx or application of a gastrostomy. During surgicalthe intervention may also interfere with the swallowing process, and treatment may be required, including expansion of the swallowing pathways.Surgery, on the other hand, affects speech more significantly. After total laryngectomy, the patient needs to create a new voice by:    Esophageal voice    Esophageal tracheal puncture    E-throat (electropharynx)With all three methods, speech is formed with the participation of the pharynx, soft palate, tongue, teeth and lips.The basis for the formation of the “esophageal voice” (pseudo-voice) is the creation of a pseudo-voice gap in the esophagus and its developmentarbitrary closure.With tracheoesophageal fistula, a valve is placed between the trachea and esophagus in order to enhance phonation. The valve helps pump air into the esophagus during the inspiration act. Patients undergo physical rehabilitation, courses on speech techniques, they are taught the rules for handling fistula, and all patients are warned about the risk of aspiration of food and water.The electric larynx is a battery-powered device located on the surface of the neck. Despite the discomfort created by social stigma when worn for many patients, it is easy to handle and does not require special training.

Liver cancer is a severe disease with a high mortality rate. After the appearance of a neoplasm, a fatal outcome may occur after a few months. Oncology can occur in the lobes of the liver or bile ducts. The tumor is characterized by rapid proliferation and the formation of metastases, as well as low susceptibility to the treatment. During the diagnosis, the stage of the disease is established. There are four in total, the classification depends on morphological features, tumor location and degree of damage:The first (I). The tumor can be of different sizes, but located within the body, there is no germination in the vessels, lymph nodes andother organs. Functioning takes place in full. At an early stage, the first signs of liver cancer are fatigue, weakness, decreased performance and discomfort at the top of the right side. After a few weeks, there is an increase in liver in size.The second (II). The formation increases to 5 cm in diameter, while a feeling of heaviness and dull or aching pain in the abdomen are added to the existing symptoms. At first, painful sensations appear episodically during physical exertion, then it becomes more intense and constant. In the second stage, there are signs of digestive upset, such as loss of appetite, flatulence, nausea,vomiting, diarrhea. The patient begins to rapidly lose weight.Third (III). Malignant growth grows, other foci of localization of pathological cells appear. Cancer is most often detected at this stage due to the fact that the symptoms are becoming more pronounced.There are three substages of the disease:    IIIa. The tumor spreads along the lobes of the liver and significantly increases in size. Germination occurs in large veins, but there is no spread to distant organs and lymph nodes.    IIIb. The fusion of malignant cells with closely spaced abdominal organs and the external membrane of the liver is observed. In process notthe bladder is involved.    IIIc. The liver is affected more and more, spreading to the lymph nodes. The function of the organ is impaired, which affects the state of the body. The patient develops edema, icteric skin tone, spider veins, ascites, and a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. The work of the endocrine glands is disrupted and the body temperature rises. A sharp weight loss entails a sharpening of facial features and a decrease in the elasticity of the skin. The pain becomes strong and constant. At this stage, there are often nasal and intra-abdominal bleeding.    Fourth (IV). Stage 4 liver cancer is consideredirreversible process. Metastases with lymph and blood flow spread throughout the body, increasingly disrupting the functions of organs and systems. There are two stages of liver cancer 4 degrees:    IVA. Damage to the entire organ is noted, the tumor grows into the surrounding organs and vessels. In distant organs, metastases are not detected.     IVB. All organs and systems are affected by malignant cells. There are multiple neoplasms of different sizes. Grade 4 liver cancer with metastases is accompanied by dilatation of the veins in the trunk, constipation, severe acute pain, psycho-emotional instability, sudden mood swings, significant lossweight, increase in abdomen in size. If you look at the photos of patients with grade 4 liver cancer, you can see the pathological appearance of the skin, unhealthy thinness with protruding bones and severe swelling of the body.Oncology lends itself well to treatment in the first two stages, then it is no longer possible to cure. Oncologists can only prescribe symptomatic treatment to alleviate the condition and relieve severe pain.When asked how long they live with stage 4 liver cancer, there is no single answer. Everything will depend on the degree of damage and the patient’s reaction to the therapy.TreatmentThe patient and his surroundings are alwaysworried if liver cancer is being treated or not? This question can only be answered by the attending physician, who owns information about the results of tests and diagnostic examinations. When choosing a treatment strategy for liver cancer, it matters:   - tumor size;    - localization of education;    - degree of damage;    - tumor operability;    - the presence of metastases;    - the general condition of the patient.The following treatment directions are used to slow down the growth of a tumor, its resorption and increase life expectancy in liver oncology:    Drug therapy.To the patientNexavar and Sorafenib are prescribed, the active substances of which have a toxic effect on the affected cells. Thanks to the targeted effect on education, healthy tissues are practically not damaged. Traditional chemotherapy almost does not help with liver cancer.Radiation therapy.The use of focused x-rays in large doses helps to resorb the tumor, reduce pain and transfer the disease into remission. Suitable for the treatment of oncology at any stage.    AblationThis method is the destruction of the neoplasm by introducing ethanol into the tumor, as well as the use of microwave radiation, powerful radio waves, and cryodestruction. Treatment without surgeryon the liver with oncology gives a good effect if the tumor has a diameter of less than 3 cm.    Vascular embolization.Due to the introduction of special drugs into the vessels of the liver, the access to blood to the neoplasm is blocked, thereby causing a decrease in its size. The method has a positive effect on tumors with a diameter of up to 5 cm. It is most often used in combination with ablation, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.Can liver cancer be cured with surgery? In most cases, surgical treatment allows you to look to the future with confidence. Tumor removal or liver transplantation greatly increases the patient’s chances ofprolonged remission. The conditions for surgical intervention are tumor operability, single localized metastases and the absence of oncological lesions outside the liver. How to treat liver cancer if the tumor is inoperable? In this case, the introduction of cytostatics directly into large vessels of the liver and the use of the above minimally invasive methods are indicated.It should be remembered that there is no miracle cure for liver cancer, but you must always believe in recovery. When asked whether liver cancer is treated, in most cases, oncologists respond positively. In our clinic, a friendly team of doctors with the highest medical categories and scientific titles helps to find health.

Lung cancer today is one of the most common types of malignant neoplasms. On average, there are 40 lung cancer sufferers per 100,000 people in the world, moreover, men are diagnosed with the disease 10 times more often than women, and the proportion of urban residents in all cases is several times more than the village population. Nevertheless, modern medicine has a powerful arsenal for treating this type of oncology: with timely access to help, it is highly likely not only to stop the development of the disease, but also to forget about it forever.Crayfishlungs: disease profile and prognosis of cureAbout 5 million people die of lung cancer every year in the world. This type of malignancy is also called bronchogenic carcinoma, or bronchogenic cancer. The tumor develops from the integumentary epithelium of the mucous membrane of the bronchi, alveoli and epithelium of the bronchial glands. Despite the fact that the etiology of the disease is still unclear, the main reasons for its occurrence include: smoking; exposure to radon and certain carcinogens (asbestos mineral is the most dangerous for the lungs); some types of viruses; increased concentration of dust particles in the air. Pathogenesis of lung cancer onnullnulllung.Stage 1 lung cancer is characterized by a tumor up to a maximum size of 3 cm, which does not yet metastasize. The neoplasm is located in one segment of the lung or within the segmental bronchus.Stage 2 - a tumor up to 6 cm is located in one segment of the lung or within the segmental bronchus. Single metastases in pulmonary and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes are observed.Stage 3 - a tumor larger than 6 cm with a transition to an adjacent lobe of the lung or germination of an adjacent bronchus or main bronchus. Metastases are found in bifurcation, tracheobronchial, paratracheal lymph nodes.4stage of lung cancer is characterized by metastases in distant systems and organs, pleurisy and / or pericarditis is attached. This classification is applicable only for squamous cell carcinoma. In the case of small cell cancer, which develops very quickly, only 2 stages are distinguished. The first - a limited stage - is accompanied by the localization of pathogenic cells in one lung and adjacent tissues. In the second stage, the tumor metastasizes to the area outside the lung and to distant organs.Lung cancer treatmentsA good diagnosis of pulmonary oncology is extremely important, because the choice of suitable treatment methods depends on it. The main methods aresurgical intervention, chemo and radiation therapy. Thanks to the rapid development of medical technology, these approaches are becoming more secure and effective.1. Surgical treatment is used for squamous cell carcinoma. During the operation, the entire cancerous tumor or its separate segment is removed. The volume of tissue removed depends on the nature of the tumor and its location. The current trend in the treatment of lung cancer is the use of minimally invasive methods, which are produced using a miniature video camera. The technique is called Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS). Such operations are accompanied by less pronounced pain, and the rehabilitation process after them proceeds faster.2. Chemotherapy- The main treatment for most patients with lung cancer. Its essence lies in taking medications that destroy cancer cells.3. Targeted (targeted) therapy for lung cancer. Such drugs recognize malignant cells by their specific characteristics and destroy them, affecting vital functions (growth, division). In addition, such drugs disrupt the blood supply to the tumor. Targeted (targeted) therapy can be prescribed as an independent method of treatment or in combination with chemotherapy in order to increase the effectiveness of treatment.4. Immunological therapy in the treatment of lung cancer is an innovative and highly promising direction inconservative oncology. Such treatment allows you to set up cells of your own immune system against cancer cells and “target” only affect tumor cells.5. Radiotherapy. Irradiation of the tumor with a powerful beam of gamma rays, as a result of which the cancer cells die (they stop the growth and reproduction). Carried out by remote or high-dose method. With radical radiation treatment, both the tumor itself and the regions of regional metastasis are exposed to radiation. Radiation therapy is also used for small cell cancer.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

Overview: Once a patient has been diagnosed with cancer, the first step in getting treatment is to make an oncology consultation, to discuss the treatment options with a specialist. Average length of stay abroad: 1 days The patient may choose to return home after the consultation and return to the clinic once the treatment is scheduled to begin.

nullmanifest themselves in the early stages of the disease (with the exception of stromal).Key risk factors include:     advanced age - as a rule, the disease develops in women after menopause, aged 50 to 60 years (8 out of 10 cases);      women with early onset of menstruation (up to 12 years old) and late menopause (after 52 years);      smoking;      obesity;      taking drugs for infertility and hormone replacement therapy;      polycystic;      endometriosis (abnormal proliferation of the inner lining of the uterus);hereditary factor (genetic predisposition) - the presence of close relatives of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer.Women who have no children and have never breast-fed are also at risk.Stages and types of ovarian cancerThere are 4 stages:    At stage 1, the lesion is found in one or both ovaries. The prognosis is positive, the cure is positive, most patients go into stable remission without returning the disease.    At stage 2, the neoplasm spreads to other parts of the pelvic cavity. In general, and at this stage, the forecast is positive, according to statistics in the five-year rangenullaccording to the degree of malignancy:    class A (low malignancy) - a slowly growing tumor, cells with minor anomalies (highly differentiated);     class B (moderate malignancy) - more pronounced morphological changes in tumor cells compared with highly differentiated;     class C (high malignancy) - a fast-growing tumor, low-grade cells.Ovarian Cancer TreatmentsCombination therapy usually involves a combination of the surgical method (surgery) and chemotherapy.SurgeryAs a rule, during surgery for ovarian cancer, both paired organs, the fallopian tubes and the uterus, nearby lymph nodes and folds of adipose tissue in the abdominal cavity are removed,to which the cancer has spread.If a young woman can detect the disease at the very beginning (at stage 1), in some cases a gentle surgical intervention is performed with removal of the ovary and fallopian tube on one side. In addition to the fact that the prognosis for cure in this case is positive, this allows you to keep hope of pregnancy.To reduce trauma and the likelihood of complications, as well as for cosmetic purposes, surgery for ovarian cancer can be performed using the Robot da Vinci intelligent robotic system.ChemotherapyChemotherapy for ovarian cancer is usually prescribed after surgery as part of complex therapy. Drugs are usually administeredinto a vein or directly into the abdominal cavity, a combination of these methods is also used.In the later stages, chemotherapy can be chosen as the main method of therapy.Radiation therapyIn rare cases (with severe pain, bleeding from a tumor), external radiation therapy or brachytherapy (contact radiation) are included in the treatment regimen for ovarian cancer.Recovery after treatmentWith a normal course of rehabilitation, full recovery after treatment of ovarian cancer in women takes up to 6 weeks. If the uterus has been removed, within 3-4 weeks it is necessary to abandon sex. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe hormones and vitamin D.

Prostate cancer is the third most common cancer among men in Russia after lung cancer and stomach cancer. It is found in one of fifteen men over 40 years old. Every year in the world, malignant prostate tumors are diagnosed in a million people, and about one in three of them die due to this pathology.Why does prostate cancer develop?It is known that this is associated with changes in the hormonal background, genetic predisposition, malnutrition and the impact of some other factors, the role of which is still not fully established. From the moment the first cancercells before the development of symptoms that lead a man to a consultation with a doctor usually takes several years. For this reason, often the patient is seen by an oncologist with a neglected, overgrown tumor that is difficult to cure. In total, it is customary to distinguish four stages of prostate cancer:Stage 1 is characterized by the small size of the tumor, the absence of involvement of lymph nodes in the pathological process (cancer cells can get there with lymph flow) and the patient's well-being. As a rule, at this stage, prostate cancer is detected by chance - during the treatment of another disease of the gland. The prognosis for the patient’s life is favorable,nullnullthe benefit of gentle therapies that prolong life and ease the suffering of the patient, although they will not help to defeat cancer.Prostate Cancer TreatmentsHow the treatment of prostate cancer will go depends not only on the stage of the disease. The type of tumor is important - it is determined by biopsy, taking several tissue samples and examining them under a microscope. Some types of cancer - for example polymorphic cell carcinoma of the prostate gland - are prone to rapid aggressive growth, the development of others is influenced by hormones. An experienced oncologist takes into account all these circumstances, as well as the opinion of the patient himself, before takingdecision on medical tactics.An important role is played by the technical equipment of the clinic. It is no secret that many modern technologies and medicines are simply not available in domestic cancer centers or are at the implementation stage. And even such classical approaches as surgical removal of the prostate can differ significantly, which affects not only the success of treatment, but also the quality of life of the patient.SurgeryThe prostate gland is an important organ, but an adult male is quite capable of living without it. Therefore, if the cancer has not spread to neighboring organs and tissues, and the condition of the patient allowsoperations, the oncologist will recommend a radical prostatectomy to the man - removal of the prostate. In the initial stages of the disease, this approach allows you to fully recover in a short time (stay in the hospital takes about 7 days).Meanwhile, it is important to remember that we are talking about serious interference with the body, which is associated with a risk to life, and also leads to some unpleasant consequences. So, patients often experience problems with urination for many months after surgery, more than half of men complain of the disappearance of an erection.A gentle option for surgical treatment of prostate cancer is laparoscopic surgery, in whichThe prostate is removed through small incisions - just a few millimeters long. As a result, the risk of postoperative complications is reduced, and the procedure itself is tolerated by the patient much more easily.CryosurgeryAn alternative to traditional surgery can be prostate tumor cryosurgery. This method is applicable in the early stages of the disease, when the cancer has not yet gone beyond the organ. During the manipulation, special needles are inserted into the prostate through the patient, through which liquid argon or nitrogen enters. Low temperatures destroy the tissues of the gland, and the doctor, using ultrasound, controls that the effect does not damage neighboring organs. As a result, irondo not have to be deleted (although its functions are irreversibly violated). In recent years, cryosurgery has been increasingly offered as the main treatment for prostate cancer, which is suitable for patients of all ages.RadiosurgeryOne of the foremost areas of operable treatment for prostate cancer. It involves the use of the Cyber-Knife system. The method is based on the effect of a focused beam of radiation on the tumor, which leads to its local destruction while maintaining the integrity of adjacent tissues. An important advantage of the method is its absolute painlessness and non-injuries: immediately after the procedure, the patient can leave the hospital.RadiotherapyIf the tumor is aggressive or has grown outside the prostate,and also in cases where the patient is too weak for surgery, the radiation therapy apparatus can become an alternative to a scalpel. First of all, X-rays kill rapidly dividing cells - and cancer cells are prone to uncontrolled growth. Therefore, during the sessions of radiotherapy, the tumor decreases, and the tissues affected by the malignant cells are “cleaned”.Radiation therapy is prescribed as a separate treatment method, and as a supplement to the operation: before or after the intervention. We can talk about both external radiotherapy (when the patient lies under the emitter) and internal radiation therapy, whenspecial radioactive granules are introduced into the patient’s body.External radiation therapy also has its own varieties. Oncologists seek to minimize the detrimental effect of radiation on body tissues, so they try to direct the beam of radiation to the tumor as accurately as possible. They are assisted by methods such as 3D conformal radiation therapy, modulated intensity radiation therapy (IMRT), stereotoxic radiation therapy (SBRT), and proton radiation therapy. Each of these approaches has advantages and disadvantages. Radiotherapy often leads to persistent urination disorders and erectile dysfunction.Internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy) significantly increases the effect of radiation by reducingthe distance from its source to cancer cells. The radioactive granules used for the procedure contain radioactive iodine, palladium and other chemicals that can affect surrounding tissues for a long time. Depending on the method, these granules can be in the body for many months (continuous brachytherapy) or only during treatment sessions (temporary brachytherapy).ChemotherapyChemotherapy is used, as a rule, in situations when the cancer has spread throughout the body, so you need to deal with the disease globally. Drugs used to treat malignant prostate tumors are prescribed in courses, following the results of therapy and the development of side effects.Chemotherapeutic agents have a bad effect not only on cancer, but also on healthy tissues. Therefore, patients undergoing such treatment often suffer from digestive disorders, weakness, hair loss and infectious diseases.Immune therapyThis type of treatment is aimed at activating the patient’s immunity. Cancer cells are foreign to our body, but thanks to special adaptive mechanisms, they are able to evade the immune response.Preparations for immune therapy are made individually - in the laboratory, the patient’s blood cells are “trained” to recognize a tumor, and then the resulting vaccine is introduced into the body. Unfortunately, oncologists have not yet managed to achieve highthe effectiveness of this technique, therefore, it is often used as an auxiliary, as well as in the late stages of the disease.Hormone treatment for prostate cancerSince tumor growth is often triggered by the action of male sex hormones, in the advanced stages of prostate cancer, doctors can prescribe drugs to the patient that block the synthesis of these substances. Usually we are talking about lifelong administration of pharmaceuticals. Such treatment means medical castration: sexual function decays against its background. In combination with other methods - for example, radiotherapy - taking hormones can lead to a complete cure for patients who are contraindicated in radical prostatectomy. Whereinmedical castration is reversible - after drug withdrawal.The treatment options for prostate cancer are diverse, and every year there is information about new effective approaches. In other words, there are almost no hopeless cases when medicine is powerless to help the patient. It is important to find a doctor who selects an effective therapeutic tactic. Do not despair - the victory over cancer is largely up to you.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

Skin cancer is a very common problem. In the world, Australia, New Zealand and the USA lead in the number of new cases of melanoma reported per year. In Russia, as elsewhere in the world, morbidity statistics are growing.According to the World Health Organization, 132,000 new cases of melanoma are reported annually in the world. Most patients are elderly people, after 50 years the number of sick men is 2-3 times higher than women. But in young men and women, skin cancer develops quite often. According to epidemiologists, thisCancer in Russia is second only to lung cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer. In other words, this is not about some exotic disease, but about a real threat to health.Types of skin oncologyCommon skin cancers include:Basal cell carcinoma - this tumor is diagnosed in 7 cases of skin cancer out of 10. Basalioma looks like a nodule or scar of red-brown or pink color, which usually appears on the face. A neoplasm can sometimes itch, hurt or bleed - it slowly increases in size,without causing a person expressed discomfort, which is why a visit to a doctor may be delayed. Fortunately, this tumor rarely spreads throughout the body (gives metastases), therefore, the prognosis for patients is usually favorable.Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (squamous cell carcinoma) often resembles a mushroom in shape: a round body with a thin leg. This tumor is similar to a wart: in most cases it is found on the surface of the face, in the region of the lower lip. In some varieties of squamous cell carcinoma, a neoplasm can be recognized only by a change in skin color: in the pathological areashe looks pale or sore. In the later stages, carcinoma leads to the formation of metastases and is sometimes incurable.Melanoma is an extremely dangerous type of tumor that causes most deaths in skin cancer. It develops most often from moles - accumulations of pigment cells, melanocytes, but not only: melanoma can also affect the retina, mucous membranes (oral cavity, vagina, rectum). This neoplasm is characterized by rapid growth and is prone to the formation of numerous distant metastases - in the bones, brain, lungs, liver. Evenwith timely treatment, patients with melanoma often have relapses - repeated tumor growth after several years.There are several basic methods for fighting skin cancer.Surgery is the most affordable way to get rid of a tumor. The greatest effectiveness of the operation is noted in the early stages, when the neoplasm does not affect the lymph nodes and other organs and tissues. After removal of the tumor, the surgeon performs cauterization (electrocoagulation) and curettage (curettage) of the wound surface to destroy the residual cancer cells. Since skin cancer often develops on the face, there are gentle interventions,which minimize aesthetic defects. These include cryodestruction, in which the tumor is frozen with liquid nitrogen and removed without severe tissue injury. However, it should be understood that in cases with aggressive types of cancer - squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma - it is impossible to make a choice in favor of the minimum volume of surgery. Micrographic surgery, according to the MOHS method (Mohsa), is considered the safest and most effective modern type of surgical intervention for skin cancer. With it, skin with tumor cells is removed in layers, under the control of a microscope, and each layer is directly induring the operation is sent for further examination to the laboratory. The surgeon stops the intervention only at the moment when histologists confirm that the wound is free of malignant cells.Radiotherapy is used as an adjunct to the surgical method. Radiation is detrimental to cells prone to rapid growth, therefore, directed beams of ionizing radiation can reduce the size of the tumor, as well as destroy those malignant cells that survived after surgery. The duration of radiotherapy sessions and the radiation dose is individual for each patient.Chemotherapy is systemic and local. With the appointment of this technique, cytotoxic (detrimental tocells) a chemical is injected intravenously or applied directly to the tumor. Such an approach is extremely important in identifying metastases when the foci of cancer are located outside the reach of surgeons.Photodynamic therapy involves the destruction of a tumor by a laser beam after preliminary photosensitization (increasing the sensitivity of cells to light). This method is relatively new, and its use without surgery is subject to discussion. However, the development of technology contributes to the fact that photodynamic therapy is gradually being introduced into the clinical practice of medical institutions.Immune and targeted therapy - sophisticated and promising techniques involving targeted targeting.tumors by stimulating the immune system or the introduction of drugs created specifically for a particular type of cancer based on the individual genetic characteristics of the patient. Some experts are sure that over time this area in oncology will replace all other methods of treating neoplasms, but so far, immune and targeted therapy are used in combination with other procedures and - for the prevention of relapses.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

Treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma is selected depending on the size of the neoplasm, the degree of its differentiation, the patient's age and his general condition. The most effective is the surgical removal of the tumor. There are two types of surgery that can be performed for stomach cancer:    During subtotal resection, a neoplasm is removed with part of the tissues involved in the malignant process or a small area of ​​the organ itself;     A gastrectomy removes the entire stomach and the surrounding tissues - regional lymph nodes, part of the esophagus and small intestine. In case of contraindicationsfor surgical intervention, cancer cells are removed through endoluminal laser therapy. In order for the patient to be able to eat on his own, walls are introduced into his stomach (a procedure called endoluminal stening). Before and after the operation, the person is prescribed such therapeutic measures:     Radiation therapy. Irradiation is carried out before surgery to reduce the size of the tumor, as well as after surgical procedures to destroy the malignant cells left after surgery. Using radiation can reduce pain and prevent internal bleeding.     Chemotherapycarried out with the help of Cisplatin, Bleomycin or Ftorafur to reduce neoplasm before surgery and destruction of metastatic tumors after it. Chemical treatments also help reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.     Immunotherapy. Chemical preparations negatively affect not only tumor cells, but also healthy tissues, therefore it is necessary to increase the body's defenses with the help of special means.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.