Severance Hospital

An echocardiogram, commonly referred to as an echo, is a test that uses sound waves to assess the heart by creating 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional images of the heart. It is a diagnostic test that is used to detect any problems with the heart valves and chambers. The test may be performed in conjunction with an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) as part of a stress test. Recommended for Detecting congenital heart defects in a fetus Assessing the heart's ability to circulate blood throughout the body Detecting problems with heart valves or chambers

Overview: Brachytherapy, which may be also referred to as internal radiotherapy, is a type of radiation therapy designed to treat cancer by placing a device with radioactive material inside the body. The treatment reduces the exposure of surrounding tissues and organs to the radiation, unlike external radiation treatment which exposes more than the targeted area to radiation. Average length of stay abroad: 1 weeks The length of stay abroad will vary with each patient as it depends on how many sessions are necessary.

On average, transformation from precancer into a cancerous tumor takes from 2 to 15 years. The subsequent transition from the initial stage of cancer to the final one lasts 1-2 years.Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor, which according to medical statistics among oncological diseases that occur in the fair sex, takes fourth place (after cancer of the stomach, skin and mammary glands).The source of a cervical cancer is normal cells that cover the cervix. More than 600 thousand of these tumors are detected annually.patients. Although cervical cancer usually occurs between the ages of 40-60 years, but, unfortunately, it has recently become very young.The treatment of cervical cancer is combined and includes surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In each case, treatment is prescribed individually, it depends on the stage of the disease, concomitant diseases, the condition of the cervix, and the presence of inflammatory diseases at present.During a surgical operation, a tumor can be removed with part of the cervix, removal of the tumor along withthe cervix, and sometimes with the uterus itself. Often, the operation is supplemented by removal of the lymph nodes of the pelvis (if cancer cells have managed to get used to it). The issue of ovarian removal is usually decided individually (in the early stages of cancer in young women, the ovaries can be preserved).After surgery, if necessary, patients are prescribed radiation therapy. Treatment with ionizing radiation can both complement surgical treatment, and can be prescribed separately. In the treatment of cervical cancer, chemotherapy, special drugs that stop growth can be used.and cancer cell division. Unfortunately, the possibilities of chemotherapy for this disease are very limited.The success of cervical cancer treatment depends on the age of the patient, the correctness of the selection of therapy, and, most importantly, on the early diagnosis of the disease. When cervical cancer is detected at an early stage, the prognosis is very favorable and the disease can be cured by surgical methods alone.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

Overview: CyberKnife treatment is non-surgical treatment for cancerous or non-cancerous tumors, by using image guidance software to locate tumors and deliver high doses of radiation to the target area of treatment. Average length of stay abroad: 1 weeks

Overview: Once a patient has been diagnosed with cancer, the first step in getting treatment is to make an oncology consultation, to discuss the treatment options with a specialist. Average length of stay abroad: 1 days The patient may choose to return home after the consultation and return to the clinic once the treatment is scheduled to begin.

nullmanifest themselves in the early stages of the disease (with the exception of stromal).Key risk factors include:     advanced age - as a rule, the disease develops in women after menopause, aged 50 to 60 years (8 out of 10 cases);      women with early onset of menstruation (up to 12 years old) and late menopause (after 52 years);      smoking;      obesity;      taking drugs for infertility and hormone replacement therapy;      polycystic;      endometriosis (abnormal proliferation of the inner lining of the uterus);hereditary factor (genetic predisposition) - the presence of close relatives of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer.Women who have no children and have never breast-fed are also at risk.Stages and types of ovarian cancerThere are 4 stages:    At stage 1, the lesion is found in one or both ovaries. The prognosis is positive, the cure is positive, most patients go into stable remission without returning the disease.    At stage 2, the neoplasm spreads to other parts of the pelvic cavity. In general, and at this stage, the forecast is positive, according to statistics in the five-year rangenullaccording to the degree of malignancy:    class A (low malignancy) - a slowly growing tumor, cells with minor anomalies (highly differentiated);     class B (moderate malignancy) - more pronounced morphological changes in tumor cells compared with highly differentiated;     class C (high malignancy) - a fast-growing tumor, low-grade cells.Ovarian Cancer TreatmentsCombination therapy usually involves a combination of the surgical method (surgery) and chemotherapy.SurgeryAs a rule, during surgery for ovarian cancer, both paired organs, the fallopian tubes and the uterus, nearby lymph nodes and folds of adipose tissue in the abdominal cavity are removed,to which the cancer has spread.If a young woman can detect the disease at the very beginning (at stage 1), in some cases a gentle surgical intervention is performed with removal of the ovary and fallopian tube on one side. In addition to the fact that the prognosis for cure in this case is positive, this allows you to keep hope of pregnancy.To reduce trauma and the likelihood of complications, as well as for cosmetic purposes, surgery for ovarian cancer can be performed using the Robot da Vinci intelligent robotic system.ChemotherapyChemotherapy for ovarian cancer is usually prescribed after surgery as part of complex therapy. Drugs are usually administeredinto a vein or directly into the abdominal cavity, a combination of these methods is also used.In the later stages, chemotherapy can be chosen as the main method of therapy.Radiation therapyIn rare cases (with severe pain, bleeding from a tumor), external radiation therapy or brachytherapy (contact radiation) are included in the treatment regimen for ovarian cancer.Recovery after treatmentWith a normal course of rehabilitation, full recovery after treatment of ovarian cancer in women takes up to 6 weeks. If the uterus has been removed, within 3-4 weeks it is necessary to abandon sex. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe hormones and vitamin D.

Skin cancer is a very common problem. In the world, Australia, New Zealand and the USA lead in the number of new cases of melanoma reported per year. In Russia, as elsewhere in the world, morbidity statistics are growing.According to the World Health Organization, 132,000 new cases of melanoma are reported annually in the world. Most patients are elderly people, after 50 years the number of sick men is 2-3 times higher than women. But in young men and women, skin cancer develops quite often. According to epidemiologists, thisCancer in Russia is second only to lung cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer. In other words, this is not about some exotic disease, but about a real threat to health.Types of skin oncologyCommon skin cancers include:Basal cell carcinoma - this tumor is diagnosed in 7 cases of skin cancer out of 10. Basalioma looks like a nodule or scar of red-brown or pink color, which usually appears on the face. A neoplasm can sometimes itch, hurt or bleed - it slowly increases in size,without causing a person expressed discomfort, which is why a visit to a doctor may be delayed. Fortunately, this tumor rarely spreads throughout the body (gives metastases), therefore, the prognosis for patients is usually favorable.Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (squamous cell carcinoma) often resembles a mushroom in shape: a round body with a thin leg. This tumor is similar to a wart: in most cases it is found on the surface of the face, in the region of the lower lip. In some varieties of squamous cell carcinoma, a neoplasm can be recognized only by a change in skin color: in the pathological areashe looks pale or sore. In the later stages, carcinoma leads to the formation of metastases and is sometimes incurable.Melanoma is an extremely dangerous type of tumor that causes most deaths in skin cancer. It develops most often from moles - accumulations of pigment cells, melanocytes, but not only: melanoma can also affect the retina, mucous membranes (oral cavity, vagina, rectum). This neoplasm is characterized by rapid growth and is prone to the formation of numerous distant metastases - in the bones, brain, lungs, liver. Evenwith timely treatment, patients with melanoma often have relapses - repeated tumor growth after several years.There are several basic methods for fighting skin cancer.Surgery is the most affordable way to get rid of a tumor. The greatest effectiveness of the operation is noted in the early stages, when the neoplasm does not affect the lymph nodes and other organs and tissues. After removal of the tumor, the surgeon performs cauterization (electrocoagulation) and curettage (curettage) of the wound surface to destroy the residual cancer cells. Since skin cancer often develops on the face, there are gentle interventions,which minimize aesthetic defects. These include cryodestruction, in which the tumor is frozen with liquid nitrogen and removed without severe tissue injury. However, it should be understood that in cases with aggressive types of cancer - squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma - it is impossible to make a choice in favor of the minimum volume of surgery. Micrographic surgery, according to the MOHS method (Mohsa), is considered the safest and most effective modern type of surgical intervention for skin cancer. With it, skin with tumor cells is removed in layers, under the control of a microscope, and each layer is directly induring the operation is sent for further examination to the laboratory. The surgeon stops the intervention only at the moment when histologists confirm that the wound is free of malignant cells.Radiotherapy is used as an adjunct to the surgical method. Radiation is detrimental to cells prone to rapid growth, therefore, directed beams of ionizing radiation can reduce the size of the tumor, as well as destroy those malignant cells that survived after surgery. The duration of radiotherapy sessions and the radiation dose is individual for each patient.Chemotherapy is systemic and local. With the appointment of this technique, cytotoxic (detrimental tocells) a chemical is injected intravenously or applied directly to the tumor. Such an approach is extremely important in identifying metastases when the foci of cancer are located outside the reach of surgeons.Photodynamic therapy involves the destruction of a tumor by a laser beam after preliminary photosensitization (increasing the sensitivity of cells to light). This method is relatively new, and its use without surgery is subject to discussion. However, the development of technology contributes to the fact that photodynamic therapy is gradually being introduced into the clinical practice of medical institutions.Immune and targeted therapy - sophisticated and promising techniques involving targeted targeting.tumors by stimulating the immune system or the introduction of drugs created specifically for a particular type of cancer based on the individual genetic characteristics of the patient. Some experts are sure that over time this area in oncology will replace all other methods of treating neoplasms, but so far, immune and targeted therapy are used in combination with other procedures and - for the prevention of relapses.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

nulldrug and radiation therapy are connected to the operation. The choice of the leading method of treatment is dictated by the size and location of the tumor, the patient's condition and concomitant diseases.With a very small tumor that does not germinate the mucosa, only the mucosa with the underlying layer is resected with a gastroscope, and the treatment results are very good.At stage I – II of the cancer, part of the esophagus is removed, the defect is filled with a segment of the intestine or a tube is formed from the stomach. Today it is possible to use endoscopic equipment for these operations.With the spread of the tumor into the muscle layer and further, an operation is also performed, but thisnullSometimes chemoradiotherapy is carried out with insufficient radical surgery. Chemotherapy can be performed if surgery is not possible, when the tumor is too large, or with a small tumor, but with general contraindications for surgery. In this conservative option, survival is comparable to surgical treatment. In the presence of fistulas, chemoradiotherapy is not possible. Chemotherapy may be complicated by acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, which will require a meal through a dropper.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

Overview: Breast cancer treatment varies depending on the stage of the cancer and whether or not the cancer has spread. Cancer occurs when there is an abnormality in cell growth, which causes the cells to divide and grow quickly when the cell should die to make room for new cells. Average length of stay abroad: weeks The time spent abroad will depend on the treatment. If chemotherapy or radiotherapy are the methods of treatment, then multiple sessions are likely to be required which may mean a longer stay than with surgery.

Lung cancer today is one of the most common types of malignant neoplasms. On average, there are 40 lung cancer sufferers per 100,000 people in the world, moreover, men are diagnosed with the disease 10 times more often than women, and the proportion of urban residents in all cases is several times more than the village population. Nevertheless, modern medicine has a powerful arsenal for treating this type of oncology: with timely access to help, it is highly likely not only to stop the development of the disease, but also to forget about it forever.Crayfishlungs: disease profile and prognosis of cureAbout 5 million people die of lung cancer every year in the world. This type of malignancy is also called bronchogenic carcinoma, or bronchogenic cancer. The tumor develops from the integumentary epithelium of the mucous membrane of the bronchi, alveoli and epithelium of the bronchial glands. Despite the fact that the etiology of the disease is still unclear, the main reasons for its occurrence include: smoking; exposure to radon and certain carcinogens (asbestos mineral is the most dangerous for the lungs); some types of viruses; increased concentration of dust particles in the air. Pathogenesis of lung cancer onnullnulllung.Stage 1 lung cancer is characterized by a tumor up to a maximum size of 3 cm, which does not yet metastasize. The neoplasm is located in one segment of the lung or within the segmental bronchus.Stage 2 - a tumor up to 6 cm is located in one segment of the lung or within the segmental bronchus. Single metastases in pulmonary and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes are observed.Stage 3 - a tumor larger than 6 cm with a transition to an adjacent lobe of the lung or germination of an adjacent bronchus or main bronchus. Metastases are found in bifurcation, tracheobronchial, paratracheal lymph nodes.4stage of lung cancer is characterized by metastases in distant systems and organs, pleurisy and / or pericarditis is attached. This classification is applicable only for squamous cell carcinoma. In the case of small cell cancer, which develops very quickly, only 2 stages are distinguished. The first - a limited stage - is accompanied by the localization of pathogenic cells in one lung and adjacent tissues. In the second stage, the tumor metastasizes to the area outside the lung and to distant organs.Lung cancer treatmentsA good diagnosis of pulmonary oncology is extremely important, because the choice of suitable treatment methods depends on it. The main methods aresurgical intervention, chemo and radiation therapy. Thanks to the rapid development of medical technology, these approaches are becoming more secure and effective.1. Surgical treatment is used for squamous cell carcinoma. During the operation, the entire cancerous tumor or its separate segment is removed. The volume of tissue removed depends on the nature of the tumor and its location. The current trend in the treatment of lung cancer is the use of minimally invasive methods, which are produced using a miniature video camera. The technique is called Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS). Such operations are accompanied by less pronounced pain, and the rehabilitation process after them proceeds faster.2. Chemotherapy- The main treatment for most patients with lung cancer. Its essence lies in taking medications that destroy cancer cells.3. Targeted (targeted) therapy for lung cancer. Such drugs recognize malignant cells by their specific characteristics and destroy them, affecting vital functions (growth, division). In addition, such drugs disrupt the blood supply to the tumor. Targeted (targeted) therapy can be prescribed as an independent method of treatment or in combination with chemotherapy in order to increase the effectiveness of treatment.4. Immunological therapy in the treatment of lung cancer is an innovative and highly promising direction inconservative oncology. Such treatment allows you to set up cells of your own immune system against cancer cells and “target” only affect tumor cells.5. Radiotherapy. Irradiation of the tumor with a powerful beam of gamma rays, as a result of which the cancer cells die (they stop the growth and reproduction). Carried out by remote or high-dose method. With radical radiation treatment, both the tumor itself and the regions of regional metastasis are exposed to radiation. Radiation therapy is also used for small cell cancer.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

Overview: Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood cells in the body. It usually begins in the bone marrow where an abnormality occurs in the white blood cells. Normal blood cells form, divide, and die to make room for new cells. Leukemia disrupts this process and prevents the blood cells from functioning properly. Average length of stay abroad: weeks The length of stay abroad will depend on the treatment plan and the patient's response to treatment.

Treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma is selected depending on the size of the neoplasm, the degree of its differentiation, the patient's age and his general condition. The most effective is the surgical removal of the tumor. There are two types of surgery that can be performed for stomach cancer:    During subtotal resection, a neoplasm is removed with part of the tissues involved in the malignant process or a small area of ​​the organ itself;     A gastrectomy removes the entire stomach and the surrounding tissues - regional lymph nodes, part of the esophagus and small intestine. In case of contraindicationsfor surgical intervention, cancer cells are removed through endoluminal laser therapy. In order for the patient to be able to eat on his own, walls are introduced into his stomach (a procedure called endoluminal stening). Before and after the operation, the person is prescribed such therapeutic measures:     Radiation therapy. Irradiation is carried out before surgery to reduce the size of the tumor, as well as after surgical procedures to destroy the malignant cells left after surgery. Using radiation can reduce pain and prevent internal bleeding.     Chemotherapycarried out with the help of Cisplatin, Bleomycin or Ftorafur to reduce neoplasm before surgery and destruction of metastatic tumors after it. Chemical treatments also help reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.     Immunotherapy. Chemical preparations negatively affect not only tumor cells, but also healthy tissues, therefore it is necessary to increase the body's defenses with the help of special means.Leave a request on our website and our specialists will contact you and help you choose the best clinic in accordance with your case absolutely free.

Breast augmentation is a surgical procedure to change the size and shape of the breasts. While many patients opt to have breast implants inserted to increase breast size, breast augmentation more commonly refers to the enlargement of the breasts using fat transfer. When opting for breast augmentation with the use of fat transfer, the fat is first removed from the stomach or thighs using liposuction, and then injected into the breasts. Surgeons can usually increase the size by around 200cc maximum (around 1 cup size) with fat transfer. A breast augmentation procedure using fat transfer is recommended for patients who want larger breasts, and have fat available on their stomach or thighs. Recommended for Patients who want larger breasts without using breast implants Patients who want to increase breast size and have available fat on their stomach or thighs